Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin: biography, npe ntawm cov phau ntawv thiab nthuav qhov tseeb

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

87 xyoo ntawm tus txiv neej no lub neej muaj tag nrho lub sijhawm. Sawv los ntawm cov kab lis kev cai ntawm cov ntaub ntawv classical, nws sim xav txog hauv nws cov phau ntawv ib hom tshiab ntawm tus phab ej yug hauv cov xwm txheej sib txawv.

Zoo li kuv yog ib tug tub muaj peev xwm…

Nws yog tus menyuam yau tshaj plaws hauv tsev neeg loj ntawm tub rog ntaus suab paj nruag Alexander Abramovich Zilber, uas tau ua haujlwm hauv Omsk Infantry Regiment. Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin yug nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 1902, thaum ib tug loj tsev neeg nyob rau hauv Pskov rau ntau tshaj 5 xyoo. Tag nrho 6 tus me nyuam ntawm Zilbers tau txais txiaj ntsig, tom qab ntawd ncav cuag qhov siab tsis yog hauv suab paj nruag, tab sis kuj tseem nyob hauv kev tshawb fawb. Yog li ntawd, Alexander tau los ua ib tug tseem ceeb composer thiab neeg xyuas pib, uas tom qab ntawd coj lub pseudonym Ruchiov. Elena yog ib tug kws kho suab paj nruag, Lev yog tus tsim ntawm tag nrho lub tsev kawm ntawv tshawb fawb ntawm Soviet kho mob virology.

Cov me nyuam ntawm Kapellmeister Zilber tshuav ntau npaum li cas rau lawv niam, Anna Grigoryevna, rau kev sib zog ntawm lawv cov kev txawj ntse thiab cov khoom muaj tswv yim rau lub neej yav tom ntej. Nws yog ib tug pianist, kawm tiav ntawm Moscow Conservatory, nrog ib tug zoo kev kawm ntawv thiab broad-mindedness, uas ua rau lawv lub tsev yog ib tug nrov kev sib tham qhov chaw rau cov hluas ntawm lub xeev Pskov. Nws pom tseeb tias nws tau nyob hauv nws lub zog uas yav tom ntej tus kws sau ntawv tau nyiam nyeem sai sai.

Tus kws sau ntawv nyiam - Stevenson

Nws tau dhau los ua phau ntawv nqos tiag tiag, noj ntau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ntau yam xwm txheej: cov dab neeg los ntawm Andersen thiab Perrault, cov phau ntawv los ntawm Dickens thiab Victor Hugo, ua hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab classics, taug txuj kev nyuaj dab neeg los ntawm Fenimore Cooper thiab Aymar, cov dab neeg hais txog Sherlock Holmes thiab tabloids txog cov tub sab noble thiab detectives. Raws li Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin tom qab rov qab los, nws tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyiam Robert Stevenson, uas ntaus nws nrog nws lub peev xwm los ntes cov xim tsis muaj kab, los ntawm "lub zog ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov lus uas ua rau muaj kev ua txuj ci tseem ceeb."

Ntxiv rau tus niam, uas tau mob siab rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov menyuam yaus, tus tij laug Leo yog ib txoj cai zoo rau tus tub. Tus neeg uas muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau kev tsim cov kev nyiam ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv yav tom ntej thiab ua rau nws muaj kev mob siab rau cov ntaub ntawv tiag tiag yog Lev tus phooj ywg thiab cov phooj ywg hauv chav kawm - Yuri Tynyanov - tom qab muaj npe nrov sau ntawv thuam thiab sau ntawv, tus sau ntawm "Lieutenant Kizhe", "Kyukhli" thiab "Kev Tuag ntawm Vazir-Mukhtar". Tynyanov tau ntev los ua ib tug phooj ywg tiag tiag thiabrau Kaverin. Nws yog qhov nthuav tias tom qab ntawd nws tau sib yuav tus muam ntawm Leo thiab Venya - Elena, thiab Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin nws tus kheej tau sib yuav tag nrho nws lub neej ntev rau Tynyanov tus muam - Lydia Nikolaevna.

