Zhostovo painting. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Zhostovo painting. Zhostovo Hoobkas ntawm hniav painting

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Striking nrog ntau yam thiab xim, txaws rau ntawm cov xim dub lossis xim ntawm cov tais, Zhostovo painting ua cov qauv paj zoo nkauj, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov ntsiab lus zoo tshaj plaws. Zoo nkauj roses thiab scarlet poppies, yooj yim daisies thiab kov cornflowers, pompous peonies thiab radiant asters yog ua ke nrog tsis paub, tab sis tsis muaj tsawg zoo nkauj paj. Cov noog thiab npauj npaim, ntau yam berries thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo zoo li muaj sia nyob ntawm cov khoom yooj yim thiab zoo tib yam li cov tais. Txawm tias koj saib ntau npaum li cas, koj yuav tsis pom ib lub tais zoo ib yam - txhua tus ntawm lawv yog qhov tshwj xeeb! Cov duab zoo li no tuaj ntawm qhov twg, lawv ua li cas thiaj li ua tau zoo nkauj, Kuv tuaj yeem kawm qhov twg hauv Zhostovo painting? Kab lus no yuav qhia txog qhov no thiab hais txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev pleev xim rau hlau, tus yam ntxwv ntawm tus tswv ntawm Zhostov ze Moscow.

keeb kwm ntawm lacquer painting

Thawj thawj, raws li keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm keeb kwm, kev kos duab ntawm lacquer painting tau paub los ntawm Suav. Ntau txhiab xyoo dhau los, nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm Shan Yin, cov neeg nyob hauv Suav teb tau dai cov khoom siv hauv tsev thiabCov khoom siv niaj hnub, riam phom thiab cov nkoj ua yeeb yam.

Ua raws Tuam Tshoj, kos duab ntawm lacquer painting tau kov yeej lub teb chaws ntawm Indochina, Persia thiab Is Nrias teb, Nyiv thiab Kaus Lim Kauslim. Nyob rau hauv txhua cheeb tsam, cov txheej txheem ntawm lacquer painting tsim ntawm nws tus kheej, raws li cov kev cai ntawm pej xeem crafts, tab sis kuj qiv cov kev paub ntawm masters los ntawm lwm lub teb chaws.

Yuav ua li cas lacquer painting tau mus rau Russia?

Cov tub lag luam nyob sab Europe hauv 16th-17th centuries, uas tau pauv nrog lub teb chaws ntawm cov teb chaws Asia, coj cov qauv zoo nkauj ntawm cov lacquerware pleev xim rau lawv lub tebchaws. Kev tshoov siab los ntawm kev zoo nkauj thiab originality ntawm oriental khoom ntawm ntau yam duab thiab lub hom phiaj, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog lacquer dluab, craftsmen los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws nyob sab Europe pib ua thiab decorate ntau yam nyob rau hauv "Suav" style.

Kev loj hlob loj ntawm kev tsim cov khoom dai nrog lacquer painting, nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe xws li Holland, England, Lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Fabkis, tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub XVIII caug xyoo.

Ural tus kws tshaj lij Nikita Akinfievich Demidov tau mus ncig ntau hauv Tebchaws Europe, qhov chaw nws nyiam lub tswv yim ntawm lacquer painting. Nyob rau hauv 1778, nyob rau hauv lub Urals, nyob rau hauv Nizhny Tagil, cov khoom siv tes ua ntawm Ural paj painting ntawm hlau pib tshwm sim.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm Zhostovo lacquer painting ntawm hlau

Ua nyob rau hauv Urals thiab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog lacquer paintings, hlau hauv siab thiab cov tais, jugs thiab thoob, nrog rau lwm yam khoom txhua hnub tau muag tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub zos Irbitskaya thiab Krestovskaya fairs, tab sis kuj.ntawm All-Lavxias teb sab Makariev Fair hauv Nizhny Novgorod.

Tej zaum nws yog cov khoom ntawm Ural craftsmen pom ntawm no uas tau tshoov siab Vishnyakov cov kwv tij los pleev xim rau cov tais hlau nrog lacquer. Txij li thaum xyoo 1825, Vishnyakov tsev neeg ua lag luam tau tsim los ua cov kua roj vanish ntawm ntau yam khoom siv papier-mâché - snuff boxes, cigarette case, albums, biscuits and caskets.

