Dab tsi yog monumental art

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Nyob hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv niaj hnub no, cov tub ntxhais kawm theem siab tau qhia ib yam tseem ceeb thiab tsim nyog hu ua "World Art Culture". Cov chav kawm MHK qhia cov menyuam kawm ntawv txog cov masterpieces ntawm architecture thiab kos duab zoo nkauj los ntawm qub txeeg qub tes mus rau niaj hnub no. Qhov kev zov me nyuam kuj suav nrog xws li ntu xws li kos duab monumental. Peb yuav tau paub nws zoo dua tam sim no.

Dab tsi yog monumental art?

Qhov no yog ib feem tshwj xeeb ntawm kev kos duab zoo nkauj, txawv los ntawm cov yas lossis semantic load ntawm kev ua vaj tse, nrog rau qhov tseem ceeb thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus ideological. Lo lus "monumental" los ntawm Latin moneo, uas txhais tau tias "remind". Thiab tsis muaj qhov xav tsis thoob, vim tias hom kev kos duab no yog ib qho qub tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.

History of monumental art

Cov hauv paus hniav ntawm hom architecture thiab tha xim no rov qab mus rau lub neej qub. Cov neeg Ancient ces tsuas yog kawm kos duab, clumsily tuav thee hauv lawv cov ntiv tes, tab sis lawv tej hauj lwm ntawm monumental painting ntawmlub qhov tsua phab ntsa twb amazing lawm. Ntawm chav kawm, lawv tau kos clumsily, tsis muaj ntau ntawm cov xim, tab sis muaj kev nkag siab. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv cov sawv cev ntawm cov neeg thaum ub hais txog lub zog ntawm qhov xwm txheej, lawv tus kheej lub neej, thiab ntau yam txuj ci. Yog li ntawd, cov phab ntsa ntawm lub qhov tsua tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ntau yam scenes los ntawm lub neej ntawm ib tug txiv neej thaum ub: mammoth prey, tus poj niam zoo nkauj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub qhov tsua, ritual seev cev nyob ib ncig ntawm hluav taws, thiab ntau, ntau lwm tus.

Lub neej qub txeeg qub teg tau hloov los ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Ancient, thiab kev muaj tswv yim tseem ceeb kuj pom nws qhov chaw nyob ntawd. Hauv tebchaws Iziv thaum ub, qhov kos duab no tau hwm thiab hlub heev. Nov yog qhov sphinxes thiab Egyptian pyramids uas tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no qhia peb. Thaum lub sij hawm Renaissance, muaj kev vam meej ntawm monumental architecture. Xws li masterpieces li tus pej thuam ntawm David, painting "Lub Creation ntawm Adas", raws li zoo raws li lub qab nthab painting ntawm lub Sistine Chapel, tau yug los. Tag nrho cov haujlwm no tau ua los ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse ntawm nws lub sijhawm - Michelangelo Buonarroti.

Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th thiab pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, kev kos duab siv txoj hauv kev tshiab. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws ces style "hnub no" tau xav txog hauv txoj haujlwm no, uas yog vim li cas feem ntau ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tau ua nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia no. Qhov no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cuam tshuam rau kev pleev xim thiab tau xav txog hauv kev ua yeeb yam xws li M. Vrubel, M. Denis thiab lwm tus. Tab sis architecture tseem tsis tau hnov qab, thaum lub sij hawm cov sculptors xws li E. Bourdelle thiab A. Maillol tau ua hauj lwm. Feem ntau ntawm cov hauj lwm nyob rau hauv hom monumental duab puab, uas peb qhuas thiab qhuas, yog tsim los ntawm lawv txhais tes.rau hnub no.

hom duab no tau txais kev txhim kho loj tshaj plaws thiab kev lees paub hauv USSR. Lub teb chaws ntawm Soviets tau teeb tsa nws tus kheej Napoleonic cov phiaj xwm, thiab cov monuments thiab pedestals zoo siab tau xav txog nws cov tswv yim zoo tshaj plaws. Cov duab zoo nkauj, siab, nce siab qhia txog kev ua siab loj thiab muaj zog ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd.