Nws universities

Thaum nws kawm ntawm Pskov lub xeev gymnasium, qhov chaw uas nws siv sijhawm 6 xyoo, qhov teeb meem nkaus xwb rau Kaverin yog lej. Txij li thaum lub gymnasium, nws tau sim sau paj huam, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawd ib yam nkaus rau cov tub hluas nrog ib tug humanitarian mindset.

Kaverin thaum yau tau xaus rau xyoo 1918 tom qab kev ntes ntawm Pskov los ntawm cov tub rog German, thiab nws kawm tiav high school nyob rau hauv Moscow. Nyob ntawd nws mus kawm ntawv qib siab. Tom qab ntawd nws tsiv mus rau lub peev - Petrograd. Nyob ntawd, los ntawm Tynyanov, nws tau los ua ze rau ntau tus kws sau ntawv nto moo - V. Shklovsky, E. Schwartz, Vs. Ivanov thiab lwm tus, Kaverin kuj npau suav ntawm kev kawm ntawv nyeem, nyob rau hauv particular versification. Veniamin Alexandrovich, uas nws biography nws thiaj li los ua ib tug piv txwv ntawm selfless kev pab cuam rau Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, tau txais thawj hnyav kev kawm nyob rau hauv txoj kev. Osip Mandelstam tau ua pov thawj nws tus kheej ua phem tshaj plaws hauv kev cuam tshuam nrog nws cov paj huam: "Cov paj huam yuav tsum raug tiv thaiv los ntawm cov neeg zoo li koj!".

Cov paj huam dhau lawm, thiab Kaverin txiav txim siab muab nws tus kheej rau kev tshawb fawb. Nws nkag mus rau hauv keeb kwm department ntawm Petrograd University thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lub Arabic department ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Living Oriental Languages.

thawj qhov kev paub ntawm tus kws sau ntawv

Thiab tseem, Kaverin tsis yog lub hom phiaj los kov yeej qhov kev ntshaw rau kev sau ntawv. Ib hnub tom qab kev xeem txoj kev xavLobachevsky, nws pom ib daim ntawv tshaj tawm txog kev sib tw sau ntawv uas tuav los ntawm Tsev Neeg Sau Ntawv. Kaum feeb uas txoj kev mus rau lub tsev coj, Kaverin tom qab ntawd hu ua txoj hmoo, uas txiav txim siab lub ntsiab ntawm nws lub neej. Nws txiav txim siab hloov mus rau prose thiab xav txog nws zaj dab neeg, uas nws yuav nkag mus rau kev sib tw nrog.

Kaverin thawj qhov kev sim hais lus, hu ua "Lub Kaum Ib Hlis Axiom", tsuas yog tau txais txiaj ntsig thib peb. Tus nqi ntawm 3,000 rubles tsuas yog txaus rau 6 toffees - qhov no yog li cas cov nyiaj depreciated xyoo 1920, tab sis qhov no yog nws thawj tus nqi sau ntawv, nws thawj kev sau ntawv zoo. Kaverin nco ntsoov nws. Veniamin Alexandrovich - biography, ib daim ntawv teev cov phau ntawv luam tawm nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, yog cov pov thawj ntawm kev txaus siab ntawm nws cov hauj lwm thiab txuj ci - mus txog rau thaum kawg ntawm nws hnub nws nco qab txog rau toffees.

