"Tus kws sau paj huam tuag" Lermontov nqe lus "Tus kws sau paj huam tuag". Lermontov muab rau leej twg "Kev tuag ntawm tus kws sau paj huam"?

Cov txheej txheem:

"Tus kws sau paj huam tuag" Lermontov nqe lus "Tus kws sau paj huam tuag". Lermontov muab rau leej twg "Kev tuag ntawm tus kws sau paj huam"?
"Tus kws sau paj huam tuag" Lermontov nqe lus "Tus kws sau paj huam tuag". Lermontov muab rau leej twg "Kev tuag ntawm tus kws sau paj huam"?

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Pushkin thiab Lermontov yog ob lub npe uas muaj cai nyob ib sab ntawm ob peb yam. Ua ntej, lawv sib npaug hauv kev kos duab. Tsis tas li ntawd, Keeb Kwm nws tus kheej tau txiav txim siab tias kev tuag ntawm ib tug tau dhau los ua lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav rau Tag Nrho-Lavxias qhov chaw ntawm lwm tus.

Ob tug neeg siab zoo

tus kws sau paj huam tuag
tus kws sau paj huam tuag

Thaum xyoo 1837, tau kawm txog kev tuag ntawm kev tuag, lub qhov txhab tuag, thiab tom qab ntawd kev tuag ntawm Pushkin, Lermontov tau sau cov kev quaj ntsuag "Tus kws sau paj huam tuag …", nws nws tus kheej twb muaj npe nrov hauv kev sau ntawv. Muaj tswv yim biography Mikhail Yurievich pib thaum ntxov, nws cov paj huam romantic hnub rov qab mus rau 1828-1829. Nws loj hlob sai heev raws li ib tug kws sau paj lug-rebel, ntawm ib tug tragic, Byronic warehouse. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nws cov paj huam hlub - "Tus neeg thov khawv", "Ntawm Koj Taw …" thiab ntau lwm tus, nthuav tawm rau cov neeg nyeem cov yeeb yam sib sib zog nqus ntawm Lermontov cov kev paub dhau los. Yog, thiab civil, revolutionary kev xav, paj huam deserves zoo mloog. Lub sijhawm ntawm kev xyaum ua haujlwm rau Mikhail Yurievich tau dhau los ua luv luv. Vaj Qhia sau ntawv hais txog nws nrog kev hwm thiabkwv yees yav tom ntej zoo. Thiab Lermontov suav tias Pushkin yog nws tus mlom, tus Xib Fwb ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab tus cob qhia. Yog li ntawd, nrog kev mob siab, xws li kev poob ntawm tus kheej, nws sau tias: "Tus kws sau paj huam tuag …"

"Kev tuag ntawm ib tug kws sau paj lug" nqe lus los ntawm Lermontov
"Kev tuag ntawm ib tug kws sau paj lug" nqe lus los ntawm Lermontov

lus dab neeg thiab lus xaiv

Lawv tsis tau paub ib leeg - tsis tshwm sim. Txawm hais tias historians thiab biographers, me ntsis los ntawm me ntsis sau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov neeg zoo, ntau tseem tsis tau paub. Yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv - leej twg paub - tej zaum tej zaum yav tas los tsis paub qhov tseeb yuav tshwm sim, thiab nws hloov tawm hais tias tus kws sau paj lug, piv txwv li Pushkin, tuag, tsis tau tsawg kawg yog ib zaug nws tswj tuav tes nrog Lermontov los yog sib pauv lus phooj ywg nrog nws. Yam tsawg kawg lawv muaj ntau tus phooj ywg. Gogol thiab Karamzin tsev neeg, Zhukovsky thiab Smirnova-Rosset, Odoevsky. Txawm tias tus kwv yau ntawm Alexander Sergeevich, tus so tsis xis nyob rake Lyovushka, nyo rau Lermontov nyob rau hauv Pyatigorsk thiab pom Michel qhov kev sib cav nrog "Lav" - nws cog lus "phooj ywg" thiab nws yav tom ntej neeg tua neeg Martynov. Muaj cov lus xaiv tsis ncaj uas ob tus neeg txawj ntse tseem pom ib leeg - ntawm lub rooj sib tham me me ntawm Vsevolzhsky. Txawm li cas los xij, Mikhail Yuryevich tsis kam mus cuag nws tus mlom, nws txaj muag, thiab ib tug neeg cuam tshuam Pushkin txhua lub sijhawm … Thiab yog li ntawd tus kws sau paj lug tuag, tsis tham nrog nws tus neeg ua tiav yav tom ntej txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub neej. rau ob qho tib si: txog Creativity. Tab sis nws paub tseeb tias Pushkin rov hais dua lub zog thiab qhov tob, ci ntsa iab ntawm Lermontov lub peev xwm siab.

