Zhostovo tais: keeb kwm thiab kev tsim khoom. Zhostovo painting ntawm lub tais

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Cov paj zoo nkauj: roses, peonies, daisies, tsis nco qab-kuv-nots, chrysanthemums thiab lilies ntawm lub hav (nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom sau lawv tag nrho), txawj ntse tawg los ntawm tus kws txawj txhais tes ntawm ib tug tsaus glossy hlau nto., yog ib txwm Zhostovo painting ntawm cov tais. Qhov tshwj xeeb pej xeem kos duab ntawm Russia, uas tsis muaj analogues!

Keeb kwm ntawm cov khoom qub Lavxias teb sab hnub qub rov qab yuav luag 2 centuries, thiab lub sijhawm no cov khoom ntawm Zhostovo masters tsis tau tsuas yog tsis tau poob lawv cov koob meej thiab kev zoo nkauj, tab sis, ntawm qhov tsis tooj, tau txais koob meej ntau dua tag nrho. thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no thiab tau ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov tswv yim tshiab ntawm cov neeg pleev kob niaj hnub no.

Keeb kwm ntawm Zhostovo crafts

Hnub no, txhua tus niam tsev niaj hnub yuav zoo siab tau txais lub tais Zhostovo tiag tiag los ua khoom plig, uas tuaj yeem siv tsis yog rau nws lub hom phiaj siv hluav taws xob nkaus xwb, tab sis kujraws li tus thawj kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm chav ua noj sab hauv. Cov poj niam nyob rau xyoo 19th thaum ntxov zoo siab ib yam li thaum lawv tau txais kev zoo nkauj.

Tab sis nws tsis yog ib txwm zoo li no. Kev kos duab ntawm Zhostovo painting pib ua zoo nyob rau hauv Russia thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Thawj lub tais, hleb, snuffboxes, luam yeeb, txhua yam thawv, thiab lwm yam, pleev xim rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm lacquer me me, uas tau ua nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Moscow cheeb tsam: Ostashkovo, Troitskoye, Novosiltsevo, Sorokino thiab Zhostovo, hnub rov qab. rau lub sijhawm ntawd.

Maj mam, kev tsim cov tais tau los ua ib qho kev sib cais, thiab lub zos Zhostovo tau tuav lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lawv cov khoom siv. Los ntawm txoj kev, thawj cov tais tau tsim tshwj xeeb los ntawm papier-mâché. Tam sim no nws twb nyuaj rau peb xav txog ib lub tais Zhostovo ua los ntawm cov khoom zoo li no.

Kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm Zhostov's art

Hauv xyoo 1825, kev cob qhia ntawm Osip Filippovich Vishnyakov tau qhib hauv Zhostovo. Nws yog los ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim uas lub chronology ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm ib tug neeg pej xeem piav tes piav taw crafts yog ua. Tau kawg, qhov kev cob qhia no tsis yog tib qho xwb. Maj mam, lwm cov artels tau npaj: Yegor Vishnyakov nyob rau hauv lub zos nyob sib ze ntawm Ostashkovo, A. A. Zaitsev nyob rau hauv lub zos Troitskoye. Qhov nrov ntawm lawv cov khoom yog loj heev! Zhostovo tais tau muag zoo hauv Moscow, St. Petersburg thiab lwm lub nroog.

Nyob rau xyoo 1830, ob peb lub rooj cob qhia tau qhib hauv Zhostovo thiab cov zos nyob sib ze, cov founders ntawm E. F. Belyaev, T. M. Belyaev, F. V. Shapkin, V. L. Leontiev thiab I. S. Kolomenskoy. Maj mam, ntau lawm ncecov khoom siv pleev xim pib tsis yog los ntawm papier-mâché, tab sis los ntawm cov khoom siv ruaj khov thiab niaj hnub - hlau.

Legendary artists ntawm Zhostov

Maj mam ib lub tais Zhostovo tshiab uas paub txog peb txhua tus tau yug los. Cov keeb kwm khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub regional chronicles qhia yuav ua li cas ntau thiab ntau lub zos txawj ntse peasants maj los koom nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm art workshops. Nws yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias muaj pes tsawg tus txuj ci tau dhau los ua cov neeg ua haujlwm zoo tib yam, tsis muaj kev kawm. Thawj tus tswv tau hais nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm xyoo 1839 yog tus thawj coj ntawm Count Sheremetyev - Veshnyakov Philip Nikitin, nws tau koom nrog cov tais pleev xim ua ke nrog nws tus tub. Qhov no yog li cas kev kos duab dynasties tau yug los hauv Zhostovo.

