Tus Zoo Tshaj Jazz Artists: Kev Ntsuas, Kev Ua tiav thiab Qhov Tseeb Txaus Ntshai

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Pib nrog cov pab pawg me ua si sib xyaw ntawm cov suab paj nruag European thiab African rhythms hauv cov chaw lom zem ntawm New Orleans, jazz tau loj hlob mus rau hauv ib qho kev nyiam tshaj plaws hauv suab paj nruag. Lub suab sib dhos nyuaj thiab muaj ntau yam ntawm improvisations ua rau nws nyuaj, tab sis suab paj nruag ntxim nyiam heev.

Tab sis txhawm rau tham txog cov neeg ua yeeb yam jazz loj tshaj plaws, peb yuav tsum tham txog jazz nws tus kheej. Thiab yuav tham li cas txog nws? Zoo, txij thaum pib.

History

Txij thaum pib muaj cov neeg dub coj los ua qhev rau lub Ntiaj Teb Tshiab (feem ntau peb tab tom tham txog thaj chaw ntawm Tebchaws tam sim no). Lawv muaj ib qho tshwj xeeb African suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai. Ua ntej, muaj qhov tseem ceeb heev ntawm cov suab paj nruag - lawv tau sib txawv, tsis yog-linear thiab nyuaj heev. Qhov thib ob, suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv teb chaws Africa yog inextricably txuas nrog lub neej txhua hnub: nws yog ib tug yuav tsum tau nrog rau ntau yam txhua hnub lub sij hawm, hnub so, thiab feem ntau yog ib txoj kev sib txuas lus. Yog li ntawd nws yog suab paj nruag uas tau los ua ib qho kev sib koom ua ke rau ntau tus qhev dub.

Jazz tau tsim los ntawm ntau qhov sib npaug sib npaug ntawm cov suab paj nruag African Asmeskas. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, ntawm chav kawm, yog ragtime - seev cev, syncopated (muaj zog tuav yog hloov), nrog dawbsuab paj nruag. Tom qab ntawd ntau dua blues - nrog classic 12-bar blues square thiab txaus lub sijhawm rau improvisation. Jazz, uas tau tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, qhia txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm ob qho tib si, thiab ntau lwm yam suab paj nruag.

New Orleans Jazz, Chicago Jazz, Dixieland

Qhov ntxov tshaj plaws, New Orleans jazz yog cov khoom siv uas tau txais kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev sib tw tooj dag, suav nrog ntu ntu ntu zoo nkauj (2-3 tus ntaus nruas, ntaus nrig, ob npaug ntses bass thaj tsam), ntau yam cuab yeej cua (trombone, trumpet, clarinet, cornet), zoo, thiab guitars, violins, banjos, yog tias koj muaj hmoo. Tom qab ntawd, yuav luag txhua tus neeg ua yeeb yam jazz nto moo tawm New Orleans rau Chicago, qhov twg, tau txais lawv cov txuj ci, lawv tau los ua tus tsim ntawm Chicago jazz - qhov ntxov tshaj plaws jazz. Dixieland yog ib qho kev coj ua ntawm cov kab dawb ntawm lawv cov phooj ywg dub - tus tsim ntawm hom. Tham txog cov neeg ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem hais txog tag nrho jazz orchestras.

Charles "Buddy" Bolden thiab nws "Ragtime Band". Lawv suav hais tias yuav luag thawj jazz orchestra ntawm New Orleans style. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lawv qhov kev ua si tsis tau khaws cia, tab sis cov kws tshaj lij paub tseeb tias qhov kev ua yeeb yam muaj ntau yam classical compositions ntawm ragtime, blues, nrog rau ntau marches, w altzes thiab tej daim nrog ib tug jazz cim.

New Orleans Jazz cov neeg ua yeeb yam hauv qab no tsis raug xa mus rau ib lub suab paj nruag tshwj xeeb. Lub sijhawm sib txawv lawv ua si hauv ntau pawg, sib koom ua ke thiab sib txawv nrog lwm tus kws ntaus nkauj nto moo.

Freddie Keppard yog nyob rau hauv cov npe ntawm cov neeg ntaus suab paj nruag jazz tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm tom qab Buddy Bolden. ATHauv New Orleans nws tau ua si nrog Olympia Band, hauv Los Angeles nws tau tsim Original Creole Orchestra, hauv Chicago (thaum qhov poob ntawm Dixieland lub koob meej) nws kuj tsis tau dhuav thiab ua yeeb yam nrog cov kws ntaus nkauj nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm nws lub sijhawm.