Nkauj Ntseeg Vaajtswv

Lub Ob Hlis 1, 1921, thawj lub rooj sib tham ntawm lub voj voog kev sau ntawv, hu ua Serapion Brothers, tau tshwm sim. Ntau tus "sympathizers" thiab cov neeg xav zoo li tom qab tau koom nrog hauv cov rooj sib tham, tab sis cov canonical muaj pes tsawg leeg tsis tu ncua: Lev Lunts, Mikhail Zoshchenko, Ilya Gruzdev, Nikolai Nikitin, Elena Polonskaya, Nikolai Tikhonov, Vsevolod Ivanov, Mikhail Slonimsky, Konstantin F. Kaverin tau los ua ib tus tswv cuab tas mus li ntawm lub koom haum. Veniamin Alexandrovich, uas nws tej hauj lwm pib tshwm tsis tu ncua nyob rau hauv xovxwm los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd, nquag koom nyob rau hauv lub rooj sib tham. Nws tseem ua siab ncaj rau "kwv tij" thiab cov ntsiab lus muaj tswv yim tshaj tawm los ntawm nws mus txog thaum kawg - Kaverin thiab ib nrab xyoo tom qab ua kev zoo siab rau qhov pib ntawm "Serapion chronology" - Lub Ob Hlis 1 - yog hnub so tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.

Thiab cov ntsiab cai no tau dhau sijhawm. Lub npe heev, qiv los ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm lub voj voog los ntawm kev sau cov dab neeg luv luv los ntawm classic ntawm German romanticism Ernest Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann, tau hais txog kev ua tsis ncaj ncees. Cov ntawv sau no tau hais txog kev sau ntawv hauv zej zog, muaj npe tom qab cov lus dab neeg Christian hermit thiab ascetic Serapion, thiab kev tshaj tawm ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm kev sau ntawv, nws qhov zoo, tsis suav nrog kev xav hauv ntiaj teb thiab kev xav ntawm tus neeg sau, yuav luag ib qho kev npau taws hauv lub xyoo peb ntawm lub hwj chim Soviet.

Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws

Tsis ntev, cov "kwv tij" lawv tus kheej tau pom tseeb qhov tsis ncaj ncees ntawm lawv txoj kev txhawb siab. Ideological sib txawv ntawm lawv pib tshwm sim lawv tus kheej ntau thiab ntau kom meej meej. "Westerners" - Lunts, Kaverin, Slonimsky - muab zajlus, adventurous hom ntawv saum toj no lwm tus, "sab hnub tuaj tis" - M. Zoshchenko, Vs. Ivanov - gravitated rau cov lus piav qhia ntawm lub neej siv cov lus dab neeg motifs. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb thaum xub thawj tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev khaws cia ntawm kev muaj tswv yim thiab kev sib koom ua phooj ywg, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm kev thuam thiab xwm txheej hauv lub neej, nws tau poob zoo ib yam.

Sijhawm tawg ntho "cov kwv tij" ntawm ntau sab, ua rau qee tus thawj coj tawm tsam. Lunts tuag tragically thaum ntxov xyoo 1924; Ivanov, Slonimsky, Nikitin pib mob siab rau hu nkauj cov kev tawm tsam ntawm kev tawm tsam; Tikhonov thiab Fedin tom qab ntawd tau tuav txoj haujlwm ua thawj coj hauv Lub Koom Haum Sau Ntawv ntawm USSR, ua nruj ua tsiv mus rau tog kab, tsis muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Thaum, tom qab xyoo 1946, nyob rau hauv lub zog siab ntawm lub cev muaj tswv yim,Zoshchenko, tsuas yog ib qho ntawm "Serapion cov kwv tij" txhawb nqa nws thiab tuav kev sib raug zoo nrog nws - Veniamin Kaverin. Thaum kawg nws tau rhuav tshem kev sib raug zoo nrog Fedin, thaum xyoo 1968 nws tsis tso cai luam tawm ntawm Solzhenitsyn's Cancer Ward.

