Dionysius (tus neeg pleev kob). Icons ntawm Dionysius. Muaj tswv yim, biography
Dionysius (tus neeg pleev kob). Icons ntawm Dionysius. Muaj tswv yim, biography

Video: Dionysius (tus neeg pleev kob). Icons ntawm Dionysius. Muaj tswv yim, biography

Video: Dionysius (tus neeg pleev kob). Icons ntawm Dionysius. Muaj tswv yim, biography
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Nyob rau hauv ntau cov duab kos duab ntawm Moscow Assumption Cathedral, cov frescoes "Seven Sleeping Youths of Ephesus", "Adoration of the Magi", "Forty Martyrs of Sevastia", "Praise to the Mother of God", thiab. raws li cov duab ntawm cov neeg ntseeg nyob rau ntawm phab ntsa ua ntej lub thaj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj nyiam mloog nrog lawv cov originality. Tag nrho cov haujlwm no yog tus yam ntxwv dhau los uas tsim los ntawm tus kws kos duab icon uas tsuas yog dig muag ua raws li Byzantine canon ntawm kos duab. Cov txhuam ntawm tus tswv tau pom meej meej ntawm no. Yog lawm, cov frescoes tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm thaum Raphael, Dürer, Botticelli thiab Leonardo nyob thiab ua haujlwm hauv Tebchaws Europe, vim tias pawg ntseeg zoo nkauj hauv tebchaws Russia tsis paub txog Renaissance. Tab sis Dionysius tus neeg pleev kob icon - tus tsim ntawm cov duab zoo nkauj ntawm Assumption Cathedral hauv Moscow - txawm li cas los xij tau khiav tawm ntawm "Procrustean txaj" ntawm canon. Nws cov duab tsis tuag zoo li qub, lawv zoo nkauj, nrog rau elongated silhouette, lawv soar. Yog li ntawd, ntau tus kws sau keeb kwm txawv teb chaws hu tus kws sau ntawv no yog "Lavxias tus yam ntxwv."

Dionysius icon neeg pleev kob
Dionysius icon neeg pleev kob

Yuav kom nkag siab txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Dionysius, koj yuav tsum kawm tsawg kawg ib lub sijhawm uas nws nyob. common aspiration thiabNyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov txaus ntshai ntawm Orthodox ntiaj teb ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd yog qhov kev cia siab ntawm Apocalypse. Qhov kawg ntawm lub ntiaj teb yuav tsum tau los, raws li kev lees paub ntawm cov txiv plig, xyoo 1492. Kev hloov pauv loj kuj tau tshwm sim hauv kev nom kev tswv lub neej ntawm Russia. Nyob rau hauv 1480, yeej ib tug yeej ntawm lub Ugra, uas cim lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub Mongol quab yuam. Tus tub huabtais Moscow txeeb thaj av ntawm Pskov, Novgorod thiab Tver. Ivan III txiav txim siab los tsim ib lub xeev centralized. Cov kws sau ntawv hauv tsev hais plaub tau pib txiav txim siab txog keeb kwm ntawm tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe los ntawm Byzantine basileus Palaiologos los ntawm Roman huab tais Augustus. Yog li ntawd, qhov loj me me thiab kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm Moscow pawg ntseeg tsis haum Ivan III. Nws pib ib qho kev tsim loj loj los tig Moscow rau hauv "Peb Rome". Thiab nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej no, architects thiab painters tau xav tau ntau heev.

Creativity Dionysius
Creativity Dionysius

Dionysius tus neeg pleev kob icon: biography

Tsis zoo li nws cov thawj coj zoo, Feofan tus Greek thiab Andrei Rublev, tus tswv no tau kawm zoo. Lub neej ntawm Dionysius yog ntau dua lossis tsawg dua rau cov kws tshawb fawb. Tau kawg, hnub yug thiab kev tuag ntawm tus tswv yog qhov tsis meej. Nws ntseeg tias nws yug los nyob ib ncig ntawm 1440, thiab tuag tsis ntxov tshaj 1502 thiab tsis pub dhau 1525. Nws yug los nyob rau hauv ib tug layman tsev neeg, tab sis nplua nuj txaus kom xa nws tus tub mus kawm lub picographic khoom siv tes ua. Thawj txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus tswv paub rau nws cov neeg kawm ntawv yog ib tug painting nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub Nativity ntawm lub Virgin ntawm lub Pafnutyevo-Borovsky Monastery. Txawm li cas los xij, tus kws kos duab hluas ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv 1467-1477 nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm nws tus kws qhia, ib tug tswv Mitrofan, uas tsis muaj dab tsi paub ntxiv. Tej zaum, thaum pleev xim, ib qho txuj ci ywj pheej tshwm simtub ntxhais kawm, yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv 1481 nws raug caw mus rau Moscow mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Assumption Cathedral ntawm lub Kremlin. Tom qab ua tiav qhov kev txiav txim no, tus kws kos duab tau txais lub npe ntawm "tus tswv zoo heev". Dionysius kuj tau ua haujlwm hauv ntau lub tsev teev ntuj sab qaum teb. Nws muaj peb tug tub - Andrei, Vladimir thiab Theodosius, ob tug kawg ua raws li lawv tus txiv taw thiab ua tus neeg pleev kob icon.