Tus tswv nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm Zhostovo tais: O. E. Burbyshev (muaj cov lus dab neeg hais txog tus kws kos duab hauv Zhostovo, nws yog tus tswv zoo li no), N. M. Tsaplagin, A. E. Vishnyakov, K. V. Gribkov, I. S. Leontiev, D. S. Kledov, P., I. A. Saveliev, M. R. Mitrofanov, A. P. Gogin, I. P. Plakhov, B. V. Grafov. Tag nrho cov masters no thiab ntau lwm tus tau tso lub cim sib sib zog nqus ntawm cov kos duab ntawm Zhostov, lawv yog cov uas tsim cov haujlwm zoo ntawm Zhostovo me me, uas tau suav nrog hauv cov nyiaj kub ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua.

Zhostovo tais - kev siv tshuab

Tus thawj thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim cov Zhostovo tais tau polished ntau xyoo. Cov masters muaj ntau yam secrets ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua, uas lawv yuav tsis qhia rau leej twg. Yog li peb tsuas tuaj yeem tham txog kev tsim tshuab ntawm Zhostov cov khoom siv dav dav.

Raws li yav tas loshais los saum no, cov tais niaj hnub yog ua los ntawm hlau. Lawv tuaj yeem muaj qhov txawv txawv tshaj plaws, txhua yam nyob ntawm tus thawj lub hom phiaj ntawm tus kws kos duab. Ua ntej pleev xim, lub tais yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo sanded thiab npog nrog ob txheej ntawm primer npaj rau lub hauv paus ntawm soot thiab kaolin. Tom qab ntawd, lub workpiece yog rov polished thiab npog nrog ob peb txheej ntawm cov kua roj vanish. Ntxiv mus, txhua txheej yuav tsum tau qhuav kom zoo thiab polished zoo kawg nkaus.

Tom ntej no, kev tsim khoom ntawm Zhostovo tais txav mus rau theem tom ntej. Tom qab tag nrho cov kev npaj ua hauj lwm, cov khoom yog npaj rau painting, thiab tus tswv artist pib ua hauj lwm ntxiv rau nws. Zhostovo tais yog ib txwm pleev xim rau cov xim roj. Tom qab nws ua tiav, cov khoom yog varnished dua nyob rau hauv ob peb khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, ua raws li los ntawm qhuav thiab polishing muab lub tais tiav ib tug yuav luag daim iav ci.

Kev kos duab thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm Zhostovo painting

Cov txuj ci kos duab ntawm Zhostovo painting muaj lawv lub hauv paus hauv cov tsoos Lavxias teb sab lacquer miniatures, tab sis, tau kawg, lawv muaj lawv tus kheej yam ntxwv. Lub hauv paus tuaj yeem, tej zaum, hu ua ib qho duab kos nrog cov xim ci ntawm qhov tsaus ntuj thiab qhov tsim ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw nrog kub ornament. Lub keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm Zhostovo tais tsis tas yuav dub, nws tuaj yeem ua tau ntawm txhua yam xim: liab, xim av, ntsuab, xiav thiab ocher. Qee lub sij hawm tseem muaj cov khoom sib xyaw ua rau gilding (imitation ntawm kub), niam-ntawm-pearl lossis lub teeb, yuav luag dawb tom qab, tab sis qhov no yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov cai tswj hwm los ntawm kev xav.artist.

Cov lus piav tes piav taw feem ntau yog pleev xim rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg (paj paj) muaj cov paj loj tshaj plaws thiab ci ntsa iab, uas yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Nyob ze rau ntawm cov npoo, cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub pob paj ua me me thiab tsaus, zoo li lawv ua ke nrog keeb kwm yav dhau. Qhov no ua tiav qhov pom qhov tob thiab ntim ntawm painting. Zhostovo paj tsis pleev xim los ntawm qhov xwm txheej, feem ntau lawv yog cov xwm txheej, ntau hauv lawv cov duab nyob ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm tus tswv.

