Dmitry Arkadyevich Nalbandyan, tus kws kos duab: biography, creativity, nco

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Nws yog qhov tseeb tiag tias cov duab ntawm lub sijhawm Soviet tsis tau kawm txaus los ntawm peb cov neeg thuam. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus tswv zoo ntawm portrait, toj roob hauv pes, lub neej tseem ceeb, uas yog Dmitry Arkadevich Nalbandyan, tsis tau txais kev saib xyuas, yog li tom qab xyoo 1991 ntau ntawm nws cov hauj lwm tau mus rau txawv teb chaws. Cov sab laug nyob rau hauv Russia yog heev muaj nuj nqis ntawm auctions. Nws thaj chaw Crimean hauv xyoo 2006 tau kim heev. Lawv tus nqi pib yog $80,000.

Me nyuam yaus thiab hluas hauv Tiflis

Nyob hauv ib tsev neeg loj thiab txom nyem ntawm tus neeg muag khoom hauv xyoo 1906, thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 15, ib tug tub yug los, hu ua Mito. Leej txiv npau suav tias nws tus tub tau kawm thiab ua nws txoj hauv kev rau cov neeg. Tus me nyuam tau txais kev paub hauv Lavxias teb sab gymnasium. Tus kws kos duab pom nws cov ntaub ntawv zoo heev, thiab nws niam nws txiv zoo siab tos txais kev kos duab hauv txhua txoj hauv kev. Ntau tom qab, tus kws kos duab yuav sau nws txoj haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws: "Portrait of a Mother."

Tab sis thaum twgtus tub yog ib tug hluas thiab nws muaj 12 xyoos, nws txiv tuag ntawm tes ntawm cov neeg phem. Mito tau txais txoj haujlwm ua tus pabcuam pabcuam ntawm lub Hoobkas cib. Tab sis qhov kev ntshaw rau kev kos duab yog qhov zoo, thiab Dmitry thawj zaug mus rau lub voj voog kev ua yeeb yam, tom qab ntawd mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv npaj kos duab, thiab tom qab ntawd ua haujlwm rau tus kws kos duab Khmelnitsky, uas pom nws lub peev xwm thiab pib maj mam qhia tus tub hluas.

Xyoo 1922, yav tom ntej tus kws kos duab nkag mus rau hauv tsev kawm kos duab. Tom qab nws - mus rau Tbilisi Academy of Arts ntawm Georgia nyob rau hauv 1924, uas nws kawm tiav tom qab 5 xyoo. Nws kawm nrog E. Tatevosyan thiab E. Lansere. Nws txoj haujlwm kawm tiav yog txoj haujlwm "Young Stalin nrog nws niam hauv Gori." Nws pib ua hauj lwm ntawm Goskinoprom raws li ib tug animator, thiab ces nyob rau hauv lub Odessa zaj duab xis studio raws li ib tug ntau lawm designer. Ua ntej txuas ntxiv cov ntawv sau txog keeb kwm, peb yuav saib seb Nalbandian zoo li cas hauv nws lub xyoo yau.

tus kheej 1932

Tus tub ntxhais hluas tus neeg pleev kob tau tsim nws cov duab thaum nws tuaj ua haujlwm hauv Moscow, uas tsis muaj leej twg paub nws. Kev sib raug zoo thiab zoo siab, nws tau paub sai sai nrog cov kws ua yeeb yam hauv lub tebchaws (D. Moor, I. Grabar, S. Merkurov, A. Gerasimov, P. Radimov) thiab tau kawm ntau yam los ntawm lawv. Qhov no tuaj yeem pom los ntawm Nalbandyan tus kheej-portrait, pleev xim rau hauv nyiaj thiab dub. Lub teeb ci poob rau ntawm lub ntsej muag loj, kev xav, tso cai rau koj los txiav txim siab txhua yam: pob muag hauv davhlau, qhov muag tsaus nti loj, daim di ncauj zoo nkauj. Lub kaus mom fashionable velor adorns lub taub hau, thiab koom nrog kev cob qhia ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam pub dawb qhia tau tias cov phuam qhwv caj dab liab thiab dawb, uas yog qhov ntxim nyiam dua.saib lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj.