History of Creation

rau leej twg Lermontov mob siab rau "Kev tuag ntawm ib tug kws sau paj lug"
rau leej twg Lermontov mob siab rau "Kev tuag ntawm ib tug kws sau paj lug"

Yog li, pib lub Ob Hlis 1837 ua rau St. Petersburg, Moscow, thiab tom qab ntawdthiab tag nrho ntawm Russia los ntawm ob qhov xwm txheej ntawm tej zaum qhov tseem ceeb sib npaug. Thawj yog tias "Lub hnub ntawm Lavxias teb sab paj huam tau teem", uas Pushkin tau tuag. Thiab qhov thib ob - kis tau nyob rau hauv cov npe thiab cim, ya nyob ib ncig ntawm lub sab qaum teb capital zoo li xob laim, ua hauj lwm "Lub Tuag ntawm ib tug kws sau paj lug". Lermontov cov nqe lus, uas dhau los ua qhov kev txiav txim txhaum cai ntawm pawg neeg secular thiab tshaj tawm tias tus huab tais tshiab, tsis muaj npe tau nce lub zwm txwv poetic. Thaj, Lermontov pib ua hauj lwm sai li sai tau raws li cov lus xaiv ntawm ib tug tuag duel thiab raug mob mus txog nws. Thawj tsab yog hnub tim 9 Lub Ob Hlis (Lub Ib Hlis 28), thaum tseem muaj kev cia siab tias Pushkin yuav ciaj sia. Txawm hais tias, kev cia siab tias yuav muaj kev ntxhov siab, Mikhail Yuryevich xaus nrog cov lus "Thiab nws lub foob nyob ntawm nws daim di ncauj …".

"Kev tuag ntawm tus kws sau paj huam" (Lermontov nqe lus) yog ntxiv los ntawm 16 kab txuas ntxiv rau Lub Ob Hlis 10, thaum nws paub tias Pushkin tsis muaj ntxiv lawm. Nws yog thaum ntawd, raws li tus neeg sau xov xwm Panaev tom qab sau tseg, tias Lermontov txoj haujlwm tau pib rov sau dua kaum tawm txhiab zaus, kawm los ntawm lub siab.

"Tus kws sau paj huam tuag! - tus qhev ncaj ncees poob"
"Tus kws sau paj huam tuag! - tus qhev ncaj ncees poob"

Ib tug kws sau paj lug nyob rau hauv Russia yog ntau tshaj ib tug kws sau paj lug

