Petersburg Academy of Arts: keeb kwm, tus tsim, cov kws tshaj lij

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm ib qho ntawm St. Petersburg embankments yog ib lub tsev, kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb uas tau saib xyuas los ntawm ob lub sphinxes, ib zaug coj los ntawm Iyiv deb. Nws nyob hauv St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, tam sim no hu ua lub koom haum ntawm Painting, Sculpture thiab Architecture. Nws raug suav hais tias yog lub txaj ntawm Lavxias teb sab kos duab zoo nkauj, uas tau txais koob meej zoo thoob plaws ntiaj teb.

Yug Academy

Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Kev Ua Yeeb Yam hauv St. Petersburg tau tsim los ntawm kev nyiam ntawm Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, ib tug neeg tseem ceeb Lavxias teb sab xeev thiab cov neeg pab nyiaj ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov (1727-1797). Ib daim duab qhia txog nws lub bust yog nthuav tawm hauv tsab xov xwm. Nws koom nrog pawg neeg ntawd, tsis tshua muaj txhua lub sijhawm, uas tau nrhiav kev siv lawv txoj haujlwm siab thiab kev nplua nuj rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Russia. Ua nyob rau hauv 1755 tus tsim ntawm Moscow University, uas niaj hnub no dais lub npe ntawm Lomonosov, ob xyoos tom qab ntawd nws tau pib los tsim ib lub tsev kawm ntawv tsim los qhia cov masters nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab hom kev zoo nkauj.

Petersburg Academy of Arts, keeb kwm nyob hauv nws lub tsev loj ntawm Sadovaya Street, pib ua haujlwm xyoo 1758. Feem ntau ntawm cov nyiaj tau los ntawm Shuvalov tus kheej cov nyiaj, txij li lub txhab nyiaj tau faib cov nyiaj tsis txaus rau nws txoj kev saib xyuas. Tus neeg siab dawb siab zoo tsis tsuas yog yuam cov kws qhia ntawv zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm txawv teb chaws rau nws tus kheej cov nyiaj, tab sis kuj pub nws sau cov duab kos rau lub tsev kawm ntawv uas nws tsim, yog li pib tsim ib lub tsev cia puav pheej thiab tsev qiv ntawv.

Tus Thawj Rector ntawm Academy

Lub npe ntawm lwm tus neeg uas tau tso lub cim tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm haiv neeg kev coj noj coj ua tau txuas nrog lub sijhawm ntxov ntawm Academy of Arts, nrog rau kev tsim kho lub tsev tam sim no. Qhov no yog ib tug zoo heev Lavxias teb sab kws kes duab vajtse Alexander Filippovich Kokorinov (1726-1772). Tau tsim, ua ke nrog tus xibfwb J. Qhov xwm txheej ntawm nws txoj kev tuag tau ua rau ib qho ntawm ntau cov lus dab neeg ntawm St. Petersburg, hu ua "Ghost of the Academy of Arts." Qhov tseeb yog tias raws li cov ntaub ntawv tseem muaj sia nyob, tus kws kho mob ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv tuag tsis yog los ntawm kev mob dej, raws li tau hais hauv daim ntawv tshaj tawm, tab sis tau dai nws tus kheej hauv nws lub tsev.

Muaj ob qhov laj thawj rau kev tua tus kheej. Raws li ib tug version, yog vim li cas yog ib tug unfounded liam ntawm misappropriation ntawm lub xeev cov nyiaj, uas yog, ntawm kev noj nyiaj txiag. Txij li thaum nyob rau hauv cov hnub nws tseem suav hais tias yog kev txaj muag thiab kev txaj muag, thiab ua kom pom tseebAlexander Filippovich ua tsis tau tejyam, nws nyiam tuag. Raws li lwm version, lub impetus rau xws li ib tug kauj ruam yog lub reprimand nws tau txais los ntawm Empress Catherine II, uas tau mus xyuas lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab ua rau nws hnav khaub ncaws nyob rau hauv ib tug tshiab pleev xim rau phab ntsa. Txij thaum ntawd los, lawv hais tias tus ntsuj plig ntawm kev tua tus kheej, tsis tau txais kev so nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb Upper, yog doomed mus mus ib txhis nyob rau hauv cov phab ntsa nws ib zaug tsim. Nws portrait tau nthuav tawm hauv kab lus.

