Kazakh cov ntawv nyeem: yav dhau los thiab tam sim no

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Ua ntej lub cev qhuav dej ntawm USSR, ntau qhov kev saib xyuas tau them rau lub teb chaws sau ntawv kos duab ntawm Union republics. Tam sim no, txawm tias kev khaws cia ntawm kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev lag luam nrog CIS lub teb chaws, feem ntau ntawm cov neeg nyeem ntawv muaj lub tswv yim tsis meej heev ntawm qhov tshwm sim hauv kev sau ntawv ntawm tib Kazakhstan. Lub caij no, cov lus Kazakh thiab cov ntaub ntawv yog ib txheej kab lis kev cai loj uas tsim nyog rau cov neeg paub ntxaws. Thiab peb tab tom tham tsis yog hais txog tej hauj lwm classical xwb, tab sis kuj hais txog cov phau ntawv los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv niaj hnub no.

Kazakh lus thiab ntawv nyeem

Cov kws tshawb fawb pom zoo tias lub sijhawm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus sau cov haujlwm hauv lub tebchaws yog lub sijhawm pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th. Txawm li cas los xij, keeb kwm ntawm Kazakh pej xeem cov ntaub ntawv tau pib ua ntej thiab cuam tshuam nrog kev txhim kho ntawm kev coj noj coj ua.

Medieval kws sau ntawv uas tsim cov ntawv sau hauv Chagatai thiab Persian tau dhau los ua nws cov thawj coj. Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm niaj hnub Kazakhstan, cov haiv neeg uas muaj nyob rau hauv pawg lus Turkic tau faib, thiab hauv qee thaj chaw.tau ntev siv cov lus Sogdian ntawm Iranian pawg. Thawj qhov kev sau ntawv (ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj ntoo) tau tshwm sim nyob ib ncig ntawm 5th-6th centuries.

Raws li Suav keeb kwm, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 7th, cov pab pawg neeg hais lus Turkic twb muaj qhov ncauj poetic kab lig kev cai. Kev lig kev cai hais txog thaj av dawb huv thiab lub neej nyob rau hauv qhov zoo nkauj thiab tiv thaiv los ntawm txhua qhov kev nyuaj siab Yergen-Kong hav tau raug khaws cia. Poetic ntsiab ntawm lub epic kuj pom nyob rau hauv lub nrhiav pom archaeological monuments, lub ntxa steles.

Nkauj hmoob art

Nyob rau hauv thawj zaug, lub sijhawm sau ntawv ua ntej, txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb tau nyob los ntawm ntau hom paj huam thiab epics. Muaj peb theem tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm Kazakh paj huam.

1. XV - thawj ib nrab ntawm XVIII caug xyoo. Lub sijhawm Zhyrau (cov neeg hu nkauj thiab kws sau paj huam, tus sau thiab ua yeeb yam ntawm paj huam). Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb rau lawv yog "tolgau", paj huam nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev xav uas muaj cov lus qhia, edification thiab aphorisms. Nyob rau hauv lawv zhyrau qhia lub teb chaws nyiam, tswv yim ntawm kev sib sau, kev ncaj ncees, glorified qhov zoo nkauj ntawm xwm. Xws li cov kws sau paj lug feem ntau yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev nom kev tswv, ua haujlwm rau pej xeem thiab txawm ua tub rog. Qhov ntxov tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm nrog tsim muaj hnub authorship los ntawm lub sij hawm no. Ntawm cov founders ntawm Kazakh cov ntaub ntawv yog Asan-Kaigy, tus sau ntawm nom tswv paj huam Bukhar-zhyrau Kalkamanov, akyns (poets-improvisers) Shalkiz thiab Dospambet.
2. Tsev thib ob ntawm 18th - thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. lub sij hawm poetic. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, hom nkauj paj huam ua ntau haiv neeg, ntxiv rau qhov kev xav ntawm kev xav, kuj tseem muaj."arnau" (kev hloov pauv, kev mob siab rau). Nyob rau hauv lawv tej hauj lwm, akyns pib tig ntau zaus rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm nrov thiab nom tswv kev tawm tsam. Cov teeb meem zoo li no yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm ntawm Suyunbai Aronuly thiab Makhambet Utemisov. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev ntseeg kev ntseeg kuj tau tsim (Murat Monkeev, Shortanbai Kanaev).
3. Ib nrab ntawm 19th - 20th centuries thaum ntxov. Aitys lub sijhawm. Cov kev lig kev cai ntawm aitys, poetic improvisation kev sib tw ntawm akyns, uas tau tsim ua ntej, tau nthuav dav tshaj plaws nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Cov kws sau paj lug ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, Zhambyl Zhabaev, Birzhan Kozhagulov, tau siv paj huam los ua ib txoj hauv kev qhia txog kev xav thiab kev sib raug zoo rau kev ncaj ncees.