Txij li xyoo 1830, feem ntau ntawm kev cob qhia nyob rau hauv cov zos thiab cov zos ntawm Troitskaya volost, xws li Troitskoye, Khlebnikovo thiab Zhostovo, tau nres ua cov khoom papier-mâché, thiab hloov mus rau kev tsim thiab pleev xim ntawm cov tais hlau.

Kev sib ze rau lub peev tso cai rau cov neeg nuv ntses ua yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab muaj lub khw muag khoom ruaj khov, nrog rau yuav cov khoom tsim nyog ntawm tus nqi pheej yig.

History of fishery development

Pib txij li 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, cov tais hlau pib ua thiab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov kua roj vanish hauv yuav luag txhua lub zos nyob ib puag ncig. Thaum lub sij hawm no, Zhostovo painting yog nyob rau hauv lub ncov ntawm nws muaj koob meej. Nyob rau hauv lub post-revolutionary xyoo, qhov kev thov rau cov khoom ntawm Zhostovo masters poob sharply, uas coj mus rau lub koom haum ntawm disparate ntxias mus rau hauv me me artels.

Nyob rau xyoo 1928, tag nrho cov artels me los ntawm Troitsky, Novosiltsevo, Zhostovo thiab lwm lub zos nyob ib puag ncig tau koom ua ke rau hauv ib qho tshwj xeeb artel "Metalpodnos" nrog lub chaw tswj hwm hauv Zhostovo.

Lub sijhawm nyuaj tshaj plaws rau Zhostovo painting, xws li rau feem ntau lwm yam khoom siv tes ua,pib thaum xyoo 1940 thiab 1950s. Nws yog nyob rau lub sijhawm no tias cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov tais tau txo qis, tab sis cov khoom me me txawv txawv rau cov khoom siv tes ua tau nce ntau zaus. Zhostovo painting rau cov me nyuam yog me me ntoo thiab hlau tais, thoob thiab spatulas, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ib tug neeg.

keeb kwm niaj hnub

Khrushchev "thaw" tau hloov pauv zoo hauv lub neej ntawm kev nuv ntses. Nyob rau hauv 1960, lub artel "Metallopodnos" tau reorganized thiab tau txais nws lub npe tam sim no - Zhostovo Decorative Painting Factory. Kev saib xyuas los ntawm tsoomfwv, kev koom tes ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws tsim khoom thiab cov kws tshawb fawb, kev koom tes hauv ntau qhov kev nthuav qhia hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws tau tso cai rau cov neeg nuv ntses kom dim ntawm kev kub ntxhov mus ntev.

Hnub no lub Hoobkas tau ua haujlwm nquag, tus sau cov haujlwm ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam ua haujlwm rau nws dai cov khoom nthuav tawm ntawm ntau lub tsev cia puav pheej thoob ntiaj teb, nrog rau cov tsev ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv kab lis kev cai, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev nom kev tswv.

Txoj Kev Ua Haujlwm

Raws li twb tau hais lawm, Zhostovo painting tsim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub Ural paj painting ntawm hlau. Tab sis Zhostovo craftsmen, uas Ameslikas ua tiav thiab dai kom zoo nkauj ntau yam papier-mâché khoom, tau tswj kom hloov tag nrho lawv cov kev tshawb fawb technology rau cov tais hlau. Rau lawv cov primer, lawv siv lawv tus kheej compositions, nrog rau cov copal tshwj xeeb varnishes.

Qhov chaw nyob ze ntawm Lukutinskaya lacquer me me tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tsawg rau kev txhim kho cov khoom siv tes ua. Rau kev txhim kho stylistic ntxivZhostovo painting tau cuam tshuam los ntawm Rostov enamel thiab floral motifs ntawm Ivanovo chintz, nrog rau kev pleev xim rau cov plooj (porcelain), nqa tawm ntawm cov chaw ua haujlwm ze Moscow.

cov tais ua li cas thiab ua li cas?

Niaj hnub Zhostovo tais yog tsim nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev: los ntawm stamping thiab forging.