Cov poj niam uas ua keeb kwm ntawm kev kawm

Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm Catherine, thawj tus poj niam kawm ntawv ntawm St. Petersburg Academy of Arts tshwm sim. Nws tau los ua ib tug tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Fabkis sculptor Etienne Falcone - Marie-Anne Collot, uas ua ke nrog nws tus kws qhia tsim lub npe nrov "Bronze Horseman". Nws yog nws ua tiav tus huab tais lub taub hau, uas tau los ua ib qho ntawm nws cov duab puab zoo tshaj plaws.

Tus huab tais, qhuas los ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, tau xaj kom xaiv Collo ib lub neej nyiaj laus thiab muab cov qib siab zoo li no. Lub caij no, ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub no, muaj kev xav tias, tsis zoo li cov qauv tsim, Marie-Anne Collot, poj niam kawm ntawv ntawm St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, yog tus sau tsis yog lub taub hau ntawm Bronze Horseman xwb., tab sis kuj tag nrho cov duab ntawm huab tais, thaum nws tus xib fwb sculpted tsuas yog ib tug nees. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm nws cov txiaj ntsig.

Thaum dhau mus, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv Russia thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th lwm tus kws kos duab uas tuaj ntawm Fabkis thiab yog ib tus kws kos duab zoo tshaj plaws ntawm nws lub sijhawm, Vigée Lebrun, tau txais lub npe siab thiab muaj koob meej. Academician ntawm St. Petersburg Academy of Arts - ib lub npe muab khoom plig rau cov kawm tiav. Lebrunnws kuj tau txais lub npe uas tsis muaj tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm tus neeg ua haujlwm pub dawb, uas tau muab khoom plig rau lub sijhawm ntawd rau cov kws ua yeeb yam zoo uas tau kawm txawv teb chaws.

18th caug xyoo kev txiav txim ntawm kev kawm

Petersburg Academy of Arts tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho cov kab lis kev cai Lavxias txij li pib. Qhov kev ua haujlwm tiag tiag tau muab tso rau hauv nws tuaj yeem ua pov thawj los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nyob rau xyoo pua 18th kev kawm txuas ntxiv rau kaum tsib xyoos, thiab cov neeg kawm tiav zoo tshaj plaws raug xa mus rau pej xeem cov nuj nqis rau kev xyaum ua haujlwm txawv teb chaws. Ntawm cov txuj ci kawm nyob rau hauv academy yog painting, graphics, duab puab thiab architecture.

Tag nrho cov kev kawm uas Academy of Arts muab rau nws cov tub ntxhais kawm tau muab faib ua tsib chav, lossis ntu, uas plaub thiab thib tsib yog qhov qis tshaj thiab hu ua Tsev Kawm Ntawv Kev Kawm. Lawv tau txais cov tub hluas uas muaj hnub nyoog tsib lossis rau rau xyoo, qhov chaw lawv kawm nyeem thiab sau ntawv, thiab tau txais kev txawj ntse los ntawm kev kos duab ornaments thiab luam cov duab npaj txhij. Hauv txhua chav kawm thib ob no, kev cob qhia tau siv sijhawm peb xyoos. Yog li, chav kawm ntawm Tsev Kawm Ntawv Kev Kawm tau siv sijhawm rau xyoo.

Seem thib peb mus rau thawj yog qhov siab tshaj, lawv tau txiav txim siab, qhov tseeb, Academy of Arts. Nyob rau hauv lawv, cov tub ntxhais kawm yav dhau los kawm ua ib pab pawg tau muab faib ua cov chav kawm raws li lawv qhov tshwj xeeb yav tom ntej - pleev xim, kos duab, duab puab lossis kos duab. Nyob rau hauv txhua qhov ntawm peb qhov siab dua no tau kawm peb xyoos,Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov uas, ncaj qha ntawm Academy nws tus kheej, kev cob qhia tau kav cuaj xyoo, thiab ua ke nrog rau rau xyoo siv hauv Tsev Kawm Ntawv Kev Kawm, nws muaj txog kaum tsib xyoos. Tsuas yog tom qab ntawd, nyob rau xyoo 19th, tom qab Tsev Kawm Ntawv Kev Kawm raug kaw hauv 1843, lub sijhawm kawm tau txo qis.