Joseph "Vajntxwv" Oliver kuj yog ib tug kws kho mob thiab ib tug phooj ywg zoo. Hauv New Orleans, nws tau tswj hwm los ua ib feem ntawm tsib lub suab paj nruag, thiab tom qab ntawd, tom qab Tebchaws Meskas tau nkag mus rau Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1 hauv xyoo 1917 thiab txhua qhov chaw lom ze ntawm New Orleans raug kaw, nrog rau ntau tus kws ntaus nkauj, nws tau mus rau sab qaum teb mus rau Chicago..

Sidney Bechet yog ib tug clarinet thiab saxophonist. Nws pib ua si hauv pawg thawj coj thaum ntxov thiab txawm tswj tau mus rau hauv Ragtime nrog Buddy Bolden. Nws tau raug sau tseg ob qho tib si hauv Chicago jazz orchestras thiab tom qab viav vias orchestras, thiab txawm caij ncig teb chaws Europe ntau heev, ua yeeb yam hauv USSR thiab (1926).

Original Dixieland Jass Band - qhov no twb yog Dixieland lawm, cov no twb yog cov neeg dawb ua raws li cov kauj ruam ntawm cov dub Orleans band. Paub txog qhov tseeb tias lawv tau tso tawm lub ntiaj teb thawj gramophone cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv jazz. Feem ntau, lawv tau ua ntau yam kom nrov hom ntawv. Lawv hais tias nws yog nrog cov neeg no uas "Jazz Age" pib heev. Ntau ntawm lawv cov nkauj tau dhau los ua cov qauv jazz nto moo yav tom ntej.

Stride

Stride pib hauv New York City, hauv Manhattan boroughs thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog Zaum Ib, cais tawm ntawm New Orleans jazz. Qhov no yog ib qho piano style uas tsim los ntawm ragtime los ntawm kev ua kom nyuaj ntawm kev sib dhos, nrog rau kev ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam.

James Johnson yog "txiv ntawm txoj kev taug". Nwssuav tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm ragtime mus rau jazz stride. Nws kawm ntaus piano feem ntau ntawm nws tus kheej, ua haujlwm hauv ntau lub koom haum New York. Nws tus kheej tau tsim ib pawg ntawm cov suab nkauj nrov hauv 20s.

Fats Waller yog lwm tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag uas tau dhau los ua tus kws sau nkauj ntau dua li ua yeeb yam. Ntau ntawm nws cov nkauj tau rov ua dua thiab ua los ntawm lwm tus kws ntaus nkauj nto moo. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws kuj ua lub cev.

Art Tatum yog ib qho ntawm cov neeg nto moo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv txoj kev. Ib tug zoo virtuoso, uas tau txawv los ntawm ib tug txawv txawv kev ua si txheej txheem rau ib hom ntawv nyeem (nws hlub scale thiab arpeggios, nws yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj los pib flirting nrog suab paj nruas harmonies thiab yuam sij). Txawm tias nyob rau hauv lub hnub ntawm viav vias thiab loj bands, nws tau mloog rau nws tus kheej (ib tug solo artist). Ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau lwm tus kws ntaus nkauj jazz, uas feem ntau sau tseg nws qhov kev txawj ntse tshaj plaws.

Swing

Qhov chaw nthuav dav tshaj plaws thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thaum nws los txog rau cov neeg ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj ntawm xyoo pua 20th. Swing tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo 1920 thiab tseem nrov heev txog thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Nws tau ua si tsuas yog los ntawm viav vias band - hefty orchestras ntawm kaum lossis ntau tus neeg.

Benny Goodman yog, yam tsis muaj exaggeration, tus huab tais ntawm lub viav vias thiab tus tsim ntawm ib tug ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws bands, uas muaj ib tug resounding kev vam meej tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv America tab sis kuj txawv teb chaws. Kev hais kwv txhiaj ntawm nws lub suab paj nruag thaum Lub Yim Hli 21, 1935 hauv Los Angeles, uas coj nws lub hnub qub, suav tias yog qhov pib ntawm lub sijhawm viav vias.