Los ntawm cov ntawv hlau zoo tib yam, cov tshuab tshwj xeeb cov xovxwm ua qhov khoob rau cov tais ntawm cov qauv duab thiab qhov ntau thiab tsawg. Tom qab ntawd, ntawm lub xov tooj hluav taws xob, los ntawm kev siv pwm tshwj xeeb thiab kev sib koom ua ke, cov npoo yog dov - ib hlaws. Thiab ua kom ob sab ntawm lub tais nruj, lawv tau dov.

Zhostovo painting artists tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tsis yog nrog cov qauv ntawm cov tais. Muaj 26 cov qauv qauv xaiv los ntawm, los ntawm qhov uas tsim nyog tshaj plaws rau txoj kev npaj yog xaiv. Tom qab ntawd, yog tias nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb, tus forger (blacksmith) yuav siv sij hawm, ua ib lub tais forged. Ua li no, ib lub bracket yog txiav tawm ntawm ob peb daim hlau nrog tes txiab, uas yog tom qab, nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm ib tug rauj, rub tawm thiab khob tawm. Thaum dov, ib txoj hlua tshwj xeeb tau muab tso rau hauv cov npoo ntawm lub tais, uas ua kom nws lub zog, thiab tom qab ntawd cov ntug nws tus kheej yog leveled nrog rauj.

cov tais npaj li cas rau pleev xim?

Tom qab cov tais tau zoo li qub thiab tau dov, lawv tau muab tso rau ntawm ob sab nrog cov tshuaj pleev ib ce uas muaj cov av nkos diluted hauv cov roj kom qhuav. Thaum lub tais primed tau qhuav rau hauv ib lub txee tshwj xeeb, tus tswv primer sands nws nto nrog sandpaper, thiab ces siv lwm yam.putty txheej. Yav dhau los, lub tais tau npog hauv ob txheej nrog cov av dub, muaj cov av nplaum kaolin, kerosene, Dutch dub thiab zaub roj. Txhua txheej yuav tsum tau qhuav thiab polished. Niaj hnub no, cov txheej txheem primer ib txwm tsis siv lawm, siv lub tshuab xim av primer siv los ntawm rab phom tsuag. Tom qab ziab, lub tais primed yog puttied thiab qhuav. Lub tais ntim khoom ces muab xuas tes xuas pob zeb pumice.

Tsuas yog tom qab ntawd, cov xim dub turpentine-raws li siv rau hauv lub tais, thiab tom qab lwm qhov ziab nws tau npog hauv 2-3 txheej nrog cov roj roj dub. Lub tais qhuav thiab ntxuav yog muab xa mus rau tus kws kos duab.

Cov xim tom qab ntawm cov tais ua li cas?

Zhostovo Hoobkas ntawm cov duab kos duab, ntxiv rau cov tais nrog cov keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov xim dub, tsim cov khoom nrog xim liab, xiav, ntsuab thiab lub teeb xiav. Txhawm rau tsim lawv, ib txheej nyias ntawm cov kua roj vanish yog siv rau saum npoo ntawm lub tais. Kom txog rau thaum nws dries, sprinkle nws nrog tooj liab los yog txhuas hmoov. Tom qab metallized tom qab dries, nws yog pleev xim rau nrog glazing xim ntawm cov xim uas xav tau, uas ua rau mob siab thiab saturated, tab sis tib lub sij hawm shimmering, zoo li translucent, keeb kwm yav dhau.

Kev pleev xim rau tom qab xim yuav tsum tau hloov ob qho tib si xim thiab cov tswv yim. Yog li, qhov tseem ceeb tsuas yog qhia me ntsis, thiab cov duab ntxoov ntxoo tau kos me ntsis.

kos duab kos duab ntawm Zhostovo tais

Zhostovo masters pleev xim nrog cov squirrel tshwj xeebtxhuam thiab roj pleev xim diluted nrog turpentine thiab linseed roj. Txhua tus kws kos duab ib txhij ua haujlwm ntawm ntau yam haujlwm. Txhawm rau tshem tawm cov khoom zoo nkauj, cov xim dawb nrog cov kua roj vanish (gulfarba) yog siv, sprinkled nrog txhuas hmoov, los yog lub thiaj li hu ua kub - kub hmoov diluted nyob rau hauv turpentine los yog pob tshab kua roj vanish.

