Malevich ua haujlwm los ntawm xyoo: piav qhia, duab

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Malevich cov haujlwm yog ib qho ntawm cov yeeb yam zoo nkauj tshaj plaws ntawm cov duab kos duab niaj hnub no. Tus tsim ntawm Suprematism, tus kws kos duab Lavxias thiab Soviet tau nkag mus rau keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb kos duab nrog cov duab "Black Square", tab sis nws txoj haujlwm tsis txwv rau txoj haujlwm no. Txhua haiv neeg yuav tsum paub txog tej hauj lwm nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm tus kws kos duab.

Tus kws qhia ntawv thiab tus kws ua haujlwm ntawm kev kawm txuj ci

Malevich cov haujlwm qhia meej meej txog lub xeev ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv zej zog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Tus kws kos duab nws tus kheej yug hauv Kyiv xyoo 1879.

Raws li nws tus kheej cov dab neeg hauv nws phau ntawv keeb kwm, tus kws kos duab pej xeem tau nthuav tawm hauv Kursk xyoo 1898, txawm tias tsis muaj pov thawj ntawm qhov no tau pom.

Xyoo 1905 nws tau sim nkag mus rau Moscow Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Painting, Sculpture thiab Architecture. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tau txais. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, Malevich muaj ib tsev neeg nyob rau hauv Kursk - nws tus poj niam Kazimir Zgleits thiab cov me nyuam. Muaj kev sib cais hauv lawv tus kheej lub neej, yog li ntawd, tsis muaj npe, Malevich tsis xav rov qab mus rau Kursk. Tus kws kos duab tau nyob hauv Lefortovo hauv kev sib tham kos duab. Kwv yees li 300 tus masters ntawm painting nyob hauv lub tsev loj ntawm tus kws kos duab Kurdyumov. Malevich nyob hauv lub zej zog tau rau lub hlis, tab sis txawm tias tus nqi qis heev,rau lub hlis tom qab cov nyiaj tau ploj mus, nws tseem yuav tsum rov qab mus rau Kursk.

Malevich thaum kawg tsiv mus rau Moscow nkaus xwb nyob rau hauv 1907. Mus koom cov chav kawm ntawm tus kws kos duab Fyodor Rerberg. Nyob rau hauv 1910 nws pib koom nyob rau hauv exhibitions ntawm lub tswv yim koom haum ntawm lub thaum ntxov avant-garde "Jack ntawm Diamonds". Cov duab pib tshwm sim uas ua rau nws muaj koob meej thoob ntiaj teb thiab kev lees paub.

Suprematist composition

Nyob rau xyoo 1916, Malevich txoj haujlwm twb paub zoo heev hauv lub peev. Lub sijhawm ntawd, "Suprematist Composition" tshwm sim. Nws yog pleev xim rau hauv cov roj ntawm canvas. Xyoo 2008, nws tau muag ntawm Sotheby's rau $ 60 lab.

Nws tau muab tso rau auction los ntawm tus kws ua yeeb yam qub txeeg qub teg. Xyoo 1927, nws tau nthuav tawm ntawm kev nthuav qhia hauv Berlin.

Thaum qhib lub chav ua yeeb yam, nws tau sawv cev los ntawm Malevich nws tus kheej, tab sis tsis ntev nws yuav tsum tau rov qab los, vim tias cov tub ceev xwm Soviet tsis txuas nws cov vixaj txawv tebchaws. Nws yuav tsum tawm txhua txoj haujlwm. Muaj li ntawm 70 tus ntawm lawv, German kws kes duab vajtse Hugo Hering tau raug xaiv los ua lub luag haujlwm. Malevich xav tias yuav rov qab los rau cov duab kos rau yav tom ntej, tab sis nws yeej tsis raug tso tawm txawv teb chaws.

Ua ntej nws tuag, Hering tau pauv tag nrho cov haujlwm ntawm Malevich, uas nws tau khaws cia rau ntau xyoo, mus rau Amsterdam City Tsev khaws puav pheej (tseem hu ua Steleleik Tsev khaws puav pheej). Hering tau nkag mus rau hauv ib qho kev pom zoo, raws li uas txhua txhua xyoo rau 12 xyoo lub tsev khaws puav pheej yuav tsum tau them rau nws ib tug tej yam nqi. Thaum kawg, tam sim ntawd tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse, nws cov txheeb ze, uas tsimqub txeeg qub teg, tau txais tag nrho cov nyiaj ntawm ib lub sij hawm. Yog li, "Suprematist Composition" tau xaus rau hauv cov nyiaj ntawm Amsterdam City Tsev khaws puav pheej.