Zaj paj huam muaj koob meej mus txog theem uas tau tshaj tawm rau "cov neeg loj tshaj". Tus huab tais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau ua raws li tam sim ntawd - raug ntes hauv tsev, thiab tom qab ntawd lwm tus raug ntiab tawm mus rau "qhov chaw kub", mus rau Caucasus. Lermontov mob thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, yog li ntawd nws tsis raug xa mus rau lub guardhouse. Tab sis nws tus phooj ywg Raevsky, uas nws cov ntawv tau pom thaum tshawb nrhiav, raug ntes thiab xa mus rau lub xeev Olonets. Vim li cas thiaj ua phem ua qias? Rau qhov tseem ceebhuman and socio-political txoj hauj lwm. Tom qab tag nrho, Lermontov muab rau leej twg "Kev tuag ntawm tus kws sau paj huam"? Tsis yog rau tus kws sau ntawv txawj ntse Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, tsis yog! Lavxias teb sab kos duab yeej ib txwm tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo nrog cov txuj ci, thiab lub teb chaws Lavxias tsis muaj lawv los txog niaj hnub no. Rau Lermontov, Pushkin txoj haujlwm yog qhov nyuaj rau kev tsis muaj kev ntseeg ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab kev ua cev qhev, ua tsis taus pa ntawm huab cua ntshiab, dawb, tsis muaj kuab paug los ntawm kev ua haujlwm, lub hauv paus thiab lub siab. Thiab Pushkin nws tus kheej yog lub npe hu ua paradoxically meej: "Tus kws sau paj huam tuag! - ib tug qhev ntawm kev hwm tau poob …”Lermontov muaj ob lo lus no raws li cov lus. Ib tug kws sau paj lug tseeb, los ntawm Vajtswv, los ntawm nws qhov xwm txheej tsis muaj peev xwm dag, ua qias neeg, tsis sib haum xeeb rau lub siab thiab lub siab ncaj ncees. Raws li cov phooj ywg ntawm cov neeg tuag tau hais txog txoj haujlwm, “Mr. Lermontov cov paj huam zoo nkauj heev; ib tug neeg uas paub thiab hlub peb Pushkin zoo sau tau lawv."

Historical value

paj huam "Tus kws sau paj huam tuag" Lermontov
paj huam "Tus kws sau paj huam tuag" Lermontov

Paj huam "Tus kws sau paj huam tuag" los ntawm Lermontov occupies ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb hauv Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Qhov tseeb, qhov no yog qhov ntxov tshaj plaws thiab muaj zog tshaj kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm Pushkin nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ib tug hauj lwm ntawm kos duab, poetic generalization - nws "zoo kawg nkaus txawj ntse", ntawm lub teb chaws tseem ceeb rau Russia. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov tseeb ntawm nws qhov kev sau ntawv yog qhov qhia txog Lermontov lub teb chaws tus kheej lub siab ntawm tus kheej, nws txoj haujlwm ntawm pej xeem, kev ncaj ncees thiab kev nom kev tswv. Raws li cov neeg thuam Druzhinin tau sau, Mikhail Lermontov tsis yog thawj tus uas quaj ntsuag rau tus kws sau paj huam, tab sis kuj yog thawj tus uas twv kom pov "hlau nqe" rau ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm cov neeg uas zoo siab rub lawv txhais tes thiab thuam qhov xwm txheej. "Vajntxwv tuag - Vajntxwv kav ntev!"- qhov no yog li cas ib tug tuaj yeem xaiv cov pej xeem tawm tsam txog qhov tsis paub tseeb ntawm keeb kwm cuam tshuam nrog kev tuag ntawm Alexander Pushkin thiab qhov tseeb tias "Tus kws sau paj huam tuag" (Lermontov cov nqe lus) muab nws tso rau hauv thawj cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm Russia.

"Tus kws sau paj huam tuag" nqe lus
"Tus kws sau paj huam tuag" nqe lus

paj huam

"Kev tuag ntawm tus kws sau paj huam" yog ob qho tib si ode thiab hnyav satire. Cov paj huam muaj, ntawm ib sab, rave tshuaj xyuas txog tus cwj pwm zoo ntawm Pushkin. Ntawm qhov tod tes, npau taws thiab tsis ncaj ncees rau kev thuam ntawm nws cov neeg tsis txaus siab, lub ntiaj teb kev coj noj coj ua los ntawm huab tais thiab cov neeg muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, tub ceev xwm tus thawj coj Benckendorff, tus tswv ntawm cov neeg thuam thiab censors uas tsis xav kom muaj sia nyob thiab ua siab dawb, muaj kev ywj pheej-hlub thiab txawj ntse, tib neeg. thiab ua kom pom kev xav thiab lub tswv yim kom nkag mus rau hauv zej zog. Yog li hais tias lawv nyob hauv lub siab thiab tus ntsuj plig ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas uas nyob hauv qab tus quab ntawm kev tawm tsam nom tswv. Emperor Nicholas yeej tsis hnov qab txog cov xwm txheej ntawm lub Kaum Ob Hlis 14, 1825, thaum lub zwm txwv ntawm Lavxias teb sab sovereigns twb shaken. Nws tsis yog rau tsis muaj dab tsi uas nws unequivocally ntsuam xyuas "Kev tuag ntawm ib tug kws sau paj lug" raws li kev thov rau lub kiv puag ncig. Cov kab odic tau sau rau hauv ib qho kev coj ua, "siab" style thiab muaj cov lus tsim nyog. Satirical sawv daws kuj muaj nyob rau hauv nruj aesthetic canons. Yog li, Lermontov tau ua tiav kev sib haum xeeb kev sib haum xeeb nrog ntau hom kev sib txawv.