Tus txiv neej siab tawv, ntseeg siab no tau sau ntau yam haujlwm uas tau txais kev pom zoo hauv cov ntawv xov xwm. Nws yuav tsis tso tseg, tiam sis yuav loj hlob ntxiv mus. Ntau tshaj ib zaug D. Nalbandian yuav pleev xim nws cov duab, ib qho uas tau nyob hauv Florence hauv Uffizi Gallery nto moo txij li xyoo 1982. Txij li thaum xyoo pua 17th, ib phau ntawm tus kheej-portraits tau pib sau ntawm no. Cov neeg ua yeeb yam nto moo thiab cov kws kos duab los ntawm thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb tau suav tias nws yog ib qho kev hwm rau muab lawv cov duab kos rau hauv lub gallery. Los ntawm Russia, lawv thawj O. Kiprensky, ces I. Aivazovsky, tom qab B. Kustodiev.

1931. Moscow

Nyob hauv lub nroog, D. Nalbandyan tseem ua haujlwm hauv xinesmas ntawm Mosfilm, thiab tseem tshaj tawm nws cov duab kos hauv Crocodile magazine thiab hauv cov ntawv xov xwm satirical. Young Dmitry Arkadevich tsis txaus siab rau cov haujlwm no. Nws xav pleev xim, tab sis nws nkag siab tias kev paub thiab kev txawj ntse tsis txaus. Tus kws kos duab siv sijhawm ntev hauv cov tsev khaws puav pheej, tau paub txog cov haujlwm ntawm cov classics txhawm rau kawm paub yuav ua li cas los tsim cov duab tiav thiab paub txog kev kos duab thiab kos duab yas. Tig mus rau toj roob hauv pes, nws ua haujlwm hauv huab cua. Lub sijhawm xyoo no, cov toj roob hauv pes romantic "Road to Ritsu" raug tsim.

Siv cov xim xiav-xim av, nws qhia txog kev zoo nkauj hnyav ntawm cov roob Georgian thiab kev txav ceev ntawm tus dej. Nws kuj pleev xim rau lub neej, portraits thiab thematic paintings. Nyob rau hauv 1935, ib tug loj ua hauj lwm tau sau: "hais lus los ntawm S. M. Kirov ntawm lub 17th Party Congress." Nws tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo heev hauv xovxwm. kev tshoov siab, artistNalbandyan nyob rau hauv 1936 pleev xim rau painting "hais lus los ntawm A. I. Mikoyan nyob rau hauv lub thib ob kev sib kho ntawm lub All-Lavxias teb sab Central Executive Committee" thiab nthuav nws, zoo li lwm yam paintings, nyob rau hauv Stalino nyob rau hauv lub Donbass nyob rau hauv 1941. Thaum cov Germans nyob hauv lub nroog kev lag luam no, txhua yam kev coj noj coj ua tau ploj mus. Lawv nyob qhov twg? Qhov kev paub tsis meej no tseem tsis tau tshwm sim rau hnub no.

Thaum tsov rog

Lub sijhawm txaus ntshai no, tus kws kos duab Nalbandian tsiv mus rau Armenia thiab pab qhib ceg ntawm Okon TASS. Nws tsim cov ntawv tshaj tawm nom tswv, tas luav, thiab tseem mus rau pem hauv ntej, khaws cov ntaub ntawv rau cov duab kos. Dmitry Alexandrovich tsis tawm painting, thiab nyob rau hauv 1942 nws pleev xim rau ib daim duab ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, uas nws ua tim khawv, "Lub Xeem Order ntawm Colonel S. Zakian". Tus thawj coj ntawm pawg neeg raug mob tuag thaum lub sijhawm sib ntaus sib tua rau Crimea ntawm Kerch Peninsula tseem nyob ntawm nws txoj haujlwm mus txog thaum kawg thiab ua rau kev sib ntaus sib tua. Qhov no yog ib tug heev tense thiab ua yeeb yam canvas. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus kws kos duab Armenian qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas cov poj niam ntawm Armenia, npaj los pab rau pem hauv ntej, yog spinning wool. Lub canvas loj yog hu ua "Gifts to the Front". Taug kev ntau hauv Armenia, Nalbandian tau paub nws cov neeg thiab tig mus rau portraits. Xyoo 1943 nws tsim cov duab ntawm tus kws sau paj huam Armenian A. Isahakyan.

