Kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Islam

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Kev kos duab ntawm Islam yog hom kev tsim txuj ci, feem ntau hauv cov tebchaws uas Islam tau dhau los ua lub xeev kev ntseeg. Nyob rau hauv nws cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb, nws tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm Nrab Hnub nyoog. Nws yog ces hais tias cov Arab lub teb chaws thiab cheeb tsam uas Islam tau coj ib tug loj pab rau lub treasury ntawm ntiaj teb kev vam meej. Qhov tshwj xeeb attraction ntawm Islamic art, nws originality thiab kab lig kev cai yuav ua rau nws mus dhau lub sij hawm thiab qhov chaw thiab ua ib feem ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam.

History

Islamic kab lis kev cai tau tshwm sim ua ib qho tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo pua xya AD. Tab sis cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ntseeg no, tau tsim los ntawm nws cov theologians, thiab feem ntau yog raws li kev txhais lus ntawm Torah, txwv tsis pub cov neeg muaj sia nyob. Txawm tias muaj kev cai loj dua kev txhawj xeeb txog qhov tsis tuaj yeem ua rau Vajtswv (Allah) hauv kev pleev xim lossis duab puab. Yog li ntawd, thaum txoj kev ntseeg no nthuav tawm ntawm cov suab puam Arabian mus rau sab hnub tuaj, mus txog rau Is Nrias teb, thiab sib tsoo nrog cov kab lis kev cai hauv zos, nws tau pib ua phem rau lawv. Ua ntej,Islam suav tias yog kev kos duab ntawm lwm lub teb chaws los ua pagan, thiab, qhov thib ob, cov duab ntawm ntau yam deities, tib neeg thiab tsiaj muaj nyob rau ntawd. Tab sis dhau sij hawm, Muslim kab lis kev cai txawm li cas los xij absorbed ib co ntawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kos duab, reworked lawv thiab tsim nws tus kheej style thiab kev cai. Qhov no yog li cas cov duab kos duab ntawm Islam tshwm sim. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, ib yam li Muslim kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv txhua cheeb tsam muaj nws tus yam ntxwv, yog li kab lis kev cai tau dhau los ua nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws thiab nws cov kab lig kev cai.

Tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua yeeb yam zoo ntawm Islam

Ua ntej tshaj plaws, lub canon ntawm kab lis kev cai no tau tsim nyob rau hauv architecture thiab ornamentation. Nws tau ua raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Byzantine, Egyptian, thiab Persian kos duab ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej Islam. Hauv qee lub tebchaws, kev txwv tsis pub muaj cov duab ntawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu yog qhov tsis zoo, xws li, piv txwv li, hauv Iran. Tom qab ntawd, Islamic painting thiab yas kos duab cov ntaub ntawv tshwm sim. Muslim kab lis kev cai yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tsim vaj tse nrog cov domes loj, kev saib xyuas zoo rau sab hauv paintings, mosaics thiab interiors, es tsis yog sab nrauv tsos, ci thiab nplua nuj xim, symmetry, muaj arabesques thiab thiaj li hu ua muqarnas. Cov no yog cov vaults nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm honeycombs, nrog ntau heev kev nyuaj siab thiab kev nyuaj siab.

Ntau yam

Islamic art tau txais nws txoj kev loj hlob zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim vaj tsev. Tsis tsuas yog cov tuam tsev kev cai dab qhuas, xws li mosques lossis madrasahs, tab sis kuj cov vaj tse secular tau ua hauv cov qauv no. Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov kos duab no yog calligraphy, uas tau tso peb tsegnplua nuj cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm ornamental compositions. Hauv Iran thiab Muslim Is Nrias teb, xws li tsis tshua muaj hom kev ua yeeb yam Islamic zoo li tha xim thiab me me tau dhau los. Thiab nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua lub teb chaws uas qhov kev ntseeg no tau xyaum, xws li nrov siv hom creativity li ntaub pua plag weaving thiab ceramics ntau lawm.