Yim yug ntawm sau ntawv

thawj cov ntawv sau cia pib tsuas yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm kev coj noj coj ua nrog Russia thiab sab hnub poob. Lub sijhawm no, cov qauv sau ntawv niaj hnub ntawm cov lus Kazakh tau raug tsim. Cov founders ntawm Kazakh sau ntawv, cov kws qhia ntawv Abai Kunanbaev, Shokan Valikhanov, Ibrai Altynsarin yog lub hauv paus pib ntawm cov txheej txheem.

National cov ntaub ntawv yog maj mam tau txais qee qhov European nta, cov ntaub ntawv tshiab tshwm sim, tshwj xeeb, cov dab neeg thiab cov dab neeg tshiab. Tus sau thawj phau ntawv "Zoo siab Jamal" yog tus naas ej kws sau paj lug thiab prose sau Mirzhakip Dulatov. Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas cov lus sau niaj hnub tau tsim, kev txhais cov haujlwm ntawm M. Yu. Lermontov, A. S. Pushkin, F. Schiller tau tshwm sim, thawj phau ntawv luam tawm thiab.ntawv xov xwm.

Hauv qhov sib piv, ib pab pawg neeg sau ntawv ntawm "cov kws sau ntawv" (Nurzhan Naushabaev thiab lwm tus) tau tsim, uas tau sau cov ntaub ntawv pej xeem thiab ua raws li kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev saib xyuas.

Founders ntawm Kazakh cov ntaub ntawv

Cov lus Kazakh cov lus, uas tau los ua ib qho qauv ntawm cov lus pej xeem, tau tsim los ntawm cov lus sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj, uas tsawg kawg cuam tshuam los ntawm cov lus Persian thiab Arabic. Nws yog ntawm nws uas Ibrai Altynsarin thiab Abai Kunanbaev tsim lawv tej hauj lwm. Cov yav tas yog ib qho kev lees paub classic ntawm Kazakh cov ntaub ntawv.

Ibragim Kunanbaev yog ib tug kws sau paj huam, pej xeem cov duab, sau ntawv, kws qhia ntawv, tus kws tshaj lij, tus kws tshaj lij, kev hloov kho hauv kev sau ntawv, tus txhawb nqa ntawm kev sib raug zoo nrog Lavxias thiab European kab lis kev cai raws li kev paub txog Islam. Nws yug los nyob rau hauv 1845 nyob rau hauv lub Semipalatinsk koog tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv ib tug noble tsev neeg. "Abay", lub npe menyuam yaus tau txais thaum yau, lub ntsiab lus "ceev faj, saib xyuas", daig nrog nws rau ntau xyoo hauv lub neej thiab hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Lub neej yav tom ntej classic ntawm Kazakh ntawv tseeb kawm ntawm madrasah, kawm Arabic thiab Persian, thaum mus kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv Lavxias. Nws pib sau nws thawj zaj paj huam thaum muaj hnub nyoog 13 xyoos, zais nws tus kheej kev sau ntawv, tab sis nws tsim nws cov ntawv lees paub twb dhau los ua neeg laus. Nws tsim los ua tus kws sau ntawv tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm tib neeg lub tswv yim ntawm ntau tus neeg xav thiab kws sau paj huam ntawm East thiab West. Tom qab ntawd, nws tau koom nrog kev txhais lawv tej hauj lwm ua lus Kazakh thiab tshaj tawm cov tswv yim ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai.

Abay tsim ntau dua50 zaj nkauj, kwv yees li 20 zaj nkauj, hais txog 170 zaj paj huam. Ib qho ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws yog cov paj huam "Cov Lus Yooj Yim", suav nrog 45 zaj lus piv txwv thiab cov lus qhia txog kev xav. Nws tsa cov teeb meem ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees, kev qhia, keeb kwm thiab kev cai lij choj.

