Organic architecture. Frank Lloyd Wright. tsev saum dej tsaws tsag

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Organic architecture yog tag nrho lub tswv yim raws li cov tswv yim ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm tib neeg thiab ib puag ncig. Tus tsim ntawm cov qauv no yog tus kws tsim qauv Asmeskas F. L. Wright, uas tsim nws tus kheej lub tsev kawm ntawv, uas yav tom ntej architects kawm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st.

Organic architectural style

Txhua qhov kev tsim vaj tsev yog tsim raws li qee qhov kev cai ntawm lub cev thiab kev zoo nkauj, nrog rau raws li cov cai ntawm kev tsim kho geometric hauv Euclidean kev tswj hwm qhov system. Tsis zoo li cov khoom siv ib txwm ua hauv cov duab plaub, cov organic yog raws li lub tswv yim ntawm kev sau lub tsev rau hauv ib qho chaw nyob nrog cov toj roob hauv pes thiab xwm txheej.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov organic architecture (lat.) yog tias cov duab ntawm lub tsev thiab nws qhov chaw yuav tsum nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov toj roob hauv pes. Tsuas yog cov khoom siv ntuj tso cai xwb.

Nyob hauv noarchitecture muaj 3 yam tseem ceeb:

• khoom siv hauv eco, nyab xeeb rau tib neeg;
• bionic daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom;
• siv toj roob hauv pes ntuj.

Tus tsim ntawm cov qauv no yog tus kws tsim qauv Asmeskas Frank Lloyd Wright, uas tau tsim thiab ntxiv cov kev xav ntawm nws tus kws cob qhia Louis Sullivan.

F. L. Wright thiab nws cov khoom

Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) rau 70 xyoo ntawm kev muaj tswv yim tsim thiab txhais rau hauv kev muaj tiag txoj kev xav ntawm kev muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm architecture ua ib qho chaw organic, uas yog sib cais ntawm nws ib puag ncig. Lub tswv yim ntawm nws qhov txuas ntxiv yog ua raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev npaj pub dawb thiab tau siv dav los ntawm cov kws tsim vaj tsev niaj hnub.

Raws li cov haujlwm ntawm F. L. Wright, lub tsev loj hauv lub tebchaws thiab cov tsev nyob tau tsim, nrog rau cov vaj tsev pej xeem, thaum lub sijhawm tsim nws siv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm qhov chaw ntws. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, thaum lub sij hawm nws lub neej muaj tswv yim, nws tau tswj kom tsim 1141 lub tsev, nrog rau tsis tsuas yog cov tsev nyob, tab sis kuj lub tsev teev ntuj, tsev kawm ntawv, tsev cia puav pheej, chaw ua hauj lwm, thiab lwm yam. Ntawm no, 532 tej yaam num tau ua tiav, thiab 609 yog nyob rau theem tsis tiav.

Ntxiv rau cov qauv vaj tsev, F. L. Wright tsim rooj tog, fabrics, kos duab iav, tableware thiab silverware. Nws kuj tau los ua tus kws qhia ntawv, kws sau ntawv thiab tus kws tshaj lij, tau sau 20 phau ntawv thiab ntau cov ntawv, thiab txhawb nqa nws cov tswv yim los ntawm kev qhuab qhia hauv ntau thaj tsam ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas thiab Europe.

Ib qho ntawm Wright cov haujlwm tau mob siab rau kev txhim kho kev faib tawm ntawm cov nroog Asmeskas ntawm tus piv txwv ntawm Broadacre,txuas ntxiv los tham los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws sau ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st.

Cov khoom siv hauv tsev tseem ceeb yog pob zeb, cib, ntoo thiab pob zeb. Lawv cov kev ntxhib los mos yog ib qho txheej txheem kho kom zoo nkauj ntxiv uas ua rau muaj kev xav ntawm kev ncaj ncees thiab naturalness ntawm cov khoom thiab xwm. Piv txwv li, ib lub pob zeb pob zeb haum zoo li lub pob zeb nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm hav zoov. Lub pob zeb facade feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov pob zeb ntxhib, cov plag tsev yog ua los ntawm ntxhib granite; yog log, ces tsuas yog ntxhib thiab uncouth.