Architecture

Nws yog ib txwm ua kom paub qhov txawv ntawm hom kev kos duab tseem ceeb hauv cheeb tsam no - Egyptian style, Tatar, Mauritanian thiab Ottoman. Lwm hom architecture yog suav tias yog theem nrab lossis muab los ntawm cov tseem ceeb. Cov Muslims tau tsim lawv tus kheej txoj cai rau kev tsim thiab kho vaj tse thaum Islam los ua lub xeev kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws, cov neeg pe hawm coob zuj zus, thiab mosques yuav tsum tau tsim rau lawv cov rooj sib tham. Thaum pib, architects tau ua los ntawm kev ua haujlwm xav tau. Ntawd yog, lub tsev teev ntuj xav tau ib lub tsev uas cov neeg tuaj sib sau ua ke, mihrab (ib lub niche ntsib Mecca), lub minbar (pulpit), lub tshav puam nrog cov chav, lub pas dej rau kev ua yeeb yam, thiab minarets los ntawm qhov chaw hu rau lub suab thov Vajtswv. Thawj cov tuam tsev xws li Dome of the Pob Zeb (Lub nroog Yeluxalees, xyoo pua AD). Ntawm nws lub hauv paus, nws muaj octagon thiab sawv hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub tshav puam nrog cov chav ua yeeb yam. Ntxiv rau cov mosques thiab cov tsev kawm kev cai dab qhuas - madrasahs - cov tsev pej xeem sib txawv muaj cov Muslim tshwj xeeb. Cov no yog cov caravanserais (inns), hammams (da dej), npog bazaars.

Lub teb chaws thiab cheeb tsam

Kev kos duab ntawm Islam pom nws txoj kev loj hlob hauv Egyptian style ntawm architecture. Ib qho piv txwvcov mosques ntawm Ibn Tulun (ninth caug xyoo) thiab Sultan Hassan (14th caug xyoo) hauv Cairo tuaj yeem pab. Cov tuam tsev no muab lub tswv yim ntawm lub hwj chim, muaj qhov loj me. Lawv tau them nrog qhov txawv txav mosaic inscriptions, thiab lawv cov phab ntsa yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog arabesques, uas yog, stylized geometric thiab paj ntsiab. Xws li kev kho kom zoo nkauj rov ua dua, sau tag nrho cov voids, cim lub laj thawj ntawm Islamic theologians txog qhov kawg "ntaub ntawm lub ntiaj teb." Lub vaults nyob rau hauv lub mosques yog dome-puab, thiab lawv yog raws li nyob rau hauv txhua kab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm stalactites. Raws li ib qho piv txwv ntawm Iranian thiab Central Asian architecture, lub mausoleum ntawm Samadin dynasty nyob rau hauv Bukhara raug suav hais tias. Nyob rau hauv Muslim Persia, lawv feem ntau nyiam siv cov vuas nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hnub qub thiab crosses nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsev, los ntawm uas muaj ntau yam compositions tau nteg tawm.

Moorish style

Cov txuj ci zoo ntawm Islam, zoo li nws cov architecture, tau mus txog qhov kawg thaum lub sijhawm kav tebchaws Arab hauv Spain. Nws qhov kev tshwm sim zoo tshaj plaws tuaj yeem hu ua lub palace ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Alhambra hauv Granada. Qhov no luxurious lub tsev nrog ntau nplua nuj chav thiab chav tsev yog surrounded los ntawm ib phab ntsa nrog yees thiab fortresses. Lub npe hu ua Myrtle Yard nrog lub colonnade tsim nyog tau txais kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb. Los ntawm nws koj tuaj yeem mus rau lub tsev ntawm cov tub txib, npog nrog lub dome. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, cov thawj coj ntawm Granada tau txais cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm lub tebchaws nyob ntawd. Lwm lub tsev hais plaub uas paub zoo yog Lion's. Nws yog lub npe hu ua li ntawd vim tus ciav, uas nyob rau hauv nruab nrab, yog txhawb los ntawm 12 sculptures depicts cov tsiaj. Muaj ntau ntau nyob rau hauv lub palaceLwm lub tsev - Ob tug viv ncaus, Kev Txiav Txim - dai kom zoo nkauj nrog mosaics ntawm chav thiab chav nrog balconies, porticos. Lub tsev ntawm Alhambra nyob rau hauv lub vaj thiab paj txaj. Lub Great Mosque nyob rau hauv Cordoba (Mesquita) tau tsim nyob rau hauv tib style.