Literary works of the 19th-20th centuries

Ib yam ntawm Kazakh cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th yog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ob hom kev sau ntawv. Nyob rau hauv ib tes, siv nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua scripts, uas muaj xws li ib tug xov tooj ntawm qiv los ntawm Arabic thiab Persian, ntawm qhov tod tes, tshiab sau ntawv, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm uas sawv Altynsarin thiab Kunanbaev.

Lub sijhawm ua ntej-Soviet yog ib theem tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm Kazakh cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Lub sijhawm no, cov ntawv nyeem niaj hnub no thiab cov lus sau thaum kawg tau ua tiav, cov hom tshiab thiab cov qauv tshwm sim.

Akhmet Baitursyn tau dhau los ua tus neeg sau ntawv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm qhov pib ntawm lub xyoo pua. Nws thawj ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm paj huam yog cov txhais lus dab neeg ntawm I. A. Krylov, uas tau ua raws li nws tus kheej sau paj huam "Masa". Nws kuj yog ib tug kws tshawb fawb txog kev hais lus, tawm tswv yim kom huv huv lub teb chaws los ntawm cov lus txawv teb chaws.

Ib tus tsim ntawm cov qauv kev xav ntawm cov lus Kazakh niaj hnub yog tus kws sau paj huam Magzhan Zhumabay. Nws lub hwj chim ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws paj huam yog piv rau lub hwj chim ntawm Abai. Tus sau tej hauj lwm tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov ntawv xov xwm thiab magazines.

Tus neeg sawv cev zoo ntawm cov kws sau ntawv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd yog Spandiyar Kobeev. Nws cov ntawv tshiab "Kalym", luam tawm xyoo 1913, tau los ua ib qho kev tshwm sim tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv tebchaws.

Ntawv sau ntawm Sovietlub sij hawm

Kev sib kis ntawm Soviet lub hwj chim nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Kazakhstan thiab koom nrog USSR tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev tsis yog rau kev coj noj coj ua nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj tseem hloov pauv cov vectors ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv tebchaws. Xyoo 1924, kev hloov pauv ntawm Kazakh sau ntawv thiab sau ntawv pib. Thaum pib raws li cov tsiaj ntawv Arabic, tom qab ntawd ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Latin (siv txog 1940). Tom qab ntawd, cov lus nug tau nug txog qhov xav tau kev sib sau ua ke ntawm Kazakh thiab Lavxias sau ntawv.

Hauv xyoo 1926, lub koom haum ntawm Kazakh proletarian sau ntawv tau tsim, thiab ob peb xyoos tom qab, Union of Writers ntawm Kazakh koom pheej.

Ntawm cov kws sau ntawv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Kazakh cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub sijhawm no, Sabit Mukanov, Mukhtar Auezov, Beimbet Mailin yuav tsum raug sau tseg.

Cov xwm txheej ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj tau muab lub zog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm pej xeem thiab patriotic paj huam thiab prose. Cov paj huam "Cov Dab Neeg ntawm Kev Tuag Ntawm Tus Kws Sau Ntawv", cov ntawv sau tshiab "Hnub txaus ntshai", "Ib Tub Rog ntawm Kazakhstan" tau luam tawm.

Nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab tsov rog, cov ntawv sau tseem ceeb tau tsim kho, nrog rau kev ua yeeb yam (Khusainov) thiab kev tshawb fawb tsis tseeb (Alimbaev). Cov ntawv tshiab nto moo los ntawm Mukhtar Auezov "Txoj Kev ntawm Abai" tau tsim.

Lub sijhawm Soviet yog lub hnub qub ntawm Kazakh cov ntaub ntawv menyuam yaus. Ntawm no nws tsis tuaj yeem hais txog cov dab neeg tshiab thiab cov dab neeg ntawm Sapargali Begalin ("Huab Ntxhais", "Falconry") thiab Berdibek Sokpakbaev ("Champion", "Journey to Childhood"). Cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawm cov haujlwm no yog cov neeg siab tawv, cov neeg tawv tawv uas tau ntsib thawj qhov nyuaj, xaiv, ntseeg kev phooj ywg thiab kev ncaj ncees.