Malevich cov qub txeeg qub teg tau sim rov qab cov duab no txij li xyoo 70s ntawm lub xyoo pua XX. Tab sis lawv ua tsis tau tiav.

Tsuas yog xyoo 2002, 14 cov haujlwm los ntawm Amsterdam Tsev khaws puav pheej tau nthuav tawm ntawm qhov kev nthuav qhia "Kazimir Malevich. Suprematism". Nws tau tuav ntawm Guggenheim Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Malevich cov qub txeeg qub teg, ib txhia ntawm cov neeg Amelikas, tau foob foob lub tsev khaws puav pheej Dutch. Kev tswj hwm ntawm lub tsev cia puav pheej pom zoo rau kev pom zoo ua ntej mus sib hais. Raws li nws cov txiaj ntsig, 5 ntawm 36 daim duab kos duab los ntawm tus kws kos duab tau rov qab los rau nws cov xeeb ntxwv. Rov qab los, cov qub txeeg qub teg zam kev thov ntxiv.

daim duab no tseem yog daim duab kim tshaj plaws los ntawm tus kws kos duab Lavxias uas tau muag ntawm kev sib tw.

Black Square

"Black Square" los ntawm Malevich yog ib qho ntawm nws cov kev sib tham tshaj plaws. Nws yog ib feem ntawm tus kws kos duab lub voj voog ntawm kev ua haujlwm rau Suprematism. Nyob rau hauv nws, nws tshawb txog qhov yooj yim muaj peev xwm ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab lub teeb. Ntxiv rau qhov square, qhov triptych no muaj cov duab "Black Cross" thiab "Black Circle".

Malevich pleev xim rau daim duab xyoo 1915. Cov hauj lwm tau ua rau qhov kawg exhibition ntawm futurists. Cov hauj lwm ntawm Malevich nyob rau hauv lub exhibition "0, 10" nyob rau hauv 1915 tau tshaj tawm, raws li lawv hais, nyob rau hauv lub "liab ces kaum". Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas lub cim ib txwm dai nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab huts, lub Dub Square nyob. Qhov mysterious tshaj plaws thiab txaus ntshai tshaj plawspainting nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab painting.

Peb qhov tseem ceeb Suprematist cov ntaub ntawv - ib lub xwmfab, ntoo khaub lig thiab lub voj voog, hauv txoj kev xav ntawm kev kos duab tau suav tias yog cov qauv uas txhawb nqa qhov teeb meem ntawm tag nrho Suprematist system. Nws yog los ntawm lawv cov ntawv Suprematist tshiab twb tau yug los rau yav tom ntej.

Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm tus kws kos duab ua haujlwm tau rov sim nrhiav cov qauv qub ntawm cov duab kos, uas yuav nyob hauv qab txheej xim sab saum toj. Yog li, xyoo 2015, x-ray tau ua. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws muaj peev xwm cais ob cov duab xim ntxiv, uas nyob ntawm tib lub canvas. Thaum pib, lub cubo-futuristic muaj pes tsawg leeg tau kos, thiab saum toj no nws kuj yog proto-Suprematist ib. Tsuas yog tom qab ntawd lub square dub tau sau txhua yam.

Tsis tas li, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tswj xyuas cov ntawv sau uas tus kws kos duab tso rau ntawm daim ntaub. Cov no yog cov lus "Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Negroes nyob rau hauv lub qhov tsua tsaus", uas xa mus rau art connoisseurs mus rau lub nto moo monochrome ua hauj lwm ntawm Alphonse Allais, uas nws tsim nyob rau hauv 1882.

Nws tsis yog coincidence uas lub npe ntawm lub exhibition, uas qhia cov hauj lwm ntawm Malevich. Cov duab los ntawm vernissage tseem tuaj yeem pom hauv cov ntawv qub qub thiab cov ntawv xov xwm ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Lub xub ntiag ntawm tus lej 10 qhia txog cov neeg tuaj koom xav tau los ntawm cov koom haum. Tab sis xoom tau hais tias "Black Square" yuav nthuav tawm, uas, raws li tus sau lub hom phiaj, yuav txo txhua yam mus rau xoom.