Duke Ellington – kuj yog tus thawj coj ntawm nws tus kheej pawg loj, nrog rau tus kws sau nkauj nto moo, tsim ntau yamhits thiab jazz qauv, nrog rau cov muaj pes tsawg leeg Caravan, uas yog paub rau yuav luag txhua leej txhua tus. Kev koom tes nrog ntau tus neeg ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws hauv lub sijhawm ntawd, tso cai rau txhua tus coj lawv tus kheej tshwj xeeb rau lub suab ntawm lub orchestra, uas tsim ib qho kev nthuav thiab txawv "suab".

Chick Webb. Nws yog nyob rau hauv nws lub orchestra uas yog ib tus neeg hu nkauj nrov tshaj plaws jazz, Ella Fitzgerald, pib nws txoj haujlwm. Webb nws tus kheej yog tus ntaus nruas, thiab nws qhov kev ua si tau cuam tshuam ntau lwm yam jazz percussion legends (xws li Buddy Rich thiab Louis Bellson). Nws tuag ntawm tuberculosis xyoo 1939, ua ntej nws muaj plaub caug.

Glenn Miller yog tus tsim ntawm pawg loj ntawm tib lub npe, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm xyoo 1939-1943 tau xyaum tsis sib xws hauv cov koob npe. Ua ntej ntawd, Miller ua si, kaw nrog lwm cov orchestras, thiab tseem tau sau suab paj nruag nrog lwm tus neeg ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj ntawm nws lub sijhawm - Benny Goodman, Pee Wee Russell, Gene Krupa thiab lwm tus.

Louis Armstrong

Nws tau tshwm sim tias qhov kev txaus siab ntawm tus neeg ua yeeb yam jazz loj tshaj plaws no tau muaj ntau haiv neeg, thiab "kev paub" yog qhov zoo heev uas nws tsis tuaj yeem lees paub nws tsis meej rau txhua tus qauv. Thaum lub sij hawm nws txoj hauj lwm, Armstrong tau ua si hauv cov suab paj nruag nrov, thiab solo, thiab ua tus thawj coj ntawm nws tus kheej jazz band. Nws style ntawm kev ua si yeej ib txwm txawv los ntawm ib tug ci cwm pwm thiab unconventional, thawj improvisations.

Jazz singers

Cov txiv neej no tsim nyog ib tshooj,Tej zaum, lawv tsis tau sau cov qauv jazz nrog lawv tus kheej txhais tes, tab sis tau ua ntau yam rau kev txhim kho cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov suab paj nruag. Cov timbres tshwj xeeb, qhov kev xav ntawm lub suab, kev xav ntawm kev ua yeeb yam - ntau qhov no los ntawm African-American "neeg" ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab txoj moo zoo.

Ella Fitzgerald yog "Thawj Poj Niam ntawm Jazz", yog ib tus neeg ua yeeb yam jazz zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho lub sijhawm ntawm cov nkauj no. Tus tswv ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb mos mos thiab "lub teeb" mezzo-soprano timbre, nws muaj peev xwm coj peb octaves tsis pom kev. Ntxiv rau qhov kev nkag siab zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib dhos thiab lub suab nrov, nws muaj xws li "trick" li scat - imitation ntawm lub suab ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm ib pawg jazz.

Billie Nyiaj so koobtsheej - muaj lub suab nrov nrov txawv txawv, muab qhov tshwj xeeb sensuality rau tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua tau zoo. Qhov hu ua instrumental timbre ntawm nws lub suab thiab lub peev xwm rau kev sib dhos ua ke ua tiav ua ke ntawm theem nrog lub suab ntawm jazz band.

Be-bop

Los ntawm xyoo 1940, kev ua las voos thiab kev sib tw me ntsis pib dhau los, thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas, mob siab rau kev sim, pib tsim ib hom kev ua si tom qab hu ua be-bop. Nws yog qhov txawv los ntawm kev xav tau ntau dua ntawm kev txawj ntawm cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag, kev ua si nrawm nrawm, kev hloov pauv tsis yooj yim thiab, feem ntau, "kev txawj ntse" style piv rau viav vias.

Dizzy Gillespie yog ib tus tsim ntawm be-bop. Nws thawj zaug ntaus lub trumpet nyob rau hauv ntau lub viav vias nrov, tab sis tom qab ntawd nws budded, tsim nws tus kheej combo - ib tug me me pawg - thiab pib txhawb be-bop, uas nws ua tau zoo.yooj yim zoo, ib nrab vim lub eccentric demeanor. Masterfully ua si classical jazz ntxhais nrog extraordinary virtuosity.