Tus kws kos duab qhia peb ib tus neeg txawj xav, tob tob, tsis yog los ntawm cov ntawv sau, tab sis los ntawm phau ntawv. Nws muaj lub ntsej muag ntawm tus xibfwb, tsis yog tus kws sau paj huam tuaj xyuas los ntawm Muses. Tus neeg pleev kob tau paub nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm kab lis kev cai thiab tseem pleev xim duab ntawm cov kws kos duab S. Kocharyan, A. Aydinyan, kws sau paj lug N. Zoryan, kws ntaus nkauj K. Erdeli. Tshaj tawm lawv cov duab, Nalbandian pom nws tus kheej liib tug zoo nkauj portrait painting, ua raws li cov kev cai zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm painting nyob rau hauv Russia. Nws kuj tseem tswj xyuas ua haujlwm ntawm pab pawg portraits xws li cov duab "Lub Tuam Txhab Zoo Tshaj Plaws", uas cov thawj coj ntawm lub teb chaws koom nrog: I. Stalin, W. Churchill, T. Roosevelt, thiab "Crimean Conference". Tsis tas li ntawd, tus kws kos duab Armenian tau mus ncig ntau lub tebchaws thiab feem ntau pleev xim toj roob hauv pes hauv Ararat hav, ntawm Lake Sevan, lub nroog qub ntawm Ashtarak, qub Yerevan nrog txoj kev nqaim, zoo nkauj. Rov qab mus rau Armenia tom qab tsov rog, tus kws kos duab, qhuas lub hnub ci lub teb chaws, dua thiab rov pleev xim nws cov toj roob hauv pes nrog cov daus-npog Ararat, txeeb los ntawm lub neej rov qab los ntawm cov neeg yug yaj los ntawm roob, kev seev cev ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, kev tsim kho ntawm lub neej. New Yerevan. Nws, hloov tag nrho, kuj pleev xim rau pawg loj ntawm cov duab ntawm Armenian kab lis kev cai "Vernatun" (1978). Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov tseeb heev uas xyoo 1965 DA Nalbandian tau txais lub npe siab ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Yeeb Yam ntawm Armenian SSR.

After the war

D. A. Nalbandyan ntseeg hais tias cov duab portraits qhia txog lub sijhawm uas nws nyob, thiab pom nws yog nws lub luag haujlwm los ntes tag nrho cov thawj coj hauv lub tebchaws. Yog li ntawd, nws zoo siab xa cov duab ntawm nom tswv cov duab rau canvases. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog I. Stalin, uas tsuas yog muab nws ¾ teev rau posing. Raws li cov cursory sketches, ua los ntawm ib tug neeg nyob, ntau portraits ntawm lub teb chaws tus thawj coj yuav tau pleev xim rau ntxiv. Cov tswv cuab ntawm Politburo, cov tub rog ntawm cov qib siab tshaj plaws, nom tswv cov nuj nqis (Ordzhonikidze, Kalinin, Voroshilov, Budyonny, Mikoyan, Tolyatti, Gromyko, Ustinov) tuaj rau nws lub studio kom xaj duab. Siab heevIb qho nthuav portrait ntawm tus kws kos duab P. Radimov (ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm AHRR) nrog ib tug guitar. Pavel Alexandrovich tau piav qhia hauv tsev.