3 squares

Dhau li ntawm "Black Square" hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Malevich muaj ntau ntau ntawm cov duab geometric. Thiab "Black Square" nws tus kheej yog thawj zaugdaim duab peb sab yooj yim. Nws tsis muaj lub kaum sab xis nruj. Yog li ntawd, los ntawm qhov pom ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb geometry, nws yog plaub fab, thiab tsis yog square. Art historians nco ntsoov tias tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tsis yog qhov tsis saib xyuas ntawm tus sau, tab sis yog txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb. Malevich nrhiav los tsim ib daim ntawv zoo tshaj plaws uas yuav ua tau zoo heev thiab txawb.

Tseem muaj ob txoj haujlwm ntxiv los ntawm Malevich - squares. Cov no yog "Red Square" thiab "White Square". Cov painting "Liab Square" tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub exhibition ntawm avant-garde ntxias "0, 10". Dawb Square tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1918. Lub sijhawm ntawd, Malevich cov haujlwm, cov duab uas tuaj yeem pom hauv cov ntawv nyeem kos duab niaj hnub no, tau mus txog theem ntawm "dawb" lub sijhawm ntawm Suprematism.

Mystical Suprematism

Los ntawm 1920 txog 1922 Malevich ua haujlwm ntawm daim duab "Mystical Suprematism". Nws tseem hu ua "Black Cross on a Red Oval". Lub canvas yog pleev xim rau hauv cov roj ntawm canvas. Nws kuj tau muag ntawm Sotheby's rau ze li $37,000.

Los ntawm thiab loj, daim ntaub no rov ua txoj hmoo ntawm "Suprematist kev tsim kho", uas twb tau hais lawm. Nws kuj tau xaus rau hauv cov khoom sau ntawm Amsterdam Tsev khaws puav pheej, thiab tsuas yog tom qab kev thov rov hais dua ntawm Malevich cov qub txeeg qub teg rau lub tsev hais plaub, lawv tau tswj hwm kom tau txais tsawg kawg ib feem ntawm cov duab.

Suprematism. 18 design

Malevich cov haujlwm, cov duab nrog cov npe uas tuaj yeem pom hauv ib qho twgphau ntawv qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm kev kos duab, ntxim nyiam thiab nyiam mloog.

Lwm qhov nthuav dav canvas yog daim duab "Suprematism. 18 tsim", pleev xim rau xyoo 1915. Nws tau muag ntawm Sotheby's hauv 2015 rau ze li $ 34 lab. Nws kuj tau xaus rau hauv tes ntawm tus kws kos duab qub txeeg qub teg tom qab kev foob nrog Amsterdam City Tsev khaws puav pheej.

Lwm cov duab uas Dutch tau faib nrog yog "Suprematism: Painterly Realism of a Football Player. Colorful Masses in the fourth Dimension". Nws nrhiav tau nws tus tswv hauv xyoo 2011. Nws tau yuav los ntawm Art Institute of Chicago rau ib qho nyiaj uas nws tsis xav qhia tawm rau pej xeem. Tab sis cov hauj lwm ntawm 1913 - "Desk thiab Room" yuav pom nyob rau hauv ib tug loj exhibition ntawm Malevich nyob rau hauv lub Tate Gallery nyob rau hauv Madrid. Ntxiv mus, daim duab tau nthuav tawm tsis qhia npe. Qhov uas cov koom haum muaj nyob rau hauv lub siab yog tsis meej. Tseeb, nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas tus tswv tiag tiag ntawm lub canvas xav kom nyob twj ywm incognito, lawv tshaj tawm tias cov duab yog nyob rau hauv ib tug private collection. Ntawm no, cov lus sib txawv yog siv.

Suprematist composition

Malevich cov hauj lwm, cov lus piav qhia uas koj yuav pom nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no, yuav muab rau koj ib tug ncaj ncees tiav thiab meej lub tswv yim ntawm nws txoj hauj lwm. Piv txwv li, painting "Suprematist composition" yog tsim nyob rau hauv 1919-1920. Xyoo 2000, nws tau muag ntawm Phillips auction rau $ 17 lab.