Ib qho ntawm cov tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv hauv vaj tse - kev ncaj ncees, lossis tag nrho, yog tsim los tsim cov kev xav ntawm cov khoom tsim ua ib qho tag nrho, tsis muab faib ua cov ntsiab lus. Minimalism thiab kev ntshaw rau simplicity yog txais tos, tus khiav ntawm ib chav mus rau lwm qhov. Nws yog Wright uas tau los nrog lub tswv yim los muab chav noj mov, chav ua noj thiab chav nyob rau hauv ib qho tag nrho siv txoj kev npaj qhib.

Hloov ntau ntawm cov décor thiab ntau yam xim, cov khoom siv tsawg yog siv nrog thaj tsam loj thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm glazing.

Wright Architecture Principles

Cov lus qhuab qhia tshiab ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev yog tsim los ntawm L. Sullivan, coj mus rau hauv tus account cov kev cai ntawm biological science nyob rau hauv 1890s. Tom qab ntawd nws tau tsim thiab ua kom zoo los ntawm nws cov thwjtim, F. L. Wright, nyob rau xyoo pua 20th.

Wright lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov organic architecture:

• siv ntau li ntau tau raws li cov kab ncaj nraim thiab cov duab streamlined thaum tsim lub tsev, cov proportions uas yuav tsum taunyob ze li qhov ua tau rau tib neeg kom lub neej xis nyob hauv nws;
• txhim kho qhov tsawg kawg nkaus yuav tsum muaj chav nyob hauv tsev, uas ua ke yuav tsum tsim qhov chaw kaw nrog huab cua thiab pom kev ywj pheej;
• khi cov txheej txheem ntawm lub tsev rau hauv ib qho tag nrho, muab nws txoj kab rov tav txuas ntxiv thiab hais txog lub dav hlau sib luag rau hauv av;
• tawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm thaj chaw ib puag ncig sab nraud ntawm qhov khoom thiab siv nws rau kev pabcuam pabcuam;
• koj tsis tuaj yeem muab lub tsev thiab chav ua lub thawv, tab sis siv qhov ntws ntawm ib qho chaw mus rau lwm qhov nrog tsawg kawg ntawm chav faib sab hauv;
• hloov lub hauv paus nrog cov chav siv hluav taws xob ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsev yuav tsum muaj lub plinth qis;
• qhib qhov nkag yuav tsum sib haum rau qhov sib npaug ntawm tus neeg thiab muab tso rau ib txwm ua raws li lub tswv yim ntawm lub tsev: tsis yog phab ntsa, koj tuaj yeem siv cov ntxaij vab tshaus pob tshab;
• thaum lub tsev, siv zog siv tsuas yog ib qho khoom siv xwb, tsis txhob siv kev sib xyaw ntawm ntau yam ntuj tsim;
• teeb pom kev, cua sov thiab dej yog tsim los ua cov khoom ntawm lub tsev nws tus kheej thiab nws cov qauv tsim;
• sab hauv thiab cov rooj tog yuav tsum yooj yim hauv cov duab thiab ua raws li cov khoom tsim;
• tsis txhob siv kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv.

Architectural style thiab tib neeg xav tau

Tus kws paub txog kev puas siab puas ntsws nto moo A. Maslow tau tsim cov txheej txheem dav dav ntawm tib neeg kev xav tau,hu ua pyramid:

• physiological (kev noj haus kom zoo, huab cua huv thiab ib puag ncig);
• zoo siab;
• tsev neeg;
• kev lees paub thiab hwm tus kheej;
• sab ntsuj plig.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tsim ib yam khoom nyob rau hauv ib qho organic style hauv architecture yog kom paub txhua theem ntawm Maslow lub pyramid, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lawv - kev txhim kho tus kheej ntawm tus neeg uas lub tsev yuav tsim.