Nyob rau ntawm lub ntsej muag yooj yim, Lavxias teb sab heev (nws yog ib haiv neeg ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb) luag ntxhi, thiab nws ob lub qhov muag ci ntsa iab nrog kev lom zem. Lub portrait tau muab ci ntsa iab thiab zoo siab. Tus kws kos duab Nalbandyan kuj nyiam cov neeg ua haujlwm zoo tib yam. Nws pleev xim portraits ntawm lub Hoobkas cov neeg ua haujlwm (Andreev, Petukhov, Polyushkin), cov neeg ua liaj ua teb (poultry maid Svetlova, milkmaid Stashenkova). Nws pom lawv lub xeev sib txawv thiab nthuav tawm rau peb cov ntsuj plig ntawm nws tus qauv, muaj kev siab dawb siab zoo.

Portraits ntawm Vladimir Lenin

Kev coj tus cwj pwm zoo tau yuam tus kws kos duab tom qab tsov rog tig mus rau kev tsim cov duab ntawm Lenin. Nws pleev xim rau ib tug series ntawm paintings depicting Vladimir Ilyich. Cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub ncauj lus no yog Lenin hauv Gorki. Nws qhia tau hais tias tus thawj coj ntawm lub ntiaj teb proletariat ntawm kev ua haujlwm hnyav. D. Nalbandyan yuav tsum tau "sib tw" nrog classic dluab ntawm Vladimir Ilyich I. Brodsky, uas txhua leej txhua tus paub los ntawm ntau cov ntawv tshaj tawm thiab cov ntawv xa tawm. Txawm li cas los xij, tus tswv uas twb muaj kev paub dhau los tau mus txog qhov kev txhais cov ntsiab lus zoo sib txawv.

Yog tias kuv. Brodsky xaiv cov xim pastel beige, tom qab ntawd hauv D. Nalbandyan's painting "Lenin in Gorki" golden-xim av tones thiab xiav-dawb lub caij ntuj no toj roob hauv pes sab nraum lub qhov rais yeej. Lawv qhia txog cov duab me me ntawm Lenin hauv ib lub tsho dub, uas dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb. Vladimir Ilyich zaum hauv nruab nrab ntawm chav tsev, sab laug rau lub rooj, npaj txhua lub sijhawm los rhuav nws tus kheej tawm ntawm nws.ua haujlwm. Lub rooj yog npog nrog daim ntaub ntsuab. Ntawm nws yog lub rooj teeb, uas yuav los ua ke rau kev ua haujlwm thaum yav tsaus ntuj, zoo nkauj folds, qhib phau ntawv thiab phau ntawv tuab. Txhua yam hais txog kev qhuab qhia tus kheej zoo ntawm tus neeg uas tau delved rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, uas tsuas tuav lawv hauv nws txhais tes. Qhov chaw yog me ntsis. Lenin zaum ntawm lub rooj zaum nrog ib lub voj voog zoo ib yam tab sis rov qab nyuaj, ntxiv rau, tseem muaj ob lub rooj zaum muag muag. Nws tag nrho cov tsos qhia txog asceticism thiab concentration ntawm kev ua haujlwm ceev. Nws yog yooj yim los ntawm kev ntsiag to uas los ntawm daim duab. Nyob rau hauv 1982, rau ib tug series ntawm paintings mob siab rau tus creator ntawm lub teb chaws ntawm lub Soviets, tus artist tau txais lub nqi zog Lenin.

Tseem Lub Neej Master

Ib lub ntsiab lus nyiam hauv cov neeg pleev kob ua haujlwm yog paj tseem muaj sia. Nws depicted teb thiab vaj paj nyob rau hauv armfuls, nrog kev hlub zoo rau cov mos mos creatures ntawm xwm. Nws burgundy regal lush peonies zoo nkauj, me ntsis daisies, cornflowers thiab bluebells yog elegant, sau nyob rau hauv ib pob paj. Lub floral tseem lub neej yog feem ntau ua tiav los ntawm cov plooj (porcelain plates) uas muaj strawberries, cherries, los yog tsuas yog ib khob thiab saucer. Lush, ci asters coexist nrog nws ib sab ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm lub caij ntuj sov lig - watermelon nrog scarlet pulp, pawg ntawm dub thiab dawb grapes, grey plums, velvety peaches. Caij nplooj ntoos hlav snow-dawb noog cherry, sau tag nrho cov canvas nrog nws cov paj tsw qab, da dej txhua yam nyob ib puag ncig nrog cov paj zoo nkauj. Tus kws kos duab txawj nthuav qhia cov ci ntsa iab ntawm cov hlau, pob tshab ntawm iav, qhov muag ntawm cov ntaub.