Daim duab no, tsis zoo li cov yav dhau los, tom qab Malevich tawm Berlin mus rau Soviet Union, tseem nyob hauvLub teb chaws Yelemees. Alfred Barr, tus thawj coj ntawm New York Museum of Modern Art, coj nws mus rau Tebchaws Meskas hauv xyoo 1935. Rau 20 xyoo nws tau nthuav tawm hauv Tebchaws Meskas ua ib feem ntawm Cubism thiab Abstract Art exhibition. Qhov tseeb yog tias daim duab yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm sai sai - nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd cov Nazis los rau lub hwj chim, Malevich txoj hauj lwm poob ntawm kev txaus siab. Nws cov Nazi superiors xa mus rau cov qauv ntawm "degenerate art". Thaum xub thawj, tus thawj coj ntawm Hannover Tsev khaws puav pheej tau zais cov duab hauv qab daus, thiab tom qab ntawd muab nws zais cia rau Barr, uas coj cov haujlwm tsis muaj nqi rau Tebchaws Meskas.

Nyob rau xyoo 1999, New York Tsev khaws puav pheej tau xa rov qab cov duab no thiab ntau yam ntawm nws cov duab kos rau Malevich cov qub txeeg qub teg.

Tus kws kos duab tus kheej

Xyoo 1910, Malevich tau pleev xim rau nws tus kheej-portrait. Nov yog ib qho ntawm peb ntawm nws tus kheej-portraits pleev xim rau lub sijhawm no. Nws paub zoo tias ob qho tib si yog khaws cia hauv lub tsev khaws puav pheej hauv tebchaws. Koj tuaj yeem pom cov haujlwm no los ntawm Malevich hauv Tretyakov Gallery.

Tus thib peb tus kheej tau muag ntawm kev sib tw. Thaum pib, nws yog nyob rau hauv tus kheej sau ntawm George Costakis. Xyoo 2004, ntawm Christie qhov kev sib tw hauv London, tus kheej-portrait pom nws tus tswv rau £ 162,000 xwb. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no 35 xyoo nws tus nqi tau nce li ntawm 35 npaug. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 2015, cov duab raug muag ntawm Sotheby's rau yuav luag $ 9 lab. Tseeb tiag, kev nqis peev uas muaj txiaj ntsig.

Tsev neeg ua teb

Yog koj ntsuasMalevich txoj haujlwm ntau xyoo, nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau ib qho kev sib txawv uas yuav taug qab nws txoj haujlwm tau tsim kho li cas.

Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm qhov no yog daim duab "Lub Taub Hau Neeg Ua Haujlwm", pleev xim rau xyoo 1911. Hauv 2014, ntawm Sotheby's auction hauv London, nws tau mus rau hauv qab rauj rau $ 3.5 lab.

Thawj zaug, cov pej xeem pom cov duab no los ntawm Malevich hauv xyoo 1912 ntawm Donkey's Tail exhibition, uas tau tsim los ntawm Natalia Goncharova thiab Mikhail Larionov. Tom qab ntawd, nws tau koom nrog Berlin exhibition ntawm 1927. Tom qab ntawd Malevich nws tus kheej tau nthuav tawm rau Hugo Hering. Twb yog los ntawm nws nws dhau los ntawm qub txeeg qub teg rau nws tus poj niam thiab tus ntxhais. Hering cov qub txeeg qub teg muag cov duab tsuas yog xyoo 1975, tom qab nws tuag.

In the Russian Museum

Malevich cov haujlwm hauv Lavxias Tsev khaws puav pheej tau nthuav tawm dav heev. Ntawm no, tej zaum, yog qhov kev sau ntau tshaj plaws ntawm nws tej hauj lwm. Txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus hloov kho no thiab tus kws qhia ntawv raug kho nrog kev hwm, nws cov canvases tau muab qhov chaw muaj koob meej tshaj plaws.

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, cov nyiaj ntawm Lavxias teb sab Tsev khaws puav pheej niaj hnub no muaj txog 100 paintings, ntxiv rau yam tsawg kawg yog 40 daim duab. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv nrog cov hnub tshiab. Muaj tseeb dua. Lub uniqueness ntawm cov sau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Tsev khaws puav pheej nyob rau hauv lub fact tias tsis yog ib tug ntau ntawm tej hauj lwm, lawv kuj npog lub widest ntau yam ntawm nws ua hauj lwm. Ob qho tib si thaum ntxov, xyaum ua thawj qhov kev sim hauv kev pleev xim, thiab cov duab tiag tiag tau nthuav tawm, uas ib tus tsis tuaj yeem paub txog tus txhuam ntawm tus kws kos duab uas pleev xim rau Dub Square.

Kev tuag ntawm tus kws kos duab

Kazimir Malevich tuag hauv Leningrad xyoo 1935. Raws li nws lub siab nyiam, lub cev tau muab tso rau hauv lub hleb Suprematist, