Ntawm Fabkis tus kws sau paj huam

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Fabkis yog ib lub tebchaws ua ntej lwm tus. Nws tau nyob ntawm no tias thawj qhov kev hloov pauv tau tshwm sim, thiab tsis yog kev sib raug zoo nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog kev sau ntawv, uas cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm kev kos duab hauv ntiaj teb. Cov kws sau ntawv Fab Kis thiab cov kws sau paj huam tau ua tiav qhov siab uas tsis tau pom dua. Nws tseem yog qhov nthuav tias nws nyob hauv Fab Kis uas ua haujlwm ntawm ntau tus neeg txawj ntse tau txais txiaj ntsig thaum lawv lub neej. Niaj hnub no peb yuav tham txog cov kws sau ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab cov kws sau paj huam ntawm 19th - 20th centuries, thiab tseem nqa daim ntaub thaiv lub sijhawm txaus nyiam ntawm lawv lub neej.

Victor Marie Hugo (1802–1885)

Nws tsis zoo li lwm tus kws sau paj huam Fabkis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li Victor Hugo. Ib tug kws sau ntawv uas tsis ntshai los tsa cov ncauj lus tseem ceeb hauv nws cov dab neeg, thiab tib lub sijhawm, tus kws sau paj huam romantic, nws tau ua lub neej ntev uas muaj tswv yim zoo. Hugo ua tus kws sau ntawv tsis yog tsuas yog lees paub thaum nws lub neej - nws tau txais kev nplua nuj ua cov khoom siv tes ua no.

Tom qab Notre Dame Cathedral, nws lub koob meej tsuas yog nce ntxiv. Puas muaj ntau tus kws sau ntawv hauv ntiaj teb uas tau tswj kom nyob tau 4 xyoo ntawm txoj kev ntawm lawv tus kheej lub npe? Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 79 xyoo (hnub yug Victor Hugo)ib qho kev sib tw triumphal tau tsim tsa ntawm Eylau Avenue - qhov tseeb, nyob rau hauv lub qhov rais ntawm tus kws sau ntawv. 600,000 tus neeg qhuas txog nws lub peev xwm dhau los ntawm hnub ntawd. Txoj kev sai sai no tau hloov npe hu ua Avenue Victor-Hugo.

Tom qab nws tus kheej, Victor Marie Hugo tso tseg tsis yog tsuas yog ua haujlwm zoo nkauj thiab qub txeeg qub teg, 50,000 francs uas tau muab rau cov neeg pluag, tab sis kuj yog ib qho kev coj txawv txawv hauv lub siab nyiam. Nws hais kom Fabkis lub peev, Paris, hloov npe hu ua Hugopolis. Qhov tseeb, qhov no tsuas yog yam khoom tsis tiav.

Theophile Gauthier (1811–1872)

Thaum Victor Hugo tawm tsam nrog kev thuam cov neeg thuam, Théophile Gauthier yog ib tus neeg txhawb nqa zoo tshaj plaws thiab muaj siab ntseeg. Fabkis cov kws sau paj huam tau txais qhov zoo ntxiv rau lawv cov qib: Gauthier tsis tsuas yog muaj cov txheej txheem sau ntawv tsis zoo, tab sis kuj tau qhib lub sijhawm tshiab hauv kev kos duab ntawm Fabkis, uas tau cuam tshuam rau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb.

Tau khaws nws thawj phau ntawv sau hauv cov kab lig kev cai zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev nyiam romantic, Théophile Gautier tib lub sijhawm tsis suav cov ntsiab lus ib txwm los ntawm nws cov paj huam thiab hloov cov vector ntawm paj huam. Nws tsis tau sau txog kev zoo nkauj ntawm xwm, kev hlub nyob mus ib txhis thiab kev nom kev tswv. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus kws sau paj lug tau tshaj tawm txoj kev nyuaj ntawm nqe lus raws li qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Qhov no txhais tau tias nws cov paj huam, thaum tseem tshuav nyob rau hauv daim ntawv, tsis yog, qhov tseeb, romantic - kev xav muab txoj hauv kev.

Qhov kawg sau, "Enames thiab Cameos", uas yog suav tias yog qhov kawg ntawm Theophile Gauthier txoj haujlwm, kuj suav nrog cov ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm "Parnassian tsev kawm ntawv" - "Art". Nws tshaj tawm txoj ntsiab cai ntawm "kev kos duab rau kev kos duab", uas cov kws sau paj lug Fabkis tau txaisunconditionally.