Zhambyl zaj paj huamZhabaeva

Cov hauj lwm ntawm lub teb chaws akyn kws sau paj lug yog suav hais tias classics ntawm Kazakh cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub Soviet era. Nws yug los nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th nyob rau hauv ib tsev neeg nomadic thiab nyob rau 99 xyoo. Tau kawm ua si domra, nws tawm hauv tsev thaum nws tseem hluas los ua ib tug akyn. Tau ntau xyoo nws tau koom nrog aitys, ua yeeb yam hauv tolgau style tshwj xeeb hauv Kazakh lus. Nws tau los ua nto moo raws li tus sau zaj nkauj accusatory. Thaum lub sij hawm lub kiv puag ncig ntawm 1917, nws twb nyob rau hauv xya caum, txawm li cas los xij, cov qauv tshiab tau cim rau theem tom ntej hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Zhmbyl. Muaj imbued nrog revolutionary tswv yim, nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm nws muab lub Soviet cov thawj coj cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub heroes ntawm lub epic: "Lub Nkauj ntawm Batyr Yezhov", "Aksakal Kalinin", "Lenin thiab Stalin". Los ntawm 40s. Zhambyl tau los ua tus nto moo tshaj plaws thiab muaj kev hwm ntawm Kazakhstan, nws lub npe yuav luag ib lub npe tsev neeg.

Txawm hais tias kev nom kev tswv ntawm kev muaj tswv yim nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, nws txoj kev koom tes rau kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv Kazakh yog loj heev. Lub poetic style ntawm Zhambyl yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov yooj yim ntawm cov lus piav qhia thiab, tib lub sijhawm, kev puas siab puas ntsws saturation, lub siab dawb paug. Nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm nws nquag ua ke prose thiab paj huam, hais lus thiab sau ntawv. Xyoo dhau los ntawm kev muaj tswv yim, nws tau tsim ntau yam kev sib raug zoo-satirical, txhua hnub, lyrical nkauj, paj huam, zaj dab neeg.

YCreativity ntawm Olzhas Suleimenov

Lwm tus neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm Kazakh cov ntaub ntawv, uas nws txoj haujlwm pib hauv Soviet xyoo, yog Olzhas Suleimenov. Kws sau paj lug, kws sau ntawv, sau ntawv thuam, diplomat thiab pej xeem thiab nom tswv daim duab. Thawj lub npe hu ua tus sauKev tshawb fawb txog kev hais lus, tau rov hais dua cov tswv yim hais txog kev ntseeg hauv tebchaws thiab pan-Turkism.

Olzhas yug hauv 1936 hauv tsev neeg ntawm tus tub ceev xwm qub. Tom qab kawm tiav los ntawm Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Geology thiab, tom qab ua hauj lwm rau ib co sij hawm nyob rau hauv nws tshwj xeeb, nws pib nws cov hauj lwm sau xov xwm thiab sau ntawv, rau npe nyob rau hauv ib tug sau ntawv nyob rau hauv Moscow. Nws thawj cov paj huam tau luam tawm xyoo 1959 hauv Literaturnaya Gazeta. Kev sau ntawv tau zoo tuaj rau Suleimenov ob xyoos tom qab ntawd, thaum nws zaj paj huam "Lub Ntiaj Teb, hneev rau tus txiv neej!", mob siab rau thawj zaug ya mus rau hauv qhov chaw, tau luam tawm.

Tom qab tso tawm ntau cov paj huam thiab cov dab neeg "Lub Xyoo ntawm Monkey" thiab "The Clay Book", ntawm lub ncov ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev nom kev tswv, xyoo 1975 nws tau sau cov ntawv sau "Az thiab kuv. Phau Ntawv Tus Neeg Nyeem Ntawv Zoo. " Nyob rau hauv nws, Suleimenov kos xim rau ntau qhov qiv los ntawm Turkic lus hauv Lavxias, tsim cov kev xav txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm Kazakhs thiab cov Sumerians thaum ub. Phau ntawv no ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam rau pej xeem, raug txwv, thiab nws tus kws sau ntawv raug txwv tsis pub tshaj tawm rau 8 xyoo. Nws txuas ntxiv txhim kho nws cov tswv yim thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, ua Tus Neeg Sawv Cev Hauv Tebchaws Kazakhstan rau UNESCO.

