Japanese haiku. Japanese haiku txog xwm. hais paj huam

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Kev zoo nkauj ntawm paj huam enchants yuav luag txhua tus neeg. Tsis xav tias lawv hais tias suab paj nruag tuaj yeem tswj tau txawm tias tus tsiaj nyaum tshaj plaws. Qhov no yog qhov chaw zoo nkauj ntawm kev muaj tswv yim nkag mus tob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig. Cov paj huam txawv li cas? Vim li cas cov Japanese peb-kab haiku thiaj li ntxim nyiam? Thiab yuav ua li cas kawm kom pom lawv lub ntsiab lus tob?

Kev zoo nkauj ntawm paj huam Japanese

Lub teeb ntawm lub hli thiab qhov muag tsis pom kev ntawm cov daus thaum sawv ntxov txhawb cov kws sau paj lug Nyij Pooj los tsim peb kab ntawm qhov txawv txav thiab qhov tob. Japanese haiku yog ib zaj paj huam uas txawv ntawm lyricism. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yuav ua tsis tiav thiab tawm hauv chav rau kev xav thiab xav txog kev xav. Haiku (los yog haiku) paj huam tsis zam kev nrawm lossis hnyav. Lub tswv yim ntawm cov creation ntawm tus ntsuj plig yog qhia ncaj qha mus rau lub siab lub ntsws ntawm cov mloog thiab qhia txog lub zais kev xav thiab secrets ntawm tus sau. Cov neeg feem coob nyiam tsim cov qauv paj huam luv luv no, qhov twg tsis muaj cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg, thiab cov suab lus sib haum xeeb dhau los ntawm pej xeem mus rau kev sau ntawv, txuas ntxiv txhim kho thiab ua rau cov ntawv sau paj huam tshiab.

Nyob zoo ntawm lub teb chaws poeticshapes

Cov ntawv sau keeb kwm yav dhau los, muaj npe nrov hauv Nyij Pooj - tsib kab thiab peb kab (tanka thiab haiku). Tanka txhais tau tias yog ib zaj nkauj luv. Thaum pib, qhov no yog lub npe ntawm cov nkauj pej xeem uas tshwm sim thaum kaj ntug ntawm Japanese keeb kwm. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Nyiv, tankas tau hloov los ntawm nagauts, uas tau txawv los ntawm lawv ntev ntev. Epic thiab lyrical nkauj ntawm qhov sib txawv ntev tau khaws cia hauv cov lus dab neeg. Ntau xyoo tom qab, Japanese haiku tau sib cais los ntawm tanka thaum lub sij hawm muaj kev vam meej ntawm nroog kab lis kev cai. Hokku muaj tag nrho cov nplua nuj ntawm cov duab poetic. Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Japanese paj huam muaj lub sij hawm ntawm kev vam meej thiab poob. Tseem muaj lub sijhawm thaum Japanese haiku tuaj yeem ploj mus tag nrho. Tab sis nyob rau lub sij hawm ntev, nws tau pom tseeb tias luv luv thiab capacious poetic cov ntaub ntawv yog qhov tsim nyog thiab xav tau ceev rau paj huam. Xws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm paj huam tuaj yeem tsim tau sai, nyob rau hauv cua daj cua dub ntawm kev xav. Koj tuaj yeem tso koj qhov kev xav kub rau hauv cov lus piv txwv lossis cov lus hais, ua rau nws nco qab, xav txog kev qhuas lossis kev thuam nrog nws.

yam ntxwv ntawm Japanese paj huam

Japanese haiku paj huam yog qhov txawv los ntawm nws txoj kev ntshaw rau conciseness, brevity ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, kev hlub rau minimalism, uas yog muaj nyob rau hauv Japanese teb chaws kos duab, uas yog universal thiab muaj peev xwm tsim minimalistic thiab monumental dluab nrog sib npaug virtuosity. Vim li cas Japanese haiku thiaj li nrov thiab txaus nyiam? Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, qhov no yog ib tug concise xav, xav txog los ntawm cov kev xav ntawm cov pej xeem zoo tib yam uas ceev faj txog cov kab lig kev cai ntawm classical paj huam. Japanese haiku dhau los ua tus neeg nqa khoomlub tswv yim capacious thiab teb feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov kev xav tau ntawm kev loj hlob tiam neeg. Kev zoo nkauj ntawm paj huam Japanese yog nyob rau hauv depiction ntawm cov khoom uas nyob ze rau txhua tus neeg. Nws qhia txog lub neej ntawm xwm thiab txiv neej nyob rau hauv kev sib haum xeeb kev sib haum xeeb tiv thaiv lub keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm lub caij hloov. Japanese paj huam yog cov suab lus, nrog lub suab sib dhos raws li kev hloov pauv ntawm cov suab lus. Rhyme hauv haiku tsis tseem ceeb, tab sis lub suab thiab lub suab sib dhos ntawm peb kab yog thawj.

poem meter

Tsuas yog cov neeg tsis paub meej xav tias nqe qub no tsis muaj qhov txwv thiab txwv. Japanese haiku muaj ib lub meter ruaj nrog ib tus lej ntawm cov lus. Txhua nqe nws muaj nws tus lej: hauv thawj - tsib, thib ob - xya, thiab thib peb - tsuas yog kaum xya lub suab. Tab sis qhov no tsis txwv poetic kev ywj pheej nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev. Tus kws kos duab tiag tiag yuav tsis suav nrog qhov ntsuas hauv kev ua tiav cov lus piav qhia.