Dionysius icon neeg pleev kob biography
Dionysius icon neeg pleev kob biography

pib ua haujlwm

Raws li twb tau hais lawm, Dionysius, uas yog ib feem ntawm lub koom haum muaj tswv yim ntawm Mitrofan, tau koom nrog hauv cov duab kos ntawm Cathedral ntawm Nativity ntawm Koob Hmoov ntawm Vajtswv hauv Pafnutyevo-Borovsky Monastery ze Kaluga. Cov keeb kwm kos duab pom hauv cov haujlwm no txuas ntxiv thiab txhim kho cov keeb kwm ntawm Andrei Rublev. Tib cov duab ntab, huv si, sib haum xeeb muaj pes tsawg leeg, zoo siab mus ob peb vas thiab kaj saturated xim. Tus tub huabtais Moscow Ivan Vasilyevich, tau pom cov frescoes ntawm "monks Dionysius thiab Mitrofan", tau caw cov tub ntxhais hluas pleev xim rau Moscow mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub murals ntawm lub Assumption Cathedral. Yog li, ntawm kev txav mus los, cov txuj ci tau pom thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm siab tshaj plaws.

moscow lub sijhawm

Tom qab kev koom ua ke ntawm cov teb chaws txawv teb chaws, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Ivan III pib tsim cov tsev teev ntuj kom muab nws lub Kremlin qhov loj ntawm lub peev. Tab sis lub Koom Txoos ntawm Assumption tsis ua hauj lwm tawm: nws tau tsim los ntawm Pskov architects Myshkin thiab Krivtsov, tab sis, raws li yog feem ntau cov ntaub ntawv nrog peb, high-zoo cov ntaub ntawv tau raug nyiag, uas yog vim li cas lub yuav luag tiav qauv vau. Vajntxwv txiav txim siab caw cov kws kos duab txawv teb chaws, thiab xaj los ntawm Ltalis tus kws kos duab nto moo Bolognese Aristotle Fiorovanti. Nws pib ua haujlwm hauv 1475. Cov cartels ntawm Dionysius, uas suav nrog, ntxiv raumasters, ib co "Nes, Yarets thiab pov thawj Timofey", faib 100 rubles ua ntej. Thaum cov frescoes tau pleev xim rau thiab tsar thiab boyars tuaj txais cov hauj lwm, ces, raws li tus neeg sau keeb kwm, uas yog stingy nrog poetic piv, sau, lawv, "pom cov duab zoo nkauj heev, xav txog lawv tus kheej los sawv saum ntuj ceeb tsheej …”.

Dionysius icons
Dionysius icons

Lub iconostasis ntawm Assumption Monastery hauv Kremlin

Kev koom tes ntawm pawg kos duab coj los ntawm Dionysius nrog cov tub ceev xwm Moscow tsis tau xaus rau ntawd. Nyob rau hauv 1481, raws li kev caw ntawm Metropolitan Vassian, cov kws ua yeeb yam tau pib ua haujlwm ntawm iconostasis hauv tib lub tsev teev ntuj. Zoo li cov frescoes ntawm Dionysius, nws tej hauj lwm ntawm ib tug ntoo board nyob rau hauv cov roj surprise tus saib nrog cov xim sib haum xeeb. Tab sis yog hais tias nyob rau hauv painting rau ntub plaster lub palette ntawm cov xim zoo nkaus li zoo kawg nkaus muag, translucent, reminiscent ntawm watercolor, ces nyob rau hauv lub icons cov artist resorts mus rau lub tshiab txheej txheem ntawm "xim li", uas yog nws tus kheej "paub li cas". Nws muab ib tug mob stroke ntawm ib lub suab nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lwm, uas yog vim li cas cov duab acquires ntim, bulge. Nyob rau hauv lub thaj rooj vag, Dionysius tus neeg pleev kob icon ua qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - Deesis rite. Ob txoj haujlwm - lub neej ntawm Metropolitans Peter thiab Alexy - yog cov piv txwv tiag tiag ntawm nws txoj haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv 1482, tus kws kos duab kuj "rov qab" lub Byzantine icon ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv "Hodegetria" puas thaum lub sij hawm hluav taws kub rau lub Ascension Monastery nyob rau hauv Moscow.