suab paj huam

"Kev tuag ntawm tus kws sau paj huam" yog ib zaj paj huam uas muaj qhov nyuaj thiab tib lub sijhawm meej, ua tib zoo xav tawm thiab koom ua ke. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus, ob peb fragments kom meej meej sawv tawm nyob rau hauv nws. Txhua tus yog logically tiav, sib txawv hauv nws cov style,nws lub hauv paus pathos thiab lub tswv yim. tab sis txhua tus ntawm lawv yog ib qho tag nrho thiab raug rau lub ntsiab lus dav dav ntawm txoj haujlwm. Kev tshuaj xyuas qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, koj tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas lub ntsiab lus thiab lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua haujlwm.

Teeb, tswv yim, teeb meem

Thawj ntu muaj 33 kab, muaj zog, npau taws, hais txog tias Pushkin txoj kev tuag tsis yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov xwm txheej ntuj, tab sis lub hom phiaj thiab txhob txwm tua neeg ntawm tus txiv neej uas ib leeg tawm tsam tawm tsam kev xav ntawm " teeb". Kev tuag yog kev ua pauj rau tus kws sau paj huam txoj kev sim ua nws tus kheej, kom nyob twj ywm ntawm nws lub peev xwm thiab kev coj ncaj ncees. Lermontov yog qhov tseeb thiab meej. Tom qab ib tus neeg tua neeg tshwj xeeb uas tsis muaj dab tsi nrog "lub siab txias", tus ntes ntawm "kev zoo siab thiab qib", yog Txoj hmoo nws tus kheej ("txoj hmoo tau dhau los"). Hauv qhov no, Mikhail Yuryevich pom lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov xwm txheej: "cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv khav theeb" ntawm cov xeem uas tau qhuas los ntawm kev ua siab phem tsis zam txim rau cov lus hais rau lawv. Lawv hwm cov kev coj noj coj ua ntawm autocracy thiab serfdom, vim lawv yog lub hauv paus rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lawv yav dhau los, tam sim no thiab yav tom ntej. Thiab leej twg uas dares mus txeeb lawv yuav tsum raug puas tsuaj! Nws tsis muaj teeb meem, los ntawm txhais tes ntawm Fabkis Dantes lossis lwm tus. Tom qab tag nrho, Lermontov nws tus kheej tuag ob peb xyoos tom qab los ntawm "Lavxias teb sab Dantes" - Martynov. Qhov thib ob ntawm zaj paj huam (23 kab) yog sib npaug rau lub suab paj nruag digression. Mikhail Yuryevich tsis tuav nws txoj kev mob ntawm sab ntsuj plig, kos duab tus kheej thiab ntxim nyiam ntawm Pushkin. Cov paj huam yog saturated nrog poetic cov nuj nqis: antitheses, rhetorical cov lus nug, exclamations, thiab lwm yam. Qhov kawg (16 kab) yog dua ib tug satire, ib tug formidable ceeb toom txog lub Supreme, Divine Court, lub tsev hais plaub ntawm lub sij hawm thiab keeb kwm, uas yuav rau txim rau cov. ua txhaum caithiab tso cai rau cov neeg dawb huv. Cov kab yog yaj saub, rau qhov no yog li cas nws tshwm sim …

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