India

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev kos duab Islamic yog zoo kawg nkaus embodied nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug masterpiece ntawm Muslim architecture li lub Taj Mahal. Qhov no yog ib txoj hauj lwm lig. Nws belongs rau lub xyoo pua xya thiab tau tsim los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm tus kav ntawm Islamic Mughal dynasty nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb, Shah Jihan thawj. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev npaj, lub tsev no muaj ib tug txiav square nrog ib tug dome nyob rau sab saum toj, sawv ntawm ib tug dag marble platform. Muaj cov minarets ntawm cov ces kaum ntawm lub tsev. Lub mausoleum yog ua los ntawm dawb marble thiab paj yeeb sandstone thiab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov pob zeb zoo nkauj. Lub tsev kuj yog ornamented nrog golden inscriptions ntawm ib tug dub keeb kwm yav dhau. Yog li ntawd, nws zoo sawv tawm nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub ntuj thiab greenery. Nyob rau hauv, nws muaj ib tug nplua nuj sab hauv decorated nrog ornaments ntawm kub, nyiaj thiab jewel mosaics.

Turkey

Txoj kev kos duab ntawm lub teb chaws Islamic yog tsim nyog sawv cev hauv lub tebchaws no thiab. Thaum pib, cov Turks ua lawv cov mosques zoo ib yam li cov Arabs. Tab sis los ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum tsib, tom qab lub conquest ntawm Byzantium, lawv cov kos duab tau zoo heev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov architecture ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman lawv ntes. Ua raws li cov tuam tsev hauv zos, lawv pib tsim cov mosques duab plaub, nrog ntau lub domes thiab cov tsev nyob ib sab, nrog rau lub tshav puam sab hauv - aivan. Turkish architecture tau mus txog nws lub ncov thaum lub sij hawm Ottoman era, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Sinan. Tus kws kes duab vajtse tsim thiab tsim ntau lub mosques, tab sisNws tus kheej tau sau peb qhov tshwj xeeb: ob hauv Istanbul (Shahzade thiab Suleymaniye), thiab ib qho hauv Edirne (Selimiye). Cov qauv no sawv tawm nrog cov minarets zoo heev, cov domes loj thiab lancet arches.

Kev Sau Ntawv

Kev kos duab zoo nkauj ntawm Islam muaj ib ceg tseem ceeb xws li Muslim thov pleev xim. Nws tsim los ntawm kev kos duab luam ntawm Kaulees - Phau Ntawv Dawb Huv. Tom qab ntawd nws pib siv los kho cov mosques. Tsab ntawv no hu ua Arabic tsab ntawv lossis "Kufic", vim nws ntseeg tias nws los ntawm lub nroog Iraqi no. Hauv ntau lub tebchaws Islamic, kev sau ntawv sau tau raug coj mus rau qib siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua tiav. Tus tswv ntawm tsab ntawv no yog nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ib tug stylist, lej thiab artist. Hom calligraphy nyob rau hauv Muslim lub teb chaws txawm tau canonized. Nyob rau hauv lub XV-XVII centuries, ib hom tshiab ntawm kev sau ntawv tshwm sim - lub thiaj li hu ua kita, qhov twg tag nrho cov duab tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov ntawv tso cai ntawm ib tug los yog ob peb hom. Tus kws kos duab lub cuab yeej yog ib tug reed cwj mem (kalam), tus txheej txheem ntawm sharpening uas txiav txim lub style. Tus calligrapher yuav tsum tau ua kom pom nws qhov zoo tshaj plaws saj tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm lub peev xwm los kos cov ntawv Arabic zoo nkauj, tab sis kuj los ntawm kev paub txog spatial geometry, nrog rau kev paub txog kev kos duab ntawm ornament - geometric, floral, zoo- lossis anthropomorphic.