Persian lilacs uas D. Nalbandyan nyiam sau yog qhov zoo kawgbouquets loj loj nyob rau hauv iav thiab porcelain vases los yog wicker baskets. Nws yog nrog lilac uas muaj qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim. Tus kws kos duab tau raug caw tuaj koom lub hnub yug ntawm sculptor Karbel, uas tau nthuav tawm nrog cov paj zoo nkauj ntawm lilacs. Tus neeg pleev kob venerable zoo siab heev rau nws, zoo li ib tug me nyuam me, nws pib thov lub lilac no los ntawm tus txiv neej hnub yug. Tab sis Lev Efimovich tsis xav koom nrog paj. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm hnub so rau hnub tom qab nthuav tawm qhov chim siab D. Nalbandyan nrog tib lub pob paj, thiab nws tam sim ntawd coj cov txhuam hniav. Qhov tshwm sim yog lub neej tseem ceeb uas nthuav tawm thaum sawv ntxov freshness ntawm dew-drenched lilacs.

Travels and sketch

Tus kws kos duab Nalbandian muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev txav mus los tsis yog hauv USSR nkaus xwb, tab sis txawv teb chaws. Rau peb lub hlis xyoo 1957 nws tau ua haujlwm hauv Is Nrias teb zoo heev, qhov chaw nws tsim txog 300 yam haujlwm. Lawv qhia txog lub neej thiab txoj kev ua neej ntawm cov neeg, lyrical thiab architectural toj roob hauv pes, ntau portraits ntawm tib neeg zoo tib yam, nrog rau ib tug zoo kawg nkaus portrait ntawm Indira Gandhi. Nws cov haujlwm tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm Tsoomfwv Is Nrias teb. Dmitry Arkadyevich tau txais lub npe ntawm tus yeej ntawm Jawaharlal Nehru nqi zog.

Nyob rau xyoo tom ntej, tus kws kos duab tau mus rau Spain, Ltalis, Hungary, Fabkis, Nyiv, Bulgaria. Los ntawm txoj kev, nyob rau hauv Nyiv nws hu ua "Lavxias teb sab Rembrandt". Los ntawm txhua lub chaw pw hav zoov nws tau coj cov duab kos duab thiab kos duab, zoo heev, uas rhuav tshem nws raws li tus kws kos duab los ntawm lwm sab. Nws coj ib kauj ruam loj rau pem hauv ntej, tsim tag nrho cov duab ntawm Soviet. Cov ci ntsa iab, lub siab xav ua haujlwm tau nthuav tawm hauv xyoo 1968 ntawm kev nthuav qhia hauvLavxias teb sab Tsev khaws puav pheej, uas yog hu ua "Unknown Nalbandian".

Nalbandyan's Museum Rhiav

Nws tau qhib los ntawm tsoomfwv Moscow hauv 1992 hauv ib chav tsev ntawm Tverskaya, qhov chaw DA Nalbandyan nyob txij xyoo 1956. Lub qhov rais ntawm lub rooj cob qhia saib lub monument rau Yuri Dolgoruky, thiab hauv qab no yog Moskva phau ntawv. Thawj Tswj Hwm M. Romm, kws sau ntawv I. Ehrenburg, kws sau paj lug D. Bedny nyob hauv tib lub tsev. Sab saum toj nrog cov qhov rais ci loj ntawm lub qab nthab tau muab rau cov neeg ua yeeb yam. N. Zhukov, Kukryniksy, V. Minaev, F. Konstantinov nyob thiab ua haujlwm nyob ntawd.