Arthur Rimbaud (1854–1891)

Fabkis kws sau paj lug Arthur Rimbaud tau tshoov siab ntau tshaj ib tiam nrog nws lub neej thiab paj huam. Thaum nws tseem hluas, nws khiav tawm hauv tsev ntau zaus mus rau Paris, qhov chaw nws ntsib Paul Verlaine, xa nws zaj paj huam "Lub Drunken Ship". Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kws sau paj lug sai sai tau loj hlob mus rau ib tug hlub. Qhov no yog qhov ua rau Verlaine tawm hauv tsev neeg.

Lub sijhawm Rimbaud lub neej, tsuas yog 2 phau ntawv sau paj huam tau luam tawm, thiab cais - nqe lus pib "Lub Nkoj Nkoj", uas tam sim ntawd coj nws kev lees paub. Interestingly, tus kws sau paj lug txoj hauj lwm luv luv: nws sau tag nrho cov paj huam ntawm hnub nyoog ntawm 15 thiab 21. Thiab tom qab Arthur Rimbaud tsuas yog tsis kam sau ntawv. Outright. Thiab nws tau los ua tub lag luam, muag tshuaj tsw qab, riam phom thiab … tib neeg mus tas nws lub neej.

Ntawm Fabkis cov kws sau paj huam Paul Eluard thiab Guillaume Apollinaire yog cov txais txiaj ntsig ntawm Arthur Rimbaud. Nws txoj hauj lwm thiab tus neeg tau tshoov siab rau Henry Miller cov ntawv sau "Lub Sijhawm ntawm Cov Killers", thiab Patti Smith tham tas li hais txog tus kws sau paj huam thiab hais nws cov paj huam.

Paul Verlaine (1844–1896)

Fabkis cov kws sau paj lug ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th tau xaiv Paul Verlaine ua lawv "tus huab tais", tab sis muaj tsawg tus huab tais nyob rau hauv nws: rowdy thiab reveler, Verlaine piav txog dab phem sab ntawm lub neej - av, tsaus ntuj, kev txhaum thiab passions.. Ib tug ntawm cov "txiv" ntawm impressionism thiab symbolism nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, tus kws sau paj lug sau paj huam, zoo nkauj ntawm lub suab uas tsis muaj peev xwm muab tau los ntawm kev txhais lus.

Txawm hais tias tus kws sau paj huam Fabkis txoj kev phem npaum li cas, Rimbaud tau ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv nws lub neej yav tom ntejtxoj hmoo. Tom qab ntsib tus tub hluas Arthur, Paul coj nws hauv qab nws tis. Nws tab tom nrhiav vaj tse rau tus kws sau paj huam, txawm xauj chav rau nws rau qee lub sijhawm, txawm tias nws tsis muaj nyiaj. Lawv txoj kev hlub tau kav ntev li ob peb xyoos: tom qab Verlaine tawm hauv tsev neeg, lawv mus ncig, haus dej haus thiab txaus siab rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws lawv ua tau.

Thaum Rimbaud txiav txim siab tso nws tus hlub, Verlaine tua nws ntawm dab teg. Txawm hais tias tus neeg raug tsim txom tshem tawm cov lus, Paul Verlaine raug kaw rau ob xyoos hauv tsev lojcuj. Tom qab ntawd, nws yeej tsis rov qab los. Vim tsis muaj peev xwm tso tseg lub tuam txhab ntawm Arthur Rimbaud, Verlaine yeej tsis muaj peev xwm rov qab mus rau nws tus poj niam - nws ua tiav kev sib nrauj thiab ua rau nws puas tsuaj tag.

Guillaume Apollinaire (1880–1918)

Tus tub ntawm Polish aristocrat, yug hauv Rome, Guillaume Apollinaire belongs rau Fabkis. Nws nyob hauv Paris tias nws nyob nws cov hluas thiab paub tab xyoo, txog thaum nws tuag. Zoo li lwm tus kws sau paj huam Fabkis lub sijhawm ntawd, Apollinaire nrhiav cov qauv tshiab thiab muaj peev xwm, sib zog ua kom npau taws - thiab ua tiav hauv qhov no.

Tom qab tshaj tawm cov lus tshaj tawm ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm kev xav tsis ncaj ncees thiab sau cov paj huam "Tus Bestiary, lossis Cortege of Orpheus", luam tawm xyoo 1911, Guillaume Apollinaire luam tawm thawj phau ntawv sau paj huam "Cawv" (1913), uas tam sim ntawd attracted mloog nrog nws tsis muaj cov qauv sau ntawv, baroque imagery thiab lub suab sib txawv.