Frescoes ntawm Dionysius
Frescoes ntawm Dionysius

Txoj haujlwm tseem muaj sia nyob ntawm Dionysius hauv lub peev

Yog tias cov cim ntawm tus tswv tau hloov pauv tsuas yog los ntawm Assumption Cathedral mus rau hauv tsev cia puav pheej nthuav tawm, ces tam sim no cov frescoes tuaj yeem pom ntawm phab ntsa ntawm noLub tuam tsev Kremlin. Ntau tshaj nees nkaum daim duab phab ntsa ntawm tus tswv tau khaws cia. Ntawm cov saum toj no-hais tias "Adoration ntawm Magi", "Tsoomfwv rau leej niam ntawm Vajtswv" thiab lwm yam hauj lwm, ib tug yuav tsum xyuam xim rau lub fresco "Alexey, ib tug txiv neej ntawm Vajtswv." Cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias daim duab no yog tus kheej-portrait ntawm tus kws kos duab. Nws tsis yooj yim sua kom dhau los ntawm lub cim ntawm Dionysius piav txog Kev Txiav Txim Kawg. Sau nyob rau hauv cov huab cua ntawm eschatological kev cia siab ntawm 1492, daim duab no yog tag nrho ntawm puab nro. Tab sis ntau-tiered muaj pes tsawg leeg, txawm lub complexity thiab congestion nrog inscriptions, zoo li lub teeb thiab elegant. Ntshai muab txoj hauv kev rau jubilation: cov duab zoo nkauj ntawm cov tim tswv trample cov duab dub ntawm dab.

Tswv Dionysius
Tswv Dionysius

Ua hauj lwm nyob rau sab qaum teb monasteries

Tom qab nws txoj kev vam meej hauv Moscow, Dionysius tus neeg pleev kob icon tau lub npe menyuam yaus "tus tswv zoo tshaj". Thiab nyob rau hauv lub Patericon ntawm lub Volokolamsk Monastery, nws yog hais nyob rau hauv lub npe "Wise". Yog, thiab lwm cov ntaub ntawv sau tau muaj cov lus qhuas qhuas rau nws lub peev xwm thiab lub siab. Thaj, tus neeg tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, tus kws sau ntawv Iosif Volotsky, muab nws cov lus cog tseg rau nws. Tom qab 1486, tus tswv, tej zaum nrog tib comrades nyob rau hauv lub artel, pleev xim rau lub Koom Txoos ntawm lub Assumption ntawm leej niam ntawm Vajtswv nyob rau hauv lub Joseph-Volokolamsky Monastery nyob ze Moscow. Tab sis lub tswv yim ntawm Dionysius tshwm sim nws tus kheej kom meej meej tom qab 1500, thaum nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau sab qaum teb thiab trans-Volga monasteries. Txog rau thaum xaus ntawm nws lub neej, tus tswv ua haujlwm nrog nws ob tug tub thiab, tej zaum, nrog nws lwm cov tub ntxhais kawm. Hmoov tsis zoo, tsuas yog cov ntawv keeb kwm qhia peb txog ntau yam ntawm Dionysius. Nws pleev xim rau Pavlo-Obnorsky, Spaso-Prilutsky, Kirillo-Belozerskymonasteries. Nws tseem paub tias tus tswv tau pleev xim rau lub iconostasis ntawm Spaso-Stone Monastery ze Vologda.

Cov haujlwm ntawm Dionysius
Cov haujlwm ntawm Dionysius

Ferapontov Monastery

Lub tsev teev ntuj no me me, nyob hauv thaj av Vologda (Kirillovsky koog tsev kawm ntawv), yuav tsum tau hais tshwj xeeb. Ntawm no, nyob rau hauv lub Cathedral ntawm lub Nativity ntawm lub Virgin, Dionysius tus neeg pleev kob icon ua hauj lwm ua ke nrog nws cov tub nyob rau hauv 1502. Tus tswv tsim ib pawg ntawm cov cim thiab frescoes, tshwj xeeb hauv kev zoo nkauj thiab cov txheej txheem. Qhov no yog zaj nkauj tiag tiag rau Leej Niam ntawm cov xim - solemn, tab sis tib lub sij hawm muaj kev xyiv fab thiab kaj. Dominated los ntawm dawb, golden thiab greenish xim, ilv undertones. Feem ntau, cov duab ua rau muaj kev lom zem, ua rau muaj kev cia siab rau Vajtswv txoj kev zam txim thiab lub Nceeg Vaj saum ntuj ceeb tsheej. Vim li cas cov murals ntawm Ferapontov Monastery thiaj li zoo kawg li? Lub tsev teev ntuj tom qab ntawd yeej tsis muaj nyiaj txaus los kho cov frescoes kom haum rau cov qauv tshiab. Yog li ntawd, tsuas yog ntawm no peb tuaj yeem pom cov haujlwm ntawm tus tswv hauv nws daim ntawv qub, tsis hloov pauv.

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm Dionysius rau Lavxias teb sab iconography

UNESCO mob siab rau xyoo 2002 rau Dionysius tus neeg pleev kob icon. Tus nqi ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm tus tswv no yog qhov nyuaj rau overestimate. Nws tsim cov tswv yim ntawm nws tus thawj coj nto moo, Andrei Rublev, thiab tib lub sijhawm coj ntau yam ntxwv uas yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm nws. Piv txwv li, kev kho xim thiab kev siv ntau ntawm cov dawb tom qab Dionysius pib siv los ntawm lwm tus tswv. Tsis tas li ntawd noteworthy yog nws tus yam ntxwv ntawm depicting cov duab nrog txhob txwm elongated ceg, uas ntawm art historians coj nws lub koob meej ntawm ib tug cwj pwm. Cov frescoes thiab cov cim ntawm Dionysius surprise nrog cov qauv kev ntseeg siab, cov xim translucent,plasticity thiab perfection ntawm compositions.

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