Charlie Parker kuj yog tus tsim ntawm be-bop. Raws li ib feem ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas txhawb nqa ntawm qhov kev taw qhia no, nws tau muab tag nrho cov tsoos jazz upside down. B-boopers tau tsim lub hauv paus rau jazz niaj hnub. Parker kuj tau ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv kev loj hlob ntawm Afro-Cuban jazz. Txawm tias tag nrho cov kev vam meej, tus ntaus suab paj nruag raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj hnyav, uas tom qab ntawd nws tuag thaum muaj hnub nyoog 35.

Fusion

tshwm sim rau xyoo caum thiab yog qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ntau hom suab paj nruag: pob zeb, pop, plig thiab funk. Piv nrog rau lwm cov qauv ntawm jazz, nws tuaj yeem zoo li "vwm" - fusion tau poob nws cov yam ntxwv viav vias, tab sis khaws cia improvisation thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntaus suab paj nruag (tus qauv).

Lub Tony Williams Lub Neej yog pawg uas tso tawm xyoo 1969 ib qho album uas tam sim no suav tias yog fusion classic. Nyob rau hauv lub wake ntawm lub nrov suab paj nruag pob zeb, lawv siv hluav taws xob guitar, bass guitar (classical instruments ntawm pob zeb bands) thiab hluav taws xob piano nyob rau hauv lawv kaw, tsim ib tug yam ntxwv hnyav suab ua ke nrog ib tug raug jazz cim.

Miles Davis yog tus ntaus suab paj nruag ntau yam, tsim nyog yog ib tus neeg ua yeeb yam jazz zoo tshaj plaws. Ntxiv nrog rau jazz-pob zeb, nws nyiam ntau yam ntawm lwm yam, tab sis txawm tias ntawm no nws tau tswj los tsim ntau yam classical compositions uas txiav txim siab nws lub suab rau ntau xyoo.

Neoswing

Qhov no yog ib qho kev sim ua kom rov zoo dua qub viav vias ntawm lub xyoo pua XX thaum ntxov. Ua kom lub siab dav thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntawm classical jazz, neoswing bands txav deb ntawm improvisation. Lawv tsis txaj muag txog cov cuab yeej siv suab paj nruag niaj hnub thiab cov qauv ntawm lawv cov suab paj nruag ntau dua reminiscent ntawm cov suab paj nruag niaj hnub. Hauv kab hauv qab, peb muaj qhov qub stylization ntawm cov qub, ntau nkag tau rau lub pob ntseg ntawm cov neeg mloog tsis paub txog jazz.

Lwm tus neeg nyiam ua yeeb yam suav nrog Big Bad Voodoo Daddy, Royal Crown Revue (suab hauv zaj yeeb yaj kiab "Lub Mask"), Squirrel Nut Zippers thiab Diablo Swing Orchestra, uas sib xyaw ua viav vias nrog hlau hauv qhov qub.

Bossa nova

Ib qho txawv txawv ntawm jazz thiab Latin American samba rhythms. Nws originated, pom tseeb, hauv Brazil thiab tau txais koob meej thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Juan thiab Astrud Gilberto, António Carlos Jobim, thiab saxophonist Stan Getz raug suav hais tias yog tus tsim ntawm style.

Cov npe zoo tshaj

Cov kab lus tau tham txog cov neeg ntaus suab paj nruag iconic uas tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho jazz. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj incomparably ntau nto moo jazzmen, thiab nws tsis muaj peev xwm qhia txog tag nrho lawv ib zaug. Txawm li cas los xij, cov npe ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam jazz zoo tshaj plaws yuav tsum suav nrog:

• Charles Mingus;
• YJohn Coltrane;
• Mary Lou Williams;
• Herbie Hancock;
• Nat King Cole;
• Miles Davis;
• Keith Jarrett;
• Kurt Elling;
• Thelonius Monk;
• Wynton Marsalis.

Thiab qhov no thiabmusicians, thiab singers, thiab txawm cov neeg uas zoo dua lub npe hu ua composers. Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj tus cwj pwm ci ntsa iab thiab muaj tswv yim ua haujlwm ntev. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, feem ntau yog cov neeg ntawm "sixties" raug xaiv, uas tau hais txog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho lub xyoo pua 20th, thiab qee tus ntawm lawv txawm tias 21st.