Raws li lub tswv yim ntawm F. L. Wright, qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim thiab tsim lub tsev yog muab rau kev sib txuas lus ntawm tus kheej nrog cov neeg siv khoom thiab tsim qhov chaw nyob rau nws uas yuav txaus siab rau tag nrho nws sab ntsuj plig, kev sib raug zoo, tsev neeg, physiological xav tau thiab muab kev ruaj ntseg tsim nyog.

Kev ua haujlwm Architectural thiab Prairie Houses

F. Tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1893, nws tau tsim nws lub tuam txhab, uas nws pib tsim nws thawj lub tsev. Twb tau nyob rau hauv nws cov haujlwm thawj zaug, kev nkag siab meej ntawm spatiality tuaj yeem taug qab, uas nws "kho" txhua lub tsev nyob hauv av.

Thaum pib ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, Wright tsim lub tsev ntiag tug rau cov neeg siv khoom. Lub koob meej loj tau coj los rau nws los ntawm "Prairie Houses", uas tau tsim hauv xyoo 1900-1917. thiab tsim siv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Wright's organic architecture. Tus kws kes duab vajtse tsim cov khoom, siv qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub tsev thiab xwm.

Txhua lub tsev qhibkab rov tav txoj kev npaj, txoj kab nqes ntawm lub ru tsev raug tshem tawm ntawm lub tsev, ua tiav nrog cov khoom siv ntuj tsim, terraces yog nteg tawm ntawm qhov chaw. Zoo li cov tuam tsev hauv Nyij Pooj, lawv cov façade tau sib dhos ua ke los ntawm cov thav ntawv, ntau lub tsev ua tau zoo li tus ntoo khaub lig, qhov chaw nruab nrab yog qhov cub, thiab ib puag ncig yog qhov chaw qhib.

Tus kws kes duab vajtse kuj tsim cov khoom siv sab hauv ntawm nws tus kheej, suav nrog cov rooj tog zaum thiab kho kom zoo nkauj, ua raws lub hom phiaj kom haum lawv cov organically rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev. Cov tsev nto moo tshaj plaws: Willits, Martin, Robie lub tsev, thiab lwm yam.

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. F. L. Wright tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo hauv Tebchaws Europe, qhov chaw nws tso tawm xyoo 1910-1911. ob phau ntawv hais txog tus tshiab organic style nyob rau hauv architecture, uas cim qhov pib ntawm nws kis ntawm European architects.

Taliesin

F. Ib lub tsev tau raug tsim los ntawm cov pob zeb limestone hauv toj roob hauv pes sab qaum teb Wisconsin, nyob rau hauv ib lub hav uas yav tas los yog cov txheeb ze ntawm nws tsev neeg. Lub npe los ntawm lub npe ntawm ib tug ancient Welsh druid thiab txhais ua "luminous ncov".

Taliesin tau tsim raws li tag nrho cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov organic architecture ntawm toj roob hauv pes uas muaj ntoo. Lub tsev embodies lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm tib neeg thiab xwm. Kab rov tav nyob qhov rais qhib hloov pauv nrog cov kab nkag ntawm lub ru tsev thiab ntoo railings uas ua haujlwm raws li lub laj kab interfloor. Sab hauvLub tsev yog tsim los ntawm tus tswv nws tus kheej thiab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ib tug sau ntawm Suav porcelain, antique Japanese cov ntxaij vab tshaus thiab sculptures.

Muaj ob qhov hluav taws kub hauv "Taliesin" - xyoo 1914 thiab 1925, thiab txhua zaus lub tsev tau rov tsim dua. Qhov thib ob, cov menyuam kawm ntawv uas kawm hauv nws lub tsev kawm ntawv tau koom nrog Wright hauv kev txhawb siab ntawm lub tsev.