Cov khoom sau "Caligrams" tau mus ntxiv - tag nrho cov nqe lus uas tau suav nrog hauv phau ntawv sau no tau sau rau hauv txoj hauv kev zoo kawg nkaus: cov kab ntawm cov haujlwm kab hauv ntau yam silhouettes. Kev nyeem ntawv saibIb tug poj niam nyob rau hauv lub kaus mom tshwm, ib tug nquab ya hla ib tug ciav, ib tug vase ntawm paj… Daim ntawv no qhia lub ntsiab ntawm nqe. Txoj kev, los ntawm txoj kev, nyob deb ntawm qhov tshiab - cov neeg Askiv pib muab cov paj huam rau xyoo pua 17th, tab sis lub sijhawm ntawd Apollinaire cia siab tias yuav tshwm sim ntawm "automatic sau" uas cov surrealists nyiam heev.

Lo lus "surrealism" belongs rau Guillaume Apollinaire. Nws tshwm sim tom qab qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm nws "surrealistic ua yeeb yam" "Lub Kua Muag Tiresias" hauv xyoo 1917. Txij thaum ntawd los, lub voj voog ntawm cov kws sau paj huam coj los ntawm nws pib hu ua surrealists.

André Breton (1896–1966)

Rau Andre Breton, lub rooj sib tham nrog Guillaume Apollinaire tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau pem hauv ntej, hauv tsev kho mob uas cov tub ntxhais hluas Andre, kws kho mob los ntawm kev kawm, ua tus saib xyuas neeg mob. Apollinaire tau txais kev raug mob (ib lub plhaub tawg tsoo nws lub taub hau), tom qab ntawd nws yeej tsis rov zoo.

Txij li xyoo 1916, Andre Breton tau koom tes nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm poetic avant-garde. Nws ntsib Louis Aragon, Philippe Soupault, Tristan Tzara, Paul Eluard, nrhiav pom cov paj huam ntawm Lautreamont. Xyoo 1919, tom qab kev tuag ntawm Apollinaire, cov kws sau paj huam poob siab pib koom nrog Andre Breton. Tsis tas li ntawd xyoo no, ib tsab ntawv sau ua ke "Magnetic fields" nrog Philippe Soupault, sau siv "automatic sau" txoj kev, tau luam tawm.

Txij li xyoo 1924, tom qab tshaj tawm thawj zaug Manifesto ntawm Surrealism, Andre Breton tau los ua lub taub hau ntawm kev txav. Hauv nws lub tsev ntawm Avenue Fontaine, Bureau of Surrealist Research qhib, cov ntawv xov xwm pib luam tawm. Qhov no cim qhov pib ntawm lub ntiaj teb tiag tiagkev txav mus los -similar bureaus pib qhib hauv ntau lub nroog thoob ntiaj teb.

Fabkis tus kws sau paj huam Andre Breton nquag tawm suab rau nws cov neeg txhawb nqa los koom nrog Pawg Neeg Communist. Nws ntseeg hauv lub tswv yim ntawm kev ntseeg ntau heev uas nws txawm tau txais kev sib ntsib nrog Leon Trotsky hauv Mexico (txawm tias nws twb raug ntiab tawm ntawm Pawg Neeg Communist lub sijhawm ntawd).

Louis Aragon (1897–1982)

Tus khub ncaj ncees thiab tus phooj ywg-hauv-arms ntawm Apollinaire, Louis Aragon tau los ua Andre Breton sab tes xis. Ib tug kws sau paj lug Fabkis, uas yog ib tug communist mus txog rau lub kawg ua tsis taus pa, nyob rau hauv 1920 Aragon luam tawm thawj sau paj huam "Fireworks", sau nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm surrealism thiab Dadaism.

Tom qab tus kws sau paj lug tau koom nrog pawg ntseeg hauv xyoo 1927, nrog rau Breton, nws txoj haujlwm tau hloov pauv. Nws dhau los ua "lub suab ntawm tog", thiab xyoo 1931 nws raug foob rau zaj paj huam "Liab Pem Hauv Ntej", imbued nrog ib tug txaus ntshai ntsuj plig ntawm incitement.

Peru Louis Aragon kuj muaj keeb kwm ntawm USSR. Nws tiv thaiv lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ntseeg mus txog thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej, txawm hais tias nws cov hauj lwm kawg tau rov qab me ntsis rau cov kev cai ntawm kev ntseeg tiag tiag, tsis tau pleev xim rau "liab".