Lwm yam kev qhuab qhia

Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Kev Ua Yeeb Yam hauv St. Petersburg, ua raws li cov qauv ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv European zoo sib xws, tsim los ntawm nws cov phab ntsa tsis yog tsuas yog cov kws tshaj lij kev cob qhia tshwj xeeb hauv ntau yam kev kos duab, tab sis kuj muaj ntau tus neeg kawm ntawv. Ntxiv rau cov kev qhuab qhia tseem ceeb, cov ntaub ntawv kawm kuj suav nrog cov lus txawv teb chaws, keeb kwm, thaj chaw, mythology thiab txawm tias astronomy.

Into the new century

Petersburg Academy of Arts nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th tau txais nws txoj kev loj hlob ntxiv. Cov neeg nplua nuj Lavxias teb sab philanthropist suav Alexander Sergeevich Stroganov, uas yog tus thawj coj, tau ua ntau txoj kev hloov kho, vim tias qhov kev tsim kho tshiab thiab khoom plig tau tsim, thiab cov serfs tau txais kev cob qhia hauv qee qhov xwm txheej. Ib theem tseem ceeb hauv lub neej ntawm kev kawm ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd yog nws qhov kev hloov pauv thawj zaug rau Ministry of Public Education, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau Ministry of Imperial Court. Qhov no tau pab txhawb kom tau txais nyiaj ntxiv thiab tso cai rau cov tub ntxhais kawm tiav ntau dua mus txawv tebchaws.

Nyob hauv lub hwj chim ntawm classicism

Rau yuav luag tag nrho lub xyoo pua puv 19, tsuas yog kev kos duab zoo nkauj lees paub ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv yog classicism. Nyob ntawmQhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev qhia nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tau cuam tshuam zoo heev los ntawm qhov hu ua hierarchy ntawm hom - cov txheej txheem tau txais los ntawm Paris Academy of Fine Arts rau kev faib cov duab kos duab zoo nkauj raws li lawv qhov tseem ceeb, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov duab kos duab keeb kwm. Txoj ntsiab cai no kav mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th.

M. Shcherbatov, nrog rau Synopsis, ib phau ntawm tej hauj lwm los ntawm ancient chroniclers. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, classicism, uas tau tshaj tawm los ntawm St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Arts, inevitably txwv kev muaj tswv yim ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm, tsav nws mus rau hauv lub hauv paus nqaim ntawm dogmas uas tsis siv lawm.

Cov neeg ntxeev siab uas tau qhuas txog kev kos duab Lavxias

Kev ywj pheej maj mam los ntawm kev tsim canons pib nrog qhov tseeb tias thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1863, 14 ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm khoom plig tshaj plaws suav nrog hauv kev sib tw rau cov khoom plig kub tsis kam pleev xim duab rau ntawm ib zaj dab neeg los ntawm Scandinavian mythology uas lawv tau muab, thov rau txoj cai xaiv lub ncauj lus lawv tus kheej. Tau raug tsis kam lees, lawv tau tawm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, npaj lub zej zog uas tau los ua lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov npe nrov tom qab Association of Traveling Art Exhibition. Qhov kev tshwm sim no poob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab kos duab raws li lub Riot ntawm lub kaum plaub.

Cov kawm tiav thiab cov kws tshaj lij ntawm St. Petersburg Academy of Arts tau los ua cov neeg ua yeeb yam nto moo xws li M. A Vrubel, V. A. Serov, V. I. Surikov, V. D. Polenov, V. M. Vasnetsov thiab ntau lwm tus. Nrog rau lawv, peb yuav tsum hais txog lub galaxy ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv ci ntsa iab, suav nrog V. E. Makovsky, I. I. Shishkin, A. I. Kuindzhi thiab I. E. Repin.

Academy in the 20th century

Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab Petersburg ntawm Kev Ua Yeeb Yam tau txuas ntxiv nws cov haujlwm mus txog thaum Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj xyoo 1917. Twb tau rau lub hlis tom qab Bolsheviks tau los ua lub hwj chim, nws tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees, thiab ntawm nws lub hauv paus ntau lub tsev kawm txuj ci pib tsim thiab hloov pauv lawv cov npe, tsim los qhia cov tswv ntawm socialist tshiab kos duab.. Nyob rau hauv 1944, lub koom haum ntawm Painting, Sculpture thiab Architecture, uas nyob rau hauv nws cov phab ntsa, muaj npe tom qab I. E. Repin, uas nws dais rau hnub no. Cov tib tus tsim ntawm Academy of Arts - lub chamberlain ntawm lub tsev hais plaub imperial I. I. Shuvalov thiab tus kws kes duab vajtse A. F. Kokorinov, nkag mus rau keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab kos duab mus ib txhis.