Wright Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Architecture

Lub npe tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv tsim tawm xyoo 1932 yog "Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Architectural of F. L. Wright", tab sis thaum lub neej ntawm lub koom haum nws tau hu ua Taliesin koom tes, uas nyiam cov tub ntxhais hluas uas xav kawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov organic architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Kev cob qhia kuj tau teeb tsa ntawm no, uas cov kws tshaj lij yav tom ntej tau kawm yuav ua li cas thiaj li ua cov pob zeb, txiav ntoo thiab ua qhov tsim nyog rau kev tsim kho.

Lwm "Taliesin West" tau tsim nyob rau hauv Arizona, qhov chaw ua haujlwm, kev kawm thiab vaj tse nyob rau cov tub ntxhais kawm tau tsim, thiab tom qab ntawd - lub tsev qiv ntawv, chav ua yeeb yaj kiab thiab ua yeeb yam, tsev noj mov thiab lwm lub tsev tsim nyog. Cov qhua hu ua qhov complex "oasis nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov suab puam". Ntau tus Wright cov tub ntxhais kawm txuas ntxiv mus ua haujlwm ntawm ntau yam haujlwm ntawm tus kws kos duab, lwm tus tau tawm mus thiab nrhiav tau lawv tus kheej cov tuam txhab tsim vaj tsev.

The F. L. Wright Foundation tau tsim muaj xyoo 1940 thiab tseem khiav nws lub tsev kawm ntawv architecture thiab npaj cov menyuam kawm ntawv rau Master of Architecture degree.

Tus kheej lub neej ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse

Tus tsim ntawm tus qauv tsim vaj tsev tshiab, F. L. Wright, muaj cua daj cua dub ntawm tus kheej: hauv 92 xyoo dhau los, nws tswj tau yuav 4 zaug thiab muajmenyuam coob heev. Nws thawj tus xaiv hauv xyoo 1889 yog Catherine Lee Tobin, uas yug tau 6 tus menyuam.

Xyoo 1909, nws tau ncaim nws tsev neeg mus rau Tebchaws Europe nrog nws tus poj niam yav tom ntej Maymah Botwick Cheney. Tom qab rov qab los rau Tebchaws Meskas, lawv nyob hauv lawv lub tsev, Taliesin, uas lawv tau tsim. Xyoo 1914, ib tug tub qhe mob hlwb thaum tsis muaj tus tswv tua nws tus poj niam thiab 2 tus menyuam thiab hlawv lawv lub tsev.

Ob peb hlis tom qab qhov xwm txheej, F. L. Wright ntsib nws tus neeg qhuas M. Noel thiab tau sib yuav nws, tab sis lawv txoj kev sib yuav kav ib xyoos xwb.

Los ntawm 1924 mus txog rau thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej, nws nyob ib sab ntawm nws tus poj niam thib 4, Olga Ivanovna Lazovich-Gintsenberg, uas lawv kos npe rau xyoo 1928. Lawv muaj ib tug ntxhais. Tom qab nws tuag hauv 1959, Olgivanna tswj hwm nws lub hauv paus rau ntau xyoo.

Lub tsev saum dej tsaws tsag

F. Txoj haujlwm no tau ua tiav xyoo 1935-1939, thaum tus kws tsim vaj tsev tau pib siv cov cuab yeej ua vaj tse ntxiv hauv kev tsim kho thiab kawm ua ke nrog kev sib hlub ntawm thaj chaw ib puag ncig.