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Txoj kev zoo nkauj ntawm Islam kuj dag nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias qhov kev ntseeg no tsis pub lub anthropomorphism ntawm Vajtswv. Yog li ntawd, artistic creativity raug tshem tawm los ntawm lub dawb ceev realm thiab tseem nyob rau hauv lub secular xwbkab lis kev cai. Tab sis nws qhov kev faib tawm yog nyob ntawm ntau lub teb chaws. Tsis muaj kev txwv ncaj qha rau kev piav qhia ntawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu hauv Kaulees, tab sis nyob rau hauv hadiths - Islamic kab lig kev cai - muaj xws li censures. Yeej, painting tau muab faib raws li kev kho kom zoo nkauj rau cov khoom kim heev thiab phau ntawv illustrations - miniatures. Yeej, nws tau vam meej hauv Iran, Central Asia thiab Indian Mughal Empire. Persian me me yog ua raws li phab ntsa paintings ntawm lub teb chaws no los ntawm lub pre-Islamic lub sij hawm. Nws tau tsim los ntawm phau ntawv illustrations, tab sis Iranian artists sai sai hloov nws mus rau hauv ib hom ntawv ywj pheej. Lawv tsim ib qho zoo heev painting system nyob rau hauv uas cov xim, daim ntawv, muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qhia tau ua ke los tsim ib tug tag nrho. Persian kws ua yeeb yam txhob txwm siv hom duab hom, tsis yog peb-seem. Tus phab ej ntawm daim duab no, raws li txoj cai, yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb zoo kawg nkaus. Lub tsev qiv ntawv shah, lossis kitabhanes, feem ntau yog ua haujlwm rau cov khoom me me. Txij li thaum xyoo pua kaum yim, Iranian painting tau muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm European cov txheej txheem thiab kev coj noj coj ua.

Applied arts: ceramics and weaving

Cov kev lag luam no tau tsim nyob hauv Iran, Azerbaijan, Central Asia, Qaib ntxhw. Architectural ceramics tau tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nto moo. Nws tuaj yeem yog cov duab ci ci los yog carved terracotta. Tab sis qhov nto moo tshaj plaws yog lub ntsej muag ntawm cov tsev nrog kev pab los ntawm ntau cov xim pleev xim majolica. Nws yog nws uas muab xws li nqaij thiab ci ntsa iab rau oriental palaces. Raws li rau painting tais diav, ntawm notxwv tsis pub siv nyiaj thiab kub rau tsev neeg cov kev xav tau ua lub luag haujlwm. Txawm li cas los xij, Islamic craftsmen sim ua kom cov av nplaum ci ntsa iab thiab ci. Ua li no, lawv pib ua cov hlau lead glaze, thiab tseem sim tsim ib yam dab tsi zoo li Suav plooj (porcelain). Qhov no yog li cas dawb enamel tau tsim rau txheej tais diav, nrog rau cov teebmeem ntawm kub thiab nyiaj hauv glaze. Cov ntaub pua plag qub tshaj plaws tau pom nyob rau hauv Egypt. Lawv nyob rau lub xyoo pua cuaj. Cov ntaub pua plag yog tsim los ntawm kev tsim cov ntaub pua tsev. Muaj ob hom kev kos duab no - ornamental, qhov twg cov qauv thiab cov duab geometric tau intertwined, thiab pictorial, nrog scenes ntawm yos hav zoov, kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab toj roob hauv pes. Hom tom kawg yog tsawg dua. Cov ntaub pua plag Persian ci thiab fluffy thiab cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb ntawm Turkish masters yeej lub koob meej zoo tshaj plaws.

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm Kev Ua Yeeb Yam ntawm Islam

Txawm hais tias peb tab tom tham txog kab lis kev cai ntawm ib qho kev ntseeg, lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus no txuas mus rau lub neej ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb Muslim, painting, architecture, thiab lwm yam kev kos duab qhia txog tib neeg txoj kev xav ntawm sab ntsuj plig, qhov tseem ceeb, thiab lawv ib puag ncig. Lub ntsiab feature ntawm no kab lis kev cai yog kev ntshaw rau kev zoo nkauj, uas yog ib tug kos npe rau ntawm divinity. Geometric duab thiab ornaments zoo li qhia cov ciphers ntawm cov lus ntawm lub ntiaj teb, thiab rov ua cov qauv ua tim khawv rau nws infinity. Applied art sim ua kom txhua hnub zoo nkauj. Cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Islam tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev loj hlob ntawm Western Europe txij thaum Nrab Hnub nyoog.