Friedrich Schiller: biography, muaj tswv yim, tswv yim

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm Friedrich Schiller poob rau lub sijhawm hu ua "Storm thiab Onslaught" - ib qho qauv hauv German cov ntaub ntawv, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tsis lees paub ntawm classicism thiab kev hloov mus rau romanticism. Lub sijhawm no muaj kwv yees li ob xyoo caum: 1760-1780. Nws tau cim los ntawm kev tshaj tawm cov haujlwm los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv nto moo xws li Johann Goethe, Christian Schubart thiab lwm tus.

Short biography ntawm tus kws sau ntawv

Lub Duchy ntawm Württemberg, qhov chaw Friedrich Schiller yug los, nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv Roman. Tus kws sau paj huam tau yug los hauv 1759 hauv ib tsev neeg ntawm cov neeg hauv cov chav kawm qis. Nws txiv yog tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm, thiab nws niam yog tus ntxhais ntawm tus neeg ua mov ci. Txawm li cas los xij, tus tub hluas tau txais kev kawm zoo: nws kawm hauv tub rog academy, qhov chaw nws kawm txoj cai lij choj thiab kev cai lij choj, thiab tom qab ntawd, tom qab hloov tsev kawm ntawv mus rau Stuttgart, nws tau noj tshuaj.

Tom qab ua nws thawj qhov kev ua yeeb yam "tub sab", tus kws sau ntawv hluas raug ntiab tawm ntawm nws haiv neeg Duchy thiab siv nws lub neej feem ntau hauv Weimar. Friedrich Schiller yog ib tug phooj ywg ntawm Goethe thiab txawm sib tw nrog nws sau ntawv ballads. Tus kws sau ntawv yeej nyiam lub tswv yim, keeb kwm, paj huam. Nws yog tus xibfwb ntawm keeb kwm ntiaj teb ntawm University of Jena, nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm I. Kant nws tau sau philosophical tej hauj lwm, kawmtshaj tawm cov dej num, tso tawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Ory", "Almanac ntawm Muses". Tus kws sau nkauj tuag hauv Weimar xyoo 1805.

Kev ua si "tub sab" thiab thawj qhov kev vam meej

Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm xav txog, kev xav romantic tau nrov heev ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas, uas Friedrich Schiller kuj nyiam. Cov tswv yim tseem ceeb uas luv luv qhia txog nws txoj hauj lwm npau taws mus rau cov hauv qab no: txoj kev ywj pheej, kev thuam ntawm cov saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm lub zej zog, aristocracy, nobility thiab kev khuv leej rau cov neeg uas, vim li cas los xij, raug tsis lees paub los ntawm lub neej no.

Tus kws sau ntawv tau txais koob meej tom qab nws ua yeeb yaj kiab The Robbers hauv 1781. Qhov kev ua si no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau nws txoj kev tsis ncaj ncees thiab me ntsis pompous romantic pathos, tab sis cov neeg saib tau poob rau hauv kev hlub nrog lub ntse, dynamic zajlus thiab kev siv ntawm passions. Lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib sau yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm ob tug kwv tij: Karl thiab Franz Moor. Tus insidious Franz nrhiav kev tshem nws tus tij laug cov cuab yeej cuab tam, qub txeeg qub teg, nrog rau nws tus kwv tij uas nws hlub Amalia.

Kev tsis ncaj ncees li no txhawb kom Karl dhau los ua tub sab, tab sis tib lub sijhawm nws tswj hwm nws cov nom tswv thiab nws lub meej mom. Txoj haujlwm tau ua tiav zoo, tab sis ua rau muaj teeb meem rau tus sau: vim tsis muaj kev tso cai, nws raug rau txim, thiab tom qab raug tshem tawm ntawm nws haiv neeg duchy.