Tsev khaws puav pheej-rhiav yog ib qho kev faib tawm ntawm Manege Central Exhibition Hall. Nws yog raws li ib phau ntawv uas tus kws kos duab pub rau lub nroog xyoo 1992. Nalbandyan cov duab kos tau khaws cia hauv tsev cia puav pheej-rhiav. Muaj ntau tshaj 1500 ntawm lawv, nrog rau cov khoom ntiag tug uas koom nrog tus kws kos duab tsev neeg. Tsuas yog ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom tias tseem muaj sia nyob nrog lilacs, uas peb tau tham txog. Ntxiv nrog rau lilacs, lub rooj cob qhia tseem muaj sia nyob nrog cov carnations, daisies, ua haujlwm "Ploj ntawm Blue Tablecloth". Ntawm no yog tus kws kos duab nyiam canvas, uas nws tsis tau pom nyob qhov twg, pleev xim rau xyoo 1935: "Portrait ntawm Komsomol tus tswv cuab V. Terekhova." Qhov no yog tus kws kos duab tus poj niam, Valentina Mikhailovna, uas nws tau ua neej nyob ntev.

Tus kws kos duab tus viv ncaus Margarita Arkadyevna tau xa mus rau lub tsev khaws puav pheej cov duab tsis muaj nqi uas qhia Dmitry Nalbandyan lub rooj sib tham nrog Indira Gandhi, A. Mikoyan, T. Zhivkov, A. Gromyko. D. Nalbandyan cov duab kos thiab nws cov ntawv tseem raug pub dawb rau lub tsev cia puav pheej. Tus kws kos duab tsis tshua paubduab kos duab. Nws cov duab kos-portraits ntawm Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Saryan, Roerich yog qhov xav txog lub sijhawm.

Lub tsev khaws puav pheej nws tus kheej niaj hnub no. Nws tsis muaj qhov khoom kim heev ntawm cov nplua nuj nouveau ntawm lub sijhawm tom qab-Soviet, tab sis muaj lub rooj tooj liab pub los ntawm Indira Gandhi, phau ntawv loj loj, kev pabcuam Golden Deer.

Lub sijhawm lub neej ntawm D. Nalbandyan, thawj qhov kev nthuav qhia hauv Manege tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1993.

Thawj zaug kev nthuav qhia tom qab tus kws kos duab tuag, mob siab rau nws hnub yug 95 xyoos, qhib rau xyoo 2001 ntawm Manezh Central Exhibition Hall. Cov neeg tuaj saib tuaj yeem paub txog cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb, toj roob hauv pes thiab lub neej tseem ceeb, qhib tus kws kos duab los ntawm ib sab tshiab, tsis paub - raws li tus kws sau nkauj thiab tus neeg nyiam.

In txuas nrog 105th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm tus kws kos duab hauv xyoo 2011, lwm qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm D. Nalbandyan qhib qhov rooj ntawm Manege. Nws nthuav tawm txhua yam uas tus tswv ua haujlwm - portrait, tseem lub neej, keeb kwm paintings, toj roob hauv pes. Ntawm nws tau sau canvases los ntawm ntau yam exhibition pavilions thiab lub tsev cia puav pheej-rhiav. Nws tau pom tias muaj ntau haiv neeg li cas yog Dmitry Arkadyevich txuj ci, uas tau siv los xav tias tsuas yog "tus kws kos duab hauv tsev hais plaub".

Nco txog tus kws kos duab

Dmitry Arkadyevich Nalbandyan tuag hauv 1993, thaum Lub Xya Hli 2, tau nyob tau 86 xyoo. Txog hnub kawg, nws tau nce mus rau nws lub studio thiab sawv ntawm lub easel. Nws lub ntxa yog nyob rau ntawm lub toj ntxas Novodevichy. Lub monument tau tsa rau ntawm nws - ua hauj lwm ntawm sculptor-kawm ntawv Yu. Orekhov. Tus neeg pleev kob yog carved nyob rau hauv pob zeb nrog ib tug palette nyob rau hauv nws txhais tes. Nws muab 70 xyoo ntawm nws lub neejkev muaj tswv yim. Nws tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub State Tretyakov Gallery, lub State Lavxias teb sab Tsev khaws puav pheej, lub Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Kawm Keeb Kwm ntawm Russia, nyob rau hauv lub tsev cia puav pheej ntawm Armenia.