Qhov me me ntawm haiku ua rau txawm tias European sonnet monumental. Kev kos duab ntawm kev sau ntawv Japanese haiku lies precisely nyob rau hauv lub peev xwm los qhia kev xav nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv daim ntawv. Hauv qhov kev hwm no, haiku dais ib qho zoo ib yam li cov lus paj huam. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov paj lug zoo li no thiab haiku dag nyob rau hauv hom nta. Japanese haiku tsis yog ib qho lus hais, tsis yog kev xav zoo, tab sis ib daim duab poetic, framed nyob rau hauv ob peb strokes. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus kws sau paj huam yog nyob rau hauv lyrical excitement, lub davhlau ntawm lub tswv yim thiab nthuav dav ntawm daim duab. Japanese haiku muaj piv txwv txawm nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Chekhov. Hauv nws cov ntawv, nws piav txog kev zoo nkauj ntawm lub hli tsaus ntuj, cov hnub qub thiab cov duab ntxoov ntxoo dub.

Yuav tsum tauCov ntsiab lus ntawm Japanese kws sau paj lug

Txoj kev tsim cov lus Nyij Pooj yuav tsum muaj kev ua haujlwm siab tshaj plaws ntawm tus kws sau ntawv, ua kom tiav rau hauv kev muaj tswv yim. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom yooj yim skim los ntawm kev sau ntawm haiku yam tsis muaj kev tsom xam. Txhua zaj paj huam xav tau kev nyeem ntawv thiab xav txog kev xav. Ib tus neeg nyeem ntawv tsis txaus ntseeg yuav tsis tuaj yeem hnov qhov impulse muaj nyob hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim. Tsuas yog nrog kev sib koom ua haujlwm ntawm kev xav ntawm tus nyeem ntawv thiab tus tsim, kos duab tiag tiag yog yug los, ib yam li lub viav vias ntawm hneev thiab qhov tshee ntawm txoj hlua muab yug rau lub suab paj nruag. Qhov loj me me ntawm haiku tsis yog txhua yam ua rau nws yooj yim dua rau tus tsim, vim nws txhais tau hais tias koj yuav tsum ua kom haum rau qhov loj me ntawm cov lus, thiab tsis muaj sij hawm rau kev nthuav qhia ntev ntawm koj cov kev xav. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob nthuav tawm lub ntsiab lus nrawm, tus kws sau ntawv tab tom nrhiav rau qhov kawg ntawm txhua qhov tshwm sim.

Heroes ntawm Japanese haiku

Ntau tus kws sau paj huam qhia lawv txoj kev xav thiab kev xav hauv haiku los ntawm kev muab lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb rau ib qho khoom tshwj xeeb. Qee cov kws sau paj huam qhia txog tib neeg lub ntiaj teb kev xav nrog kev hlub ntawm cov ntawv me me thiab kev lees paub ntawm lawv txoj cai rau lub neej. Cov kws sau paj huam sawv hauv lawv cov kev tsim rau kab, amphibians, yooj yim peasants thiab cov txiv neej. Yog li ntawd, cov piv txwv ntawm Japanese haiku peb kab piv txwv muaj lub suab sib raug zoo. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv me tso cai rau koj pleev xim rau daim duab ntawm qhov loj.

Kev zoo nkauj ntawm xwm hauv nqe

Nyiv haiku txog xwm yog zoo li kev pleev xim, vim nws feem ntau dhau los ua kev sib kis ntawm cov duab kos duab thiab lub hauv paus ntawm kev tshoov siab rau cov kws kos duab. Qee zaum haiku yog ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov duab kos duabua ib tug calligraphically tsim inscription nyob rau hauv nws. Ib qho piv txwv tiag tiag ntawm txoj haujlwm no yog Buson peb kab:"Cim paj ncig. Lub hnub tawm mus rau sab hnub poob, lub hli nce mus rau sab hnub tuaj."

Piav txog thaj chaw dav uas npog nrog paj daj colza, uas zoo li ci ntsa iab hauv lub hnub poob. Lub hnub ci pob hluav taws kub zoo sib xws nrog lub pallor ntawm lub hli nce. Tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus hauv haiku qhia cov nyhuv ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo thiab lub palette ntawm cov xim, tab sis nws muab cov duab tshiab ntawm daim duab. Cov pab pawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm daim duab yog nyob ntawm tus kws sau paj huam. Lub laconic yam ntawm cov duab ua rau Japanese haiku ntsig txog xim engraving ntawm ukiyo-e:

Nkauj nag los nag!

Kev sib tham raws txoj kevumbrella thiab mino.