Piv txwv ntawm daim duab no

Qhov no suav nrog kev kos duab thiab kos duab. Monumental art muaj xws li mosaics, frescoes, monuments thiab busts, ntau yam sculptural thiab zoo nkauj compositions, stained iav qhov rais thiab txawm … qhov chaw. Tam sim no koj tuaj yeem pom ntau npaum li cas kos duab suav nrog ntawm no. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias ntau txhiab lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau tsim nyob thoob plaws ntiaj teb, qhov twg cov vaj huam sib luag, busts thiab sculptures los ntawm ntau lub sijhawm thiab tiam neeg tau nthuav tawm rau txhua tus kom qhuas.

Qhov no suav nrog ob hom kev muaj tswv yim: duab puab thiab kos duab zoo. Monumental thiab zoo nkauj painting feem ntau muaj ntau yam panels, phab ntsa paintings, bas-reliefs, thiab lwm yam. Lawv ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug kho kom zoo nkauj rau ib puag ncig thiab yuav tsum tau ib feem ntawm tej pawg, ua nws ib feem tseem ceeb. Ntau hom kev kawm tau txawv nyob rau hauv monumental painting: fresco, stained iav, mosaic, thiab lwm yam. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias monumental painting yog nyob rau ntawm ib tug qauv tshwj xeeb tsim rau nws los yog nyob rau hauv ib tug immovable architectural hauv paus.

Lub sijhawm ntawm USSR thiab hom kev tsim tawm no

Monumental art tau muaj nuj nqis heev hauv USSR. Nws pab txhawb txoj kev loj hlobartistic saj, kev kawm ntawm morality thiab patriotic xav rau lawv lub teb chaws. Nws txhawb kev xav, muab cov kev nco tsis nco qab thaum saib nws, uas nyob mus ib txhis hauv tus ntsuj plig thiab lub siab ntawm ob tus menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus. Soviet monumental kos duab yog yam ntxwv los ntawm humanism thiab artistic koom haum. Tej hauj lwm ntawm painting thiab architecture, ua nyob rau hauv qhov tsim nyog style, tuaj yeem pom nyob txhua qhov chaw: nyob ze cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab kindergartens, factories thiab chaw ua si. Lawv tswj los tsim monuments txawm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw txawv tshaj plaw.

hom kev tsim tswv yim no tau nthuav dav tom qab Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig, thaum lub teb chaws tshiab tau tsim nrog cov kev cai tshiab, kev txiav txim thiab kev coj noj coj ua. Nws yog ces hais tias tej hauj lwm ntawm monumental kos duab tau txais kev lees paub tshwj xeeb ntawm cov neeg. Txhua tus neeg pleev kob, sculptors, architects tau txeeb nrog lub zog los tsim ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb ntawm kev kos duab los qhia tias lub sijhawm tau hloov pauv, lub neej tshiab tau los, txoj hauv kev tshiab ntawm lub neej, kev tshawb pom tshiab hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev kos duab tshiab.

haujlwm tsis txawj tuag

Ib qho kev nco qab tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd yog cov duab puab zoo kawg nkaus los ntawm Vera Mukhina "Tus Neeg Ua Haujlwm thiab Pabcuam Ua Lag Luam", uas qhia txog kev ua haujlwm hnyav thiab ua yeeb yam ntawm cov neeg Soviet. Keeb kwm ntawm lub monument yog heev nthuav thiab qhia. Nyob rau hauv 1936, kev tsim kho ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets tau ua tiav, nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm uas yuav tsum tau ua ib tug monument "Tus neeg ua hauj lwm thiab Collective Farm Girl". Txhawm rau tsim cov duab puab, cov craftsmen zoo tshaj plaws tau xaiv, suav nrog Vera Mukhina. Lawv tau muab ob lub hlis ua haujlwm thiab tau hais tias tus pej thuam yuav tsum sawv cevob daim duab - ib tug neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb. Plaub tus sculptors tau ua tib lub tswv yim nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev sib txawv. Rau qee tus, cov duab tau sawv ntsiag to thiab serenely, rau lwm tus, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, lawv ua nruj ua tsiv rau pem hauv ntej, zoo li sim hla ib tug neeg. Thiab tsuas yog Mukhina Vera Ignatievna ntes nyob rau hauv nws txoj hauj lwm ib lub sij hawm zoo ntawm lub zog pib, tab sis tsis tiav. Nws yog nws txoj haujlwm uas tau pom zoo los ntawm pawg thawj coj. Tam sim no lub monument "Tus Neeg Ua Haujlwm thiab Tus Poj Niam Ua Haujlwm Ua Haujlwm" tab tom kho dua.

Monumental painting: piv txwv

Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, kev kos duab zoo nkauj ntawm hom no tau muaj keeb kwm yav dhau los. Txawm li ntawd los, cov duab zoo nkauj tau tsim rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub qhov tsua, piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev yos hav zoov, kev ua koob tsheej thaum ub, thiab lwm yam.

Monumental thiab hniav painting yog muab faib ua ob peb hom:

• Fresco. Cov duab no yog tsim los ntawm cov plaster ntub nrog ntau hom xim, uas tau txais los ntawm cov xim hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hmoov. Thaum cov xim zoo li no dries, ib zaj duab xis yog tsim los tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm los ntawm kev cuam tshuam sab nraud.
• Mosaic. Daim duab kos tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov chaw nrog cov iav me me lossis ntau xim pob zeb.
• Tub. Cov hauj lwm ntawm hom no yog ua los ntawm cov xim los ntawm cov xim ntawm cov nroj tsuag keeb kwm, diluted nyob rau hauv lub qe los yog roj. Zoo li lub fresco, siv rau ntub plaster.
• Stained glass windows. Zoo ib yam li cov mosaic, nws kuj tau nteg tawm ntawm daim iav ntau xim. Qhov txawv yog tias cov khoom tau muab sib dhos ua ke, thiab cov khoom tiav tau muab tso rau hauv lub qhov rais qhib.

Cov haujlwm nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov duab kos duab yog cov frescoes ntawm Theophan cov Greek, piv txwv li, ob sab icon "Peb tus poj niam ntawm Don", nyob rau sab nraud uas yog piav qhia txog "Kev xav ntawm tus nkauj xwb. ". Tsis tas li ntawd, tej hauj lwm ntawm kos duab muaj xws li "Sistine Madonna" los ntawm Raphael Santi, "The Last Supper" los ntawm Leonardo da Vinci thiab lwm yam paintings.

Monumental architecture: masterpieces ntawm ntiaj teb kos duab

Cov sculptors zoo ib txwm muaj nqis rau lawv qhov hnyav hauv kub. Yog li ntawd, lub ntiaj teb no tau enriched nrog tej hauj lwm xws li lub Arc de Triomphe, nyob rau hauv Moscow, lub monument rau Peter 1 "Bronze Horseman", cov duab puab ntawm David, ua los ntawm Michelangelo thiab nyob rau hauv lub Louvre, tus pej thuam ntawm lub zoo nkauj Venus., nws txhais tes raug txiav tawm, thiab ntau lwm tus. Xws li hom monumental thiab zoo nkauj kos duab fascinate thiab nyiam lub qhov muag ntawm lab, koj xav qhuas lawv dua thiab dua.

Muaj ntau hom kev tsim qauv ntawm hom no:

• Monument. Feem ntau qhov no yog cov duab puab ntawm ib lossis ntau tus neeg sawv ntsug lossis khov rau hauv qee qhov pose. Ua los ntawm pob zeb, granite, marble.
• Monument. Perpetuates hauv pob zeb txhua qhov xwm txheej hauv keeb kwm, xws li Patriotic War, lossis tus cwj pwm zoo.
• Stela. Hom architecture no yog pob zeb, granite lossis marble, sawv ntsug thiab muaj qee yam kev sau lossis kos duab.
• Obelisk. Nov yog ib tug ncej uas muaj plaub ntug taw rau saum.

Zoo kawg

Monumental art yog ib qho nyuaj thiab tsis meej pem. Rau txhua tus neeg, nws ua rau muaj kev xav sib txawv, rau ib tus neeg - kev khav theeb ntawm tus tswv uas tib neeg txhais tes tau tsim tau ib qho txuj ci. Ib tug neeg xav tias bewildered: yuav ua li cas xws li ib tug ua hauj lwm yuav ua tau los ntawm ib tug neeg zoo tib yam, vim hais tias muaj ntau yam me me nyob rau hauv nws? Lwm tus neeg saib yuav tsuas nres thiab qhuas cov monuments ntawm painting thiab architecture, ob qho tib si ancient thiab niaj hnub. Tab sis cov khoom ntawm monumental kos duab yuav tsis tawm indifferent ib tug neeg. Qhov no yog vim hais tias tag nrho cov tswv uas tau ua ib yam dab tsi nyob rau hauv no style muaj ib tug loj, zoo kawg li, muaj peev xwm tiag tiag, ua siab ntev thiab tsis muaj kev hlub rau lawv txoj hauj lwm.