1780s ua yeeb yam

Kev vam meej ntawm "tub sab" ua rau cov tub ntxhais hluas ua yeeb yam los tsim ntau yam haujlwm uas tau los ua classics ntawm ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv 1783 nws sau ua yeeb yam "Cunning thiab Hlub", "Lub Fiesco Conspiracy nyob rau hauv Genoa", nyob rau hauv 1785 - "Ode to Joy". Hauv zaj yeeb yaj kiab no, cov ntawv sau "Kev dag thiab Kev Hlub" yuav tsum tau muab cais tawm.uas yog hu ua thawj "petty-bourgeois tragedy", txij li thaum nyob rau hauv nws thawj lub sij hawm tus kws sau ntawv ua cov khoom ntawm cov kos duab depiction tsis yog cov teeb meem ntawm nobles, tab sis kev txom nyem ntawm ib tug yooj yim ntxhais ntawm txo hwj chim keeb kwm. "Ode to Joy" yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tus sau, uas tau ua pov thawj tias tsis yog tus kws sau ntawv zoo, tab sis kuj yog tus kws sau paj huam zoo nkauj.

Plays from the 1790s

Friedrich Schiller nyiam keeb kwm, ntawm cov phiaj xwm uas nws tau sau ntau yam ntawm nws cov yeeb yam. Nyob rau hauv 1796, nws tsim qhov kev ua si "Wallenstein", muab siab rau tus thawj coj ntawm peb caug xyoo 'ua tsov ua rog (1618-1648). Xyoo 1800, nws tau sau zaj yeeb yaj kiab "Mary Stuart", uas nws tau tawm mus los ntawm qhov tseeb keeb kwm, ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm ob tus poj niam sib tw ua yeeb yam ntawm kev kos duab. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov xwm txheej kawg no tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm kev sau ntawv zoo ntawm zaj yeeb yam.

Xyoo 1804, Friedrich Schiller tau sau zaj yeeb yaj kiab "William Qhia", mob siab rau kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg Swiss tawm tsam Austrian domination. Cov hauj lwm no yog imbued nrog lub pathos ntawm kev ywj pheej thiab kev ywj pheej, uas yog li ntawd tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm "Storm thiab Onslaught". Xyoo 1805, tus kws sau ntawv tau pib ua yeeb yaj kiab Demetrius, tau mob siab rau cov xwm txheej ntawm Lavxias keeb kwm, tab sis qhov kev ua si no tseem tsis tiav.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Schiller txoj haujlwm hauv kev kos duab

Tus kws sau ntawv ua yeeb yam tau cuam tshuam zoo rau ntiaj teb kab lis kev cai. Dab tsi Friedrich Schiller tau sau los ua qhov kev nyiam ntawm Lavxiaskws sau paj lug V. Zhukovsky, M. Lermontov, uas txhais nws cov ballads. Cov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm tus kws sau ntawv ua yeeb yam tau ua lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab zoo los ntawm cov kws sau nkauj Italian ntawm xyoo pua 19th. L. Beethoven muab qhov kawg ntawm nws lub npe nrov cuaj lub suab paj nruag rau Schiller's "Ode to Joy". Xyoo 1829, D. Rossini tau tsim ua yeeb yam "William Qhia" raws li nws ua yeeb yam; txoj hauj lwm no yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov hauj lwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tus kws sau ntawv.

Nyob rau xyoo 1835, G. Donizetti tau sau zaj yeeb yaj kiab "Mary Stuart", uas tau suav nrog hauv lub voj voog ntawm nws cov suab paj nruag uas tau mob siab rau keeb kwm ntawm Askiv nyob rau xyoo pua 16th. Nyob rau hauv 1849, D. Verdi tsim lub opera "Louise Miller" raws li ua yeeb yam "Cunning thiab Hlub". Lub opera tsis tau txais koob meej, tab sis nws muaj undoubtedly suab paj nruas zoo. Yog li, Schiller txoj kev cuam tshuam rau ntiaj teb kab lis kev cai yog qhov loj, thiab qhov no piav qhia txog kev txaus siab rau nws txoj haujlwm niaj hnub no.