Northern Renaissance thiab nws cov yam ntxwv

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Lo lus "Renaissance" ("rinascita") belongs rau tus kws sau keeb kwm Giorgio Vasari. Tom qab ntawd, lo lus tau txais los ntawm Fabkis thiab hloov mus rau Renaissance (Renaissance) - qhov no kuj yog lub npe ntawm lub sijhawm no. Nws lub sijhawm yog qhov nyuaj rau kev txiav txim siab: nws ntseeg tau tias nws pib nrog tus kab mob plague loj ntawm 1347 thiab xaus nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm Lub Sijhawm Tshiab, nrog thawj bourgeois kiv puag ncig. Lub sijhawm no puas tau rov ua dua tshiab? Vasari ntseeg hais tias tus ntsuj plig ntawm antiquity, kev txawj ntse ntawm Greek philosophers thiab ancient Roman kab lis kev cai. Tag nrho cov no tau vam meej nyob rau hauv ltalis tom qab "Lub Hnub Nyoog Tsaus" - qhov no yog li cas cov keeb kwm dubbed lub sijhawm ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Lub Transalpine lossis Northern Renaissance tuaj tom qab ntau dua li Italian, thiab nws muaj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb.

Sab qaum teb ntawm Alps nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Western thiab Central Europe rau lub sijhawm ntev hauv kab lis kev cai kav Gothic, uas tau mus txog qhov siab tshaj plawsnyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XIV ("Flaming Gothic"). Txawm li cas los xij, thaum tig ntawm XIV thiab XV centuries nyob rau hauv Burgundy, paintings thiab sculptors pib tshwm, uas tawm ntawm lub canons ntawm refined Gothic. Cov no yog thawj zaug, cov kwv tij Limburg thiab tus kws kos duab K. Sluter. Lub sijhawm ntawd, Duchy ntawm Burgundy txuas ntxiv mus dhau lub xeev Fabkis tam sim no thiab suav nrog Belgium thiab Netherlands. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias Northern Renaissance tau tshwm sim nws tus kheej kom meej meej hauv cov tebchaws no.

Yog cov kws tshawb fawb koom nrog qhov pib ntawm Italian Renaissance nrog lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Constantinople thiab tuaj txog hauv Ltalis ntawm ntau tus neeg tawg rog los ntawm Byzantium uas coj Greek kab lis kev cai nrog lawv, ces cov teb chaws nyob rau sab qaum teb Renaissance pib ib puas xyoo. Tom qab ntawd yog lub Netherlands, Lub teb chaws Yelemees, Fabkis, England thiab lwm yam rau lub sij hawm ntev nws yog precisely lub ntiaj teb no medieval saib uas tau khaws cia. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv ltalis lub tswv yim ntawm pawg neeg yog anthropocentrism, ces nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub Alps nws yog pantheism.

Pantheism thov tias Vajtswv tau nchuav rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, thiab yog li ntawd cov toj roob hauv pes ib puag ncig tsim nyog rau kev tsis txawj tuag ntawm daim ntaub raws li Vajtswv tus cwj pwm. Hauv Italian Renaissance, qhov xwm txheej yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus tseeb, thiab feem ntau tsuas yog ua haujlwm rau cov duab duab. Lub Northern Renaissance, nyob rau hauv kev rau siab mus ntes tiag tiag views, ua rau kom ib tug ywj siab ib hom ntawv nyeem nyob rau hauv painting - toj roob hauv pes. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov kev coj ua hauv kev ua yeeb yam tau zoo nyob rau hauv kev txhuam ntawm German masters A. Durer, L. Cranach A. Altdorfer, Frenchman J. Fouquet, Dutchman I. Patinir.

Portrait - ntauib hom ntawv uas Northern Renaissance tshwm sim nws tus kheej kom meej meej. Cov kws ua yeeb yam G. Holbein Jr. thiab Durer hauv tebchaws Yelemes, Rogier van der Weyden thiab Jan van Eyck hauv Netherlands, J. Clouet thiab F. Clouet, J. Fouquet hauv Fab Kis tab tom sim qhia tsis yog lub cev zoo nkauj ntawm lub ntsej muag, tab sis lub psychology ntawm tus neeg depicted nyob rau hauv lub canvas, lawv ua tau zoo siab lub ntsws expressiveness ntawm daim duab. Ua raws li kev zoo nkauj medieval ntawm "dab tuag", cov tswv feem ntau siv cov grotesque, uas Hieronymus Bosch ua tau zoo tshaj plaws.

Qhov thib ob hom uas ua rau sab qaum teb Renaissance yog txhua hnub scenes. Hauv tebchaws Ltalis, cov neeg siv khoom loj ntawm cov khoom siv kos duab yog lub Koom Txoos, uas xav pom cov duab kos duab ntawm phau Vajlugkub. Nyob rau hauv lub Netherlands, cov chav kawm bourgeois, uas yog nce mus rau hauv kev nom kev tswv arena, tab tom tuav lub baton: tub lag luam guilds thiab crafts rhiav xaj portraits los ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam tiv thaiv lub keeb kwm ntawm lawv haiv neeg lub nroog, uas, ua ke nrog kev vam meej ntawm toj roob hauv pes, muab portraits. nce mus rau ib hom ntawv nyeem scenes. Tus tswv loj tshaj plaws ntawm txhua hnub scenes yog Pieter Brueghel tus Txwj Laug, kuj hu ua "Peasant", vim nws nyiam piav qhia txog cov neeg ua liaj ua teb lub neej. Nws thiab lwm tus "Me Me Dutch" yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tsim txiaj tshwj xeeb thiab ua tib zoo kos cov ntsiab lus.