Dab tsi yog ib qho kev tsim vaj tsev. Architectural pawg ntawm Moscow Kremlin

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Cov kws sau paj huam Lavxias tau mob siab rau ntau txoj kab rau Moscow Kremlin. Qhov no masterpiece ntawm medieval architecture yog piav nyob rau hauv ntau lub canvases los ntawm nto moo artists. Moscow Kremlin yog ib qho chaw zoo tshaj plaws hauv vaj tse nyob hauv Russia. Thiab nws yog hais txog nws hais tias tsab xov xwm no yuav tham.

Architectural ensemble is…

Lo lus "tsoomfwv" yog lus Fab Kis. Nws txhais tau tias "kev sib sau, kev ncaj ncees, kev sib txuas."

Architectural ensemble yog ib tug complex ntawm vaj tse thiab pej xeem vaj tse, raws li zoo raws li lwm yam qauv (bridges, txoj kev, monuments, thiab lwm yam) uas ua ib tug ib tug spatial muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nws cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem ua tsis tau tsuas yog lub tsev thiab lub tsev, tab sis kuj sculptures, monuments, tej hauj lwm ntawm kos duab, squares thiab vaj. Kev xaav ntawm qhov no los yog lub koom haum ntawm architecture feem ntau nyob ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm lub xyoo, theem ntawm illumination. Lub xub ntiag ntawm tib neeg, nrog rau kev siv tsheb khiav, kuj tseem ceeb.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm ib pawg architectural yog thaj chaw ib puag ncig. Lub topography ntawm struts plays lub luag hauj lwm loj ntawm no. Kuj tseem muaj lub cev dej (dej, pas dej, reservoirs).

Qee zaus ib lub monument los yog obelisk ua raws li qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm ib pawg architectural. Ntawm cov piv txwv no yog St. Peter's Square hauv Vatican lossis Round Square hauv Poltava. Txhawm rau hwm lub cim xeeb ntawm tus cwj pwm zoo lossis hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm ntawm ib qho kev tshwm sim - qhov no yog lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua raws li lub koom haum architectural. Koj tuaj yeem pom daim duab ntawm ib qho chaw hauv qab no (qhov no yog St. Peter's Square, Vatican).

Nyob ntawm architectural ensembles

Qee lub tuam tsev tsim qauv tsim tam sim ntawd thiab ua tiav, raws li kev npaj ua ntej npaj. Lwm tus zoo li ntau xyoo lawm, maj mam ntxiv los ntawm cov tsev tshiab thiab cov khoom. Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov kev xaiv thib ob yog ntau dua nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb.

Muaj ntau yam sib txawv ntawm architectural ensembles. Ntawm lawv:

• khaub ncaws ntawm squares;
• fortresses;
• daim ntawv qhia;
• paj thiab chaw ua si;
• estate;
• monastic ensembles.

Moscow Kremlin yog ib qho khoom siv zoo nkauj ntawm Tebchaws Europe

Lub Kremlin hauv Moscow yog lub fortress loj tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe ntawm cov uas tau raug khaws cia tag rau hnub no. Cov tuam tsev tsim vaj tsev no nyob hauv qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub nroog Lavxias, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm pej xeem thiab kev nom kev tswv ntawm lub nroog, nrog rau cov cim dawb ceev rau tag nrho lub tebchaws. Nws nyob ntawm no uas lub tsev tseem ceeb ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation nyob.

Lub tsev tsim vaj tsev ntawm Kremlin hauv Moscow tau tsim los ntawm qhov sib txuas ntawm tus dej Neglinnaya mus rau Moscow River. Daim duab peb sab hauv txoj kev npaj, lub fortress occupies ib cheeb tsam ntawm 27.5 hectares. Ntawm ib sab, Kremlin ciam teb ntawm Red Square, thiab nyob rau lwm qhov, ntawm Alexander Garden.

Nyob rau thaum ntxov 90s, ib qho kev tsim kho loj loj tau ua nyob rau hauv lub tsev tsim vaj tsev: tshwj xeeb, lub tsev Senate tau rov qab los, nrog rau ntau lub tsev ntawm Grand Kremlin Palace. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, lub fortress phab ntsa thiab yees ntawm lub rooj sib txoos kuj tau rov qab.