Ntawm kev sau ntawv muaj tswv yim

Cov qauv dav dav hauv kev loj hlob ntawm Kazakh cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau xyoo tsis ntev los no tau cuam tshuam nrog kev xav ntawm cov kws sau ntawv kom nkag siab txog Western postmodernism thiab siv cov ntawv no tau txais hauv lawv tus kheej txoj haujlwm. Cov kev paub zoo ntawm cov kws sau ntawv Kazakh raug soj ntsuam hauv txoj hauv kev tshiab. Kev txaus siab rau cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv raug thuam tau nce.

Nws yog qhov tsim nyog hais tias tam sim no muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv txheej txheem tsim nyob rau hauv Kazakhstan. Piv txwv li, muaj tej hauj lwm los ntawm Lavxias teb sab txawj sau ntawv ntawm txawv haiv neeg (Kazakhs, Koreans, Germans), raws li zoo raws li Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv ntawm Kazakhstan. Cov hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv Lavxias teb sab yog ib qho kev sau ntawv thawj zaug uas tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ntau haiv neeg. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem sau cov npe ntawm Rollan Seisenbaev, Bakhytzhan Kanapyanov, Alexander Kan, Satimzhan Sanbaev.

Ntau tus kws sau ntawv tshaj lij nrog lawv tus kheej kev kos duab tau paub rau ntau tus neeg nyeem tsis ntev dhau los: Elena Terskikh, Tigran Tuniyants, Aigerim Tazhi, Alexander Varsky thiab lwm tus.

Tus sau tiam 21

Hnub no, Kazakh cov ntaub ntawv tab tom txhim kho tag nrho raws li kev hloov pauv thoob ntiaj teb, suav nrog cov qauv niaj hnub thiab nws tus kheej muaj peev xwm. Yog tias peb ua cov ntawv sau luv luv ntawm cov kws sau ntawv niaj hnub uas tsim nyog tau txais kev mloog ntawm cov neeg nyeem, ces tsawg kawg ob lub npe yuav suav nrog hauv nws. Nov yog ob peb yam xwb.

Ilya Odegov. Prose writer thiab literary translator. Tus sau ntawm cov hauj lwm "Lub suab uas lub hnub nce" (2003), "Txhua Kev Hlub", "Tsis Muaj Ob Tug", "Timur thiab Nws Lub Caij Ntuj Sov". Tus yeej ntawm ntau yam khoom plig, tshwj xeeb, yog tus yeej ntawm kev sib tw sau ntawv "Lavxias nqi zog" thiab tus yeej ntawm "Modern Kazakh Novel" khoom plig.

Y Karina Sarsenova. Playwright, poetess, sau ntawv, screenwriter, psychologist. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yog tus tsim ntawm ib lub chaw tsim khoom loj tshaj plaws hauv Kazakhstan. Tus tswv cuab ntawm Union of Writers ntawm Russia thiablub taub hau ntawm Eurasian Creative Union. Tus tsim ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem tshiab - cov ntawv tseeb neoesoteric. Tus sau ntawm 19 tej hauj lwm luam tawm nyob rau hauv Russia, Kazakhstan, Tuam Tshoj, raws li zoo raws li zaj duab xis scripts thiab suab paj nruag.

Aigerim Tazhi. Poetess, tus sau phau ntawv "Vajtswv-O-WORDS", ntau cov ntawv luam tawm hauv kev sau ntawv hauv Russia, Europe, USA, Kazakhstan. Qhov kawg ntawm kev sau ntawv puav pheej "Debut" nyob rau hauv lub nomination "Poetry", laureate ntawm qhov puav pheej "Cov kauj ruam". Nws cov paj huam tau muab txhais ua Fab Kis, Lus Askiv thiab Armenian.

Ayan Kudaykulova. Ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab puas siab puas ntsws prose ("Nplhaib nrog carnelian", "Eiffel Tower"). Tom qab tso tawm nws qhov tshiab tshiab hauv xyoo 2011, ob peb xyoos nws tau los ua tus sau zoo tshaj plaws hauv Kazakhstan. Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog teeb meem ntawm tsev neeg thiab zej zog.

Ilmaz Nurgaliev. Tus kws sau ntawv tseeb. Tus tsim tiag tiag ntawm hom "Kazakh fantasy" nrog cov lus dab neeg tsis ncaj ncees, tus sau cov koob "Dastan thiab Arman".