Peter's Baroque. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm Baroque style

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

St. Petersburg, suav hais tias yog ib tus yau tshaj plaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub nroog loj, yog ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev zoo nkauj ntawm ancient sij hawm nrog Western European thiab Lavxias teb sab kab lig kev cai. Cov kws tshaj lij hais tias nws txoj kev kos duab tau raug txiav txim siab los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm nws yug. Tom qab tag nrho, lub nroog tau tsim nyob rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua puas xyoo, uas tsis tuaj yeem tab sis cuam tshuam rau nws cov tsos.

Tsim los ntawm qhov kev xav tsis tau ntawm ib tug txiv neej - Peter lub Great, nws nqus tag nrho cov kev sib txawv ntawm European architecture. Nws cov tsos tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm lub xeem Lavxias teb sab tsar nyob rau hauv lub cawv ntawm Franz Lefort thiab Vinius, Dutch ua lag luam uas muaj loj collections ntawm paintings thiab engravings. Lawv piav txog cov European thiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, Dutch lub zos, uas feem ntau qhia meej txog Western architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th.

yam ntxwv ntawm Baroque style

Qhov kev tsim vaj tsev no, uas cov kiv cua ntawm classical architecture tsis pom tias muaj kev ywj pheej rau lub sijhawm ntev, tau tshwm sim hauv Tebchaws Europe thaum lub sijhawm Renaissance lig. Nws yog, raws li nws yog, nws txuas ntxiv thiab kev loj hlob. Rau qee qhov, qhov style ntawm architecture tuaj yeem ua tauhu nws rov qab mus rau philosophy. Nws cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb yog kev nthuav qhia thiab qhov tsis pom tseeb. Cov tswv yim ntawm kev nce qib thiab nce siab, uas tau ua los ntawm cov kws tsim vaj tsev ntawm lub sijhawm no, ua rau cov tsev zoo nkauj heev thiab nplua nuj hauv cov ntsiab lus kos duab. Siv ntau yam txuj ci nthuav dav, lawv tsim cov khoom siv dag zog tiag tiag.

cov ntaub ntawv dav dav

"Peter's Baroque" yog ib lo lus uas cov kws sau keeb kwm kos duab siv rau cov qauv tsim vaj tsev pom zoo los ntawm Peter lub Great. Nws tau dav siv los tsim cov tsev nyob rau hauv lub peev, St. Petersburg.

Xyoo 1697-1698, Peter tau mus xyuas Holland nrog Lub Tuam Txhab Loj, tshwj xeeb hauv Amsterdam. Lub nroog no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyiam tus huab tais nrog nws txoj kev nruj radially npaj txoj kev, concentric kab raws kwj dej. Amsterdam façades xaus rau hauv qhov nqaim siab ua peb sab pediments, yees lossis lub ru tsev puag ncig. Kev lig kev cai Dutch architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv zoo nkauj xws li lub qhov rais thav duab, cornices, pilasters, portals nrog volutes. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim cov duab elegant thiab festive ntawm lub nroog, ua ke nrog ib tug me me thiab businesslike duab.

Peter tau xav txog lub tswv yim tias Russia tuaj yeem koom nrog cov tebchaws sab hnub poob, ua raws li European txoj kev tsis yog kev nom kev tswv lossis kev lag luam xwb, tab sis kuj muaj ntau yam kev coj noj coj ua. Thiab yog li ntawd nws thiaj caw mus ua hauj lwm hauv nws lub peev tshiabntau tus kws kos duab nto moo, sculptors thiab painters.

YPetrovsky Manir

Tam sim lub npe nws yog qhov tseeb tias qhov kev ua yeeb yam zoo kawg no tshuav nws cov tsos hauv peb lub tebchaws rau thawj tus huab tais Lavxias. Petrovsky baroque los ua ib tug sib tov ntawm Italian qauv ntawm tib lub npe nrog thaum ntxov Fabkis classicism thiab rococo. Txhua tus kws kes duab vajtse tau caw tuaj rau St. Petersburg sawv cev rau cov kev cai ntawm nws lub tsev kawm ntawv architectural. Tias yog vim li cas Petrine baroque qhia txog qhov tsis meej meej ntawm lub sijhawm no.

Peter lub siab xav tig nws lub nroog mus rau qhov zoo nkauj tshaj plaws thiab yog vim li cas thaum lub sijhawm nws kav, lub baroque tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev. Kev tsim thiab kev tsim vaj tsev nyob rau hauv cov style no, kuj hu ua Petrine Manir, txiav txim siab txoj kev loj hlob ntawm architecture nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg rau ob peb centuries tom ntej no.

Ntse

Thawj tus huab tais Lavxias tau nrhiav kom txav deb ntawm Byzantine kab lig kev cai hauv architecture. Lub sijhawm tsim ntawm qhov kev taw qhia no poob rau xyoo pua 17th. Baroque style ntawm Peter, txawm li cas los xij, txawv me ntsis ntawm nws cov qauv European. Thiab ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog rationalism, clarity thiab simplicity.

Ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb uas ua rau Peter lub Great Baroque hauv architecture yog ob lub suab xim ntawm lub tsev: liab thiab dawb. Lwm qhov tshwj xeeb yog kev txhais lus hauv kev kho kom zoo nkauj.

Thawj lub tsev nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg yog cov tsev pheeb suab, nrog rau cov tsev ntoo, zoo ib yam li hauv kev tsim rau Western ib nrab ntoo. Lawv plasterxav tau kev pleev xim. Yog li ntawd, tsuas yog qhov qis qis ntawm stucco cov ntsiab lus lossis cornices, nrog rau cov pilasters thiab lub qhov rooj, tuaj yeem muab cov qauv zoo sib xws thiab txawm tias "overlapping" brickwork.

Style Description

Peter's Baroque yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev siv cov ntsiab lus ntawm Tuscan classical lossis Corinthian xaj, txawm hais tias hauv kev txhais lus tsis zoo thiab ntau dua qub. Ntau tshaj yog Lavxias teb sab yooj yim "zais", uas hloov pilasters thiab txhua. Lub qhov rais tau thav duab nrog profiled architraves - feem ntau yog dawb ntawm lub keeb kwm yav dhau liab, muaj cov yam ntxwv thickenings, pob ntseg, nrog rau kev siv lub pob zeb rau saum. Cov ces kaum ntawm lub tsev baroque, thiab qee zaum thawj cov plag tsev, tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog rustication.

Qhov kev lom zem thiab zoo nkauj no tau ua tiav los ntawm ntau cov ntsiab lus me me, xws li cov ncej, curls thiab balustrades. Kev siv cov arched los yog semicircular pediments tshaj txhua qhov protruding yog suav tias yuav tsum tau ua. Yog li, cov kab ntawm lub ru tsev tau pom qhov nyuaj thiab muaj txiaj ntsig.

Kev teeb tsa cov mlom lossis paj lauj kaub tau zoo ib yam. Architects ntsia lucarnes rau ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj. Yog li ntawd, sab sauv ntawm ntau lub tsev tau txais ib tug nplua nuj zoo nkauj thiab complex silhouette.

Baroque architects

Txawm tias ua ntej kev tsim ntawm St. Petersburg, Peter thiab nws cov Ambassadors thoob plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe tau pib ntiav neeg txawv teb chaws: kws tsim vaj tsev, fortifiers, engineers. Nyob rau hauv thawj theem, tag nrho cov vaj tse nyob rau hauv lub nroog tau ua raws nraim li tej yaam num ntawm txawv teb chaws architects uas tuaj ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Russia. Thiab thawj ntawm lawv yog Domenico Trezzini, uas tau tsim ntau tshaj plawsLub tsev nto moo ntawm St. Petersburg, uas embody lub Peter lub Great baroque style. Daim duab ntawm Peter thiab Paul Cathedral yog ib qho pov thawj tiag tiag ntawm qhov no. Nws lub tswb nrov yog lub siab-nce dominant ntawm St. Lub ntsej muag gilded spire ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj txiav los ntawm lub ntuj tsaus nti nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov stretched squat kab ntawm Neva embankments.

Yuav tsis muaj qhov sib piv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Western European architecture. Nws echoes tsuas yog cov twisted spire nyob rau ntawm lub tsev sib pauv khoom lag luam hauv Copenhagen, uas tseem yog raws li Baroque style. Daim duab tom kawg, txawm li cas los xij, yog lwm qhov pov thawj tias St. Petersburg spire yog qhov txawv me ntsis: ob qho tib si loj thiab ntsej muag.

Ntawm cov thawj kws tsim qauv tsim Peter lub Great Baroque yog, ntxiv rau Trezzini, Jean-Baptiste Leblon, thiab Schluter, thiab J. M. Fontana, nrog rau Michetti thiab Mattarnovi. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tuaj rau Russia raws li kev caw ntawm Peter. Txhua tus kws kes duab vajtse tau coj mus rau qhov pom ntawm cov tsev uas nws tau tsim cov kev coj noj coj ua hauv nws lub tebchaws, cov hauv paus ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv uas nws sawv cev. Pab txhim kho lawv cov haujlwm, cov kws tsim vaj tsev hauv zos, xws li Mikhail Zemtsov, maj mam paub txog cov kev cai ntawm European baroque.

Qhov txawv ntawm Moscow Baroque

Peter's baroque yog ib yam rau St. Petersburg. Muaj ob lub tsev zoo li no sab nraum nws. Tshwj xeeb, cov no yog Menshikov Ntauwd, ua hauv Moscow, nrog rau Kadriorg Palace hauv Tallinn.

Tsis zoo li Naryshkin kev taw qhia hauv Moscow, Petrovsky kev taw qhia, sawv cev los ntawm ntseKev tsis lees paub ntawm Byzantine kab lig kev cai uas dominates Lavxias teb sab architecture rau yuav luag kaum centuries, nws yog yus muaj los ntawm symmetry thiab tshuav nyiaj li cas. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, ntau xim thiab txwv nyob rau hauv kho kom zoo nkauj, arched los yog lub qhov rais qhib, mansard ru tsev nrog ib tug tawg - tag nrho cov nta ntawm lub baroque style, muaj npe tom qab thawj huab tais, tau dhau los ua lub cim ntawm ntau lub tsev nyob rau hauv St..

Paj piv txwv zoo

Hnub no, cov neeg ncig tebchaws uas tuaj rau sab qaum teb lub nroog muaj lub sijhawm txaus siab rau kev tsim cov tes ntawm cov kws kos duab uas ua haujlwm rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Peter's Baroque yog sawv cev ntawm no los ntawm ntau lub tsev nto moo. Cov no yog Peter thiab Paul Cathedral, lub Alexander Nevsky Lavra, lub tsev ntawm kaum ob Collegia nrog lub caij ntuj sov palace ntawm Peter I, lub Schluter Chambers, lub Menshikov Palace, lub Kunstkamera, uas yog tsim los ntawm ntau tus neeg nyob rau tib lub sij hawm: Mattarnovi, Chiaveri and Zemtsov. Txoj kev tsim tom kawg kuj yog lub Koom Txoos Simeon thiab Anna.

Ntawm Vasilyevsky Island muaj lwm qhov piv txwv ntawm lub tsev baroque - thawj lub tsev loj hauv St. Nws yog qhov chaw nyob ntawm tus tswv xeev-General, qhov chaw txais tos thiab cov rooj sib txoos tau tuav. Ua ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib lub tsev nplua nuj nrog nws lub ntsiab façade overlooking embankment, lub tsev kuj embodies lub Petrine Baroque.

Twelve Collegia Building

Muaj lwm lub monument ua nyob rau hauv no architectural style nyob ze. Nov yog Lub Tsev ntawm Kaum Ob Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab. Tus kws kes duab vajtse Trezzini daws qhov teeb meem los ntawm Peter nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev qub heev. Lub tsev no muaj stylebaroque, sawv cev rau kaum ob lub tsev zoo sib xws, nyob rau hauv ib kab nyob ze rau ib leeg, ib qho ntawm txoj kev hauv tsev, ncab rau peb puas thiab yim caum meters. Txhua ntu muaj ib lub ru tsev nyias. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, ib qho lus bewitching cascade ntawm rov qab pediments thiab risalits, pilasters thiab architraves ntawm ib tug saturated liab-thiab-dawb facade muab lub tsev ib tug majestic tsos.

toj roob hauv pes architecture

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm Baroque style tuaj yeem pom tsis yog hauv cov tsev tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Tsis muaj tsawg nthuav yog lub palace thiab chaw ua si ensembles. Qhov no, piv txwv li, yog qhov zoo-paub Lub Caij Ntuj Sov Vaj, uas tau nteg tawm raws li ib tug tshwj xeeb kos duab ntawm Peter nws tus kheej; Lub Peterhof Ensemble, uas, raws li cov kws txawj, yog raws li impressions ntawm thawj Lavxias teb sab huab tais los ntawm nws mus ntsib Versailles. Txawm niaj hnub no lawv yog cov monuments tseem ceeb ntawm toj roob hauv pes architecture.

Lub Vaj Lub Caij Ntuj Sov yog qhov kev sim los ntawm tsar los ua "qee yam qhia" tawm ntawm lub tiaj ua si loj. Cov ciav dej tau npaj rau hauv nws, consonant nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm Aesop cov lus dab neeg, thiab hauv ib lub tsev tshwj xeeb lawv tau teeb tsa ib tug pej thuam ntawm Venus pom thaum khawb hauv Rome thiab coj mus rau Russia nrog kev nyuaj siab - ib qho ancient Roman marble luam ntawm Hellenistic thawj. Cov neeg tuaj xyuas lub vaj, tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb, yuav tsum hnia lub pob zeb txias ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam no. Lwm cov mlom thiab busts tau tsa nyob rau ntawm txoj kev, nrog rau "hauv Versailles".

Summer Palace

Tus neeg sawv cev ci ntsa iab ntawm Peter's Baroque yog qhov me me thiab yooj yim tshwj xeeb ntawm kev teeb tsa. Nws tau ua tiav rau nws txoj haujlwm -muab sijhawm ua si rau tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe.

Qee tus neeg hu qhov no Peter lub Great Baroque monument vim nws me me "thawj Lavxias teb sab tsev". Ua ob tus kws kes duab vajtse thiab tus tsim qauv, D. Trezzini tswj kev tsim kho lub tsev no rau plaub xyoos tag nrho. Lub bas-reliefs sab nraud yog ua los ntawm cov ntsiab lus mythological. Trezzini lub hom phiaj yog ua kev nco txog kev yeej nyob rau hauv Great Northern War. Carved ntoo qhib thiab walnut pleev xim rau ornaments nyob rau hauv lub sab hauv thiab picturesque plafonds tau zoo kawg nkaus khaws cia thiab ciaj sia mus rau contemporaries.

Nyob hauv kaw

Txawm tias qhov tseeb tias nws suav tias tsis muaj tseeb rau nws lub npe, Peter's Baroque yog qhov tshwj xeeb hauv nws txoj kev. Nrog rau tag nrho cov pom meej qiv qiv, qhov style no muaj ntau yam ntawm tus kheej. Ntxiv mus, lub tsev ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd tsis muaj analogues nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, lawv yog thawj. Lub facades ntawm lub tsev, txawm hais tias kuj yooj yim, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm elegant thiab heev tus neeg sawv cev. Lawv tsis muaj cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub hnyav thiab hnyav, thaum kev nthuav qhia tau ua tiav nrog cov ntsiab lus tsawg.