Ua haujlwm hnyav thiab kev cog lus

Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm "Serapion", tus tsim ntawm proletarian cov ntaub ntawv, Maxim Gorky, tau sau tseg tias ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau txawj sau ntawv ntawm cov hluas tiam yog Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin. "Ob tus thawj coj" (1940-1945) - ib tug tshiab uas tus sau lub npe yog feem ntau tus neeg - yog rumored heev nrog Stalin, thiab nws pom zoo rau Kaverin lub puav pheej nyob rau hauv 1946 nrog lub Stalin nqi zog, tom qab tso tawm ntawm ob phau ntawv hais txog. Adventures ntawm Sanya Grigoriev. Wish Fulfilment (1935-1936) thiab Qhib Phau Ntawv (1953-1956) nyiam qhov chaw zoo. Thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog, Kaverin nquag ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Northern Fleet, uas nws tau txais qhov Order of the Red Star.

Tej zaum tag nrho qhov no tau pab Kaverin zam kev tsim txom zoo ib yam li cov neeg raug kev txom nyem los ntawm nws tus tij laug Leo, uas tau ua ntau yam ntawm nws txoj kev kawm hauv thaj tsam ntawm virology thaum nyob hauv camps. Ib tsab ntawv rau Stalin thov kom nws tso tawm kuj tau kos npe los ntawm Kaverin. Kev thuam raug cai pheej rov poob rau tus kws sau ntawv, liam nws cov phau ntawv ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees thiab kev lom zem.

Txawm li cas los xij, tus kws sau ntawv tsis ntxeev siab rau nws txoj kev ntseeg. Nws tau koom nrog kev tshaj tawm ntawm anthology "Literary Moscow" (1956), txwv tsis pub los ntawm tog tub ceev xwm. Kaverin tshaj tawm tsis kam koom nrog kev thab plaubBoris Pasternak nyob rau hauv 1958, sau ib tsab ntawv nyob rau hauv tiv thaiv ntawm Daniel thiab Sinyavsky, tawm tsam rau luam tawm cov phau ntawv los ntawm M. Bulgakov thiab A. Solzhenitsyn.

Keeb kwm ntawm tus kws sau ntawv thiab tus txiv neej

Tej zaum nws yooj yim dua rau cov tub ceev xwm los txiav txim siab nws tus kws sau ntawv lub rooj zaum uas tsis cuam tshuam loj rau kev nco qab thiab tib neeg lub siab ntawm cov neeg nyeem. Tab sis qhov kev xav zoo li no tsis tuaj yeem suav tias yog kev ntseeg siab, muab qhov ntim thiab qhov zoo ntawm Kaverin cov ntawv sau.

"Ob Tus Thawj Tub" tau luam tawm ntau dua 70 zaug thaum lub neej ntawm tus kws sau ntawv, lawv thiab "Open Book" tau rov ua dua. Kev nyeem ntawv cov neeg paub xws li "Brawler, lossis Hmo Ntuj ntawm Vasilyevsky Island" (1928), "Unknown Friend" (1957), "Seven Pairs of Unan" (1962), "Double Portrait" (1963), "O. Senkovsky (Baron Brambeus)" (1929, 1964), "Hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm daim iav" (1972), thiab lwm yam.

Nws yog tus sau ntau zaj dab neeg thiab sau ntawv, ntau ntau zaj dab neeg me nyuam yaus. Nws cov memoirs tau tso lub cim tshwj xeeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog phau ntawv "Epilogue" (1979-1989), ntawm cov ntawv sau uas nws tau ua haujlwm txog lub sijhawm kawg, ua ntej nws tawm mus, uas tshwm sim thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1989. Tab sis txawm tias cov ntim no tsis tuaj yeem qhia txhua yam txog lub neej ntawm Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin. Daim duab tseeb ntawm tus kws sau ntawv thiab tus neeg no tau khaws cia rau hauv lub cim xeeb thiab kev nco txog ntawm cov neeg niaj hnub xyoo kaum xyoo tom qab, thiab qhov ntsuas ntawm nws lub peev xwm, raws li ntau tus neeg sau ntawv thiab cov neeg nyeem ntawv sau tseg, tseem tsis tau muaj txiaj ntsig tiag tiag.