Los ntawm txoj kev, tsis yog txhua tus paub tias cov phab ntsa ntawm Moscow Kremlin tsis yog liab ib txwm, vim peb txhua tus tau pom lawv. Thaum lub sij hawm lub XVIII-XIX centuries, raws li cov ciaj sia taus paintings thiab piav qhia, lawv yog dawb (mus txog rau thaum 1880s). Niaj hnub no, cov phab ntsa ntawm lub Kremlin tau pleev xim liab los ntawm qee lub sijhawm.

Lwm qhov keeb kwm nthuav dav txog Kremlin hnub rov qab mus rau Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1941, muaj ib tug txiav txim kom tiav cov qhov rais ntawm lub fortress phab ntsa kom lub tsev zoo li ib tug tsev nyob.

Ab nyuag keeb kwm ntawm lub tuam tsev tsim vaj tsev

Kev tiv thaiv ntawm thaj chaw niaj hnub Kremlin tau muaj nyob hauv Moscow rau lub sijhawm ntev. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm lawv yog ntoo, thiab yog li ntawd raug kev txom nyem heev los ntawm hluav taws. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XIV, nws tau txiav txim siab mus ncig lub nroog nrog pob zeb phab ntsa (ua los ntawm limestone).

Cov khoom siv zoo nkauj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia tau tsim nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv tam sim no thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th. Thawj tus pej thuam tau ua nyob rau hauv 1485. Italian architects nquag koom nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm complex, txawm li cas los, cov tsos ntawm lub fortress zoo nkaus li "Lavxias teb sab".

Lub moos loj uas tso rau ntawm tus pej thuam Frolovskaya yog qhov nthuav heev. Thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm, lawv tau hloov pauv plaub zaug. Tib yam uas qhia txog lub sijhawm niaj hnub no tau teeb tsa hauv xyoo 1852. Lub tsib-taw ruby iav hnub qub uas adorned lub Kremlin yees tau teeb tsa hauv xyoo 1937.

Lub Moscow Kremlin tau raug puas tsuaj thaum lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Tsov Rog xyoo 1917. Tshwj xeeb, ob peb yees ntawm lub complex tau puas, nrog rau tag nrho nws cov tuam tsev. Tab sis lub Kremlin tau dim ntawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Ua tsaug rau qhov muaj peev xwm camouflage uas Soviet architects tswj tau ua, lub koom haum tsis raug foob pob.

Phab ntsa, yees thiab cov tuam tsev ntawm Kremlin

Cov khoom siv vaj tsev ntawm Kremlin hauv Moscow suav nrog 20 tus pej thuam (peb ntawm lawv yog puag ncig hauv txoj kev npaj, tus so yog square). Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog Troitskaya, nws qhov siab yog 79 meters. Tag nrho cov pej thuam Kremlin yog tsim nyob rau hauv tib lub architectural style, tshwj tsis yog rau cov pseudo-Gothic Nikolskaya.

Lub Kremlin yees, nrog rau cov phab ntsa fortress, tau ua thaum tig ntawm 14th-15th centuries, thiab thaum kawg ua tiav nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th. Tag nrho qhov ntev ntawm tag nrho cov phab ntsa ntawm pawg yog ntau tshaj ob kilometers. Lawv tuab yog li ntawm 3.5-6.5 meters, thiab lawv qhov siab yog li ntawm 5 mus rau 19 meters. Sab saum toj ntawm lub fortress phab ntsa yog dai kom zoo nkauj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hniav, uas nyob rau hauv cov duab zoo li tus tails ntawm nqos (lawv tus naj npawb tag nrho yog 1045). Lawv kuj tau khaws cia qhov khoob thiab qhov khoob, nco txog lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv no.

Ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Moscow Kremlin muaj xya lub tsev teev ntuj thiab ib lub tswb nrov, tsib lub tsev vaj tsev, nrog rau ob lub npe nrov - Tsar Cannon thiab Tsar Tswb.

Zoo kawg

Lub Moscow Kremlin yog ib lub koom haum architectural tshwj xeeb ntawm Russia, lub fortress loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov teb chaws Europe. Rau Russians, nws yog ib qho chaw dawb ceev thiab lub cim ntawm lub xeev ntawm Russia. Rau cov neeg tuaj ncig txawv tebchaws, qhov no yog qhov khoom thib ib uas lawv xav pom thaum lawv tuaj rau Russia.