No Buson haiku is a genre scene in the spirit of ukiyo-e prints. Nws lub ntsiab lus yog nyob rau hauv kev sib tham ntawm ob passers-by nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav los nag. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog them nrog ib tug kaus, thiab lub thib ob yog hnav khaub ncaws straw cloak - mino. Qhov peculiarity ntawm no haiku yog ua tsis taus pa ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav thiab hloov maj mam lom zem, ze rau lub grotesque.

Images in the poems of Japanese poets

Tus kws sau paj huam uas tsim cov haiku Japanese feem ntau nyiam tsis pom, tab sis suab duab. Txhua lub suab muaj lub ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb, kev xav thiab lub siab xav. Cov cua ntsawj ntshab, lub suab quaj ntawm cicadas, lub suab quaj ntawm ib tug pheasant, hu nkauj ntawm ib tug nightingale thiab ib tug lark, lub suab ntawm ib tug cuckoo yuav xav txog nyob rau hauv cov paj huam. Qhov no yog li cas haiku nco qab, piav qhia tag nrho lub suab paj nruag uas suab hauv hav zoov.

Tus lark hu nkauj.

Nrog lub suab nrov nrov hauv lub thicket

Tus pheasant echoes nws.(Basho)

Ua ntejcov neeg nyeem tsis muaj peb-dimensional panorama ntawm cov koom haum thiab cov duab, tab sis kev xav awakens nrog qee cov lus qhia. Cov paj huam zoo ib yam li cov duab kos duab monochrome, tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus tsim nyog. Tsuas yog ob peb lub ntsiab lus xaiv tau zoo pab tsim cov duab ci ntsa iab ntawm lub caij nplooj zeeg lig hauv nws qhov brevity. Ib tug xav tias lub pre-cua silence thiab tu siab immobility ntawm xwm. Lub teeb contour ntawm daim duab txawm li cas los xij muaj peev xwm nce thiab fascinates nrog nws qhov tob. Thiab txawm hais tias tsuas yog qhov xwm txheej tau piav qhia hauv zaj paj huam, lub xeev ntawm tus kws sau paj huam tus ntsuj plig, nws txoj kev mob siab kho siab tau hnov.

A davhlau ntawm tus nyeem ntawv lub tswv yim

Qhov kev thov rov hais dua ntawm haiku nyob hauv cov lus qhia. Tsuas yog daim ntawv poetic no tso cai rau koj kom muaj kev sib npaug nrog cov kws sau ntawv. Tus nyeem ntawv dhau los ua tus kws sau ntawv. Thiab nws tuaj yeem raug coj los ntawm nws txoj kev xav hauv kev piav qhia cov duab. Ua ke nrog tus kws sau paj huam, tus nyeem ntawv ntsib kev nyuaj siab, qhia kev ntxhov siab thiab poob rau hauv qhov tob ntawm tus kheej kev paub. Tau ntau pua xyoo ntawm kev muaj sia nyob, haiku thaum ub tsis tau dhau los ua qhov tob. Japanese haiku theej tsis qhia, tab sis cov lus qhia thiab cov lus qhia. Tus kws sau paj huam Issa qhia nws txoj kev xav rau tus menyuam tuag hauv haiku:

Peb lub neej yog lwg.

Ib tug da dejPeb lub neej tseem…

Dew tib lub sijhawm yog qhov piv txwv rau lub neej tsis muaj zog. Buddhism qhia qhov brevity thiab ephemeral xwm ntawm tib neeg lub neej thiab nws cov nqi qis. Txawm li cas los xij, leej txiv tsis tuaj yeem hais txog qhov kev poob ntawm tus neeg hlub thiab tsis tuaj yeem kho lub neej zoo li tus kws tshawb fawb. Nws qhov kev ntsiag to thaum kawg ntawm kab lus hais ntau dua li cov lus.

Hokku inconsistency

Ib yam yuav tsum tau ua ntawm Japanese haiku yog reticence thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm nws tus kheej txuas ntxiv txoj kab ntawm tus tsim. Feem ntau, nqe vaj lug kub muaj ob lo lus tseem ceeb, thiab qhov seem yog formalities thiab exclamations. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tsis tsim nyog raug muab pov tseg, tawm hauv qhov tseeb tsis muaj embellishment. Poetic txhais tau tias yog xaiv heev sparingly, txij li thaum, yog hais tias ua tau, metaphors thiab epithets tsis siv. Nws kuj tshwm sim tias Japanese haiku paj huam yog ib qho piv txwv txuas ntxiv, tab sis lub ntsiab lus ncaj qha nyob hauv cov ntawv nyeem.

Los ntawm lub siab peony

Ib tug muv maj mam nkag tawm …Au, tsis txaus siab!

Basho sau zaj paj huam no thaum lub sij hawm nrog nws tus phooj ywg lub tsev thiab qhia meej txhua yam kev xav.

Japanese haiku stance yog thiab tseem yog ib qho kev kos duab tshiab uas yog cov neeg zoo tib yam: cov tub lag luam, kws ua txuj ci, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab txawm tias cov neeg thov khawv. Lub siab dawb paug thiab lub siab lub ntsws muaj nyob hauv txhua tus neeg ua rau tib neeg ntawm ntau chav kawm ntsig txog.