Main motifs and plots

Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Zhostovo painting, ntawm chav kawm, yog txhua yam ntawm cov paj motifs, ntau yam uas yog suav tsis txheeb! Zhostovo painting adheres rau ntau hom kev sib xyaw ua ke. Cov paj tuaj yeem sau tau hauv cov paj loj, muaj 3-5 inflorescences, qhia hauv pob tawb lossis garlands nyob ib ncig ntawm tag nrho ib puag ncig ntawm lub tais.

Qee zaum cov duab tuaj yeem ntxiv nrog cov duab ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, txiv hmab txiv ntoo lossis cov noog. Muaj cov piv txwv ntawm Zhostovo painting, zoo ib yam li cov qub qub Dutch tseem muaj sia nyob. Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb tias kev kos duab ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog qhov zoo, muaj tag nrho cov cim ntawm easel painting ntawm no: ua tib zoo kawm txog cov ntsiab lus, xim dav dav, dawb improvisation.

Zhostovo tais: yuav ua li cas kos ib kauj ruam

Tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev pleev xim rau lub tais tuaj yeem muab faib ua 4 theem. Ua ntej, lub npe hu ua "painting" yog ua tiav: ntawm cov khoom, raws li nws yog, ib tug generalized silhouette ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej daim duab, qhov chaw ntawm lub ntsiab me ntsis, yog pov nrog bleached xim.

Qhov "shade" thiab "ntev" ua raws: siv cov duab ntxoov ntxoo pob tshab thiab kos lub teeb pom kev zoo nrog cov xim tuab. Tom qab ntawd, cov duab ntawm paj thiab nplooj yuav txhais ntau dua.

theem thib peb yog qhov tseem ceeb: siv ceev nrawm nrawm. Nrog lawv pab, tag nrho cov ntim tau teev tseg.

Thiab thaum kawg, theem 4 zaum kawg ua raws li, thaum "kos duab" thiab "khi" tau ua. Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov txhuam hniav thinnest, tus tswv qhia txog qhov contour ntawm txhua nplooj thiab cov nplooj ntoo nrog cov kab yooj yooj yim, kos cov twigs me me thiab cov ntsiab lus, uas yog hu ua kev khi.

Kev Pom Zoo rau kev txhim kho kev nuv ntses

Tam sim no, Zhostovo art crafts tab tom dhau lub sijhawm nyuaj. Txog rau thaum xyoo 90s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, cov kev cob qhia tau nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas thiab nyiaj txiag ntawm lub xeev, tom qab perestroika thiab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub Soviet Union, lub Hoobkas dhau mus rau lwm tus tes. Tam sim no cov txiaj ntsig tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb, tab sis tsis yog kev khaws cia ntawm kev coj noj coj ua thiab txoj hauv kev muaj tswv yim rau cov khoom siv tes ua.

Tus naj npawb ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam hauv kev lag luam tau txo qis. Ntau tus tswv tau pib ua haujlwm ntawm nws tus kheej, hauv tsev. Ntau qhov kev txiav txim ntiag tug tau ua tiav, tsis yog rau Zhostovo tais xwb. Cov masters niaj hnub no feem ntau ua haujlwm ntawm kev pleev xim rau ntau yam khoom: los ntawm lub tub yees thiab lub xov tooj ntawm tes mus rau lub raj mis nrog cov khoom kim heev. Kev nkag mus ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas txawj ntse - kawm tiav ntawm FedoskinskyLub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lacquer miniatures tsis ntev los no tau txo qis. Txawm li cas los xij, lub tuam txhab tseem muaj sia nyob, ua haujlwm nrog kev mob siab rau thiab kev ntseeg yav tom ntej.

Yuav mus rau Zhostovo li cas?

Rau txhua tus neeg uas xav paub ntau ntxiv txog keeb kwm thiab kos duab ntawm Zhostov, lub tuam txhab npaj nthuav tawm 5-teev kev mus ncig ua si nrog cov chav kawm master. Lub khw qhib tas li ntawm lub Hoobkas, qhov chaw koj tuaj yeem yuav khoom siv tes ua, raws li lawv hais tias "kub, kub".

Tau txais los ntawm Moscow rau Zhostovo yog qhov yooj yim. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum kov yeej tsuas yog 50 km ntawm txoj kev loj Ostashkovsky mus rau thaj tsam Mytishchi. Koj tuaj yeem mus tau yooj yim los ntawm tsheb ciav hlau lossis tsheb npav. Lwm qhov kev xaiv: npav npav 438 khiav tas li los ntawm Medvedkovo metro chaw nres tsheb mus rau Zhostovo.