Tom qab kawm txog tus kws tsim qauv kev txiav txim siab los tsim lub tsev yuav luag hla dej tsaws tsag, cov kws ua haujlwm hauv pej xeem tau txiav txim siab tias nws yuav tsis nyob ntev, vim tias raws li qhov project, dej ntws ncaj qha los ntawm lub hauv paus. Txhawm rau ua kom tau raws li cov neeg siv khoom xav tau, Wright tau ntxiv dag zog lub tsev nrog kev txhawb nqa steel. Lub tsev no ua rau muaj kev txaus siab loj heev rau cov neeg niaj hnub, uas tau pab tus kws kes duab vajtse ncecov neeg siv khoom txaus siab.

Lub tsev yog ib qho kev sib xyaw ntawm cov pob zeb ua vaj huam sib luag, ntsug qhov chaw ua los ntawm limestone thiab muab tso rau ntawm kev txhawb nqa saum dej. Lub tsev saum toj no tus dej tsaws tsag sawv ntawm lub pob tsuas, ib feem ntawm cov uas tseem nyob rau hauv thiab yog siv raws li kev nthuav dav sab hauv.

Lub tsev nyiam, uas tseem zoo siab nrog nws cov tswv yim tsim, tau kho dua tshiab hauv xyoo 1994 thiab 2002 thaum muaj kev txhawb nqa steel ntxiv rau lub zog.

Public vaj tse tsim los ntawm F. L. Wright

In 1916-1922. tus kws kes duab vajtse koom nrog kev tsim kho ntawm Imperial Hotel hauv Tokyo, uas nws tau siv ntau lub tswv yim ntawm kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov txheej txheem, uas pab lub tsev tiv thaiv av qeeg xyoo 1923.

Nyob rau xyoo 1940 thiab 50s, Wright siv nws cov style los tsim cov tsev pej xeem hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Cov piv txwv nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom vaj khoom tsev yog Johnson Wax lub hauv paus hauv Racine, Wisconsin thiab S. Guggenheim Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv New York (1943-1959).

Lub hauv paus txheej txheem ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub tuam txhab "Johnson Wax" - "zoo li tsob ntoo" kab, nthuav mus rau sab saud. Cov qauv qub yog rov ua dua nyob rau hauv chav kuaj, qhov twg tag nrho cov chav nyob ib ncig ntawm "lub cev" nrog elevator, thiab cov slabs hauv pem teb tau muab tso rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm squares thiab voj voog. Teeb pom kev zoo yog muab los ntawm cov iav pob tshab.

Lub apotheosis ntawm Wright lub architectural creativity yog lub tsev ntawm Solomon Guggenheim Tsev khaws puav pheej, uas tau tsim thiab ua rau ntawmrau 16 xyoo. Qhov project yog ua raws li lub voj voog rov qab, thiab sab hauv cov qauv zoo li lub plhaub nrog lub khob iav hauv qhov chaw. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm qhov nthuav tawm, raws li tus kws tsim vaj tsev lub tswv yim, yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm sab saum toj mus rau hauv qab: tau nqa lub elevator hauv qab lub ru tsev, cov neeg tuaj saib ces maj mam nqis mus rau hauv ib lub kauv. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st lub tsev khaws puav pheej tswj tau tso tseg lub tswv yim no, thiab cov khoom nthuav tawm tam sim no tau saib raws li tus qauv, pib ntawm qhov nkag.

Tus qauv ntawm cov organic architecture hauv lub xyoo pua 21st

Lub rooj txhawb siab ntawm niaj hnub organic architecture hauv kev tsim thiab kev tsim vaj tsev yog txhawb nqa los ntawm architects los ntawm ntau lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe: Lub teb chaws Yelemees, Norway, Switzerland, Poland, thiab lwm yam. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv ua raws li cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov organic sib sau ua ke ntawm qhov chaw thiab xwm tsim los ntawm F. L. Wright, enriching nrog lawv creativity niaj hnub architectural tiam sis thiab embodying lub philosophical thiab puas siab puas ntsws tswv yim ntawm kev tsim cov qauv tiag tiag li cov khoom nyob tsim los rau lub neej xis nyob thiab sib haum xeeb ntawm tib neeg.