Zhostovo painting yog ua nyob rau hauv ob theem: painting thiab straightening. Nyob rau theem ntawm painting, tus kws kos duab kos lub ntsiab silhouette ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub tais nrog ib tug dav txhuam. Rau nws txoj kev siv, diluted (bleached) xim yog siv. Lub tais coated ces qhuav rau 12 teev nyob rau hauv cov khoom kom qhuav.

Tom qab ntawd, tus tswv pib ncaj thiab kos qhov chaw kaj, siv cov duab ntxoov ntxoo xim thiab cov xim pleev xim uas ntxiv ntim rau qhov sib xyaw. Lub stamens ntawm paj thiab cov leeg ntawm nplooj tshwm nyob rau hauv nyias kab. Cov ntsiab lus loj ntawm Zhostovo painting, xws li cov paj loj, yog txuam nrog cov stems me, cov hniav ntawm cov nyom thiab lwm qhov ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Qhov tseeb ornament yog siv rau sab.

Cov haujlwm tiav yog polished peb zaug nrog cov kua roj vanish tsis muaj xim thiab ziab hauv qhov cub, tom qab ntawd qhov saum npoo yog polished los ntawm daim iav tiav.

Main painting motifs

Feem ntau, Zhostovo cov kws ua yeeb yam tsim cov paj yooj yim hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov paj, uas lub vaj loj thiab cov paj me me sib txawv. Raws li txoj cai, ob peb lub paj loj tsim lub hauv paus ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, xws liZoo li Rose, aster, peony, dahlia lossis tulip, ncig los ntawm kev tawg ntawm cov paj me me thiab buds thiab interconnected los ntawm nyias stems, twigs thiab nplooj. Ntxiv nrog rau lub vaj paj loj, qee cov neeg ua yeeb yam coj cov violets me me, lilies ntawm hav, bindweeds lossis pansies rau pem hauv ntej.

Pob paj ntawm ob lub vaj thiab cov paj qus tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm cov duab ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, noog thiab butterflies. Qee lub sij hawm cov neeg pleev kob tsuas piav txog lub neej ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo lossis cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo xws li roob tshauv ntawm cov tais.

Ntxiv nrog rau kev npaj paj, ib zaj duab xis Zhostovo kuj tsim, ib daim duab uas koj tuaj yeem pom hauv qab no. Raws li txoj cai, nws depicts scenes ntawm lub neej ntawm cov neeg zoo tib yam, toj roob hauv pes, toj roob hauv pes, thiab nees troikas. Los ntawm thiab loj, Zhostovo painting (cov duab yog nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm) yog tiag tiag art.

Txoj kev txhais tau tias ntawm Zhostovo thov kos duab

Thaum pib, cov khoom sib xyaw rau cov tais tau qiv los ntawm cov duab kos, tab sis txhua tus kws kos duab muaj nws tus kheej txhais lus ntawm lawv. Niaj hnub no, cov tswv tab tom siv cov khoom sib xyaw uas twb dhau los ua classic, tab sis kuj siv zog nrhiav cov tshiab.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv txhua txoj hauj lwm ntawm Zhostovo paintings, cov compositions yog inscribed nyob rau hauv ib tug dav hlau thiab txuam nrog cov duab ntawm lub tais, lawv zoo kawg nkaus hais txog qhov tob thiab ntim ntawm cov khoom pleev xim. Ib qho kev qhia tseem ceeb ntawm Zhostovo kos duab yog qhov sib luag thiab xim sib npaug ntawm daim duab.

Nws kawm tau?

Koj tuaj yeem paub tias Zhostovo painting yog dab tsi, yuav ua li cas kos hauv cov txheej txheem no, hauv Zhostovo nws tus kheej. Lub Hoobkas, uas nws cov khoom muaj npe nrov thoob plaws ntiaj teb, muaj kev ncig xyuas ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm lub tais thiab cov chav kawm master hauv kev kos duab lacquer. Nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua lub nroog muaj ib lub koom haum mus ncig ua si muab kev ncig xyuas rau lub Hoobkas, qhov twg koj tuaj yeem pom yuav ua li cas Zhostovo painting yog ua. Ib chav kawm master ntawm nws kuj yog muab los ntawm qhov kev zov me nyuam. Koj tuaj yeem npaj ib qho chaw mus rau Zhostovo ntawm koj tus kheej, tom qab hu rau lub tsev khaws puav pheej thiab qhia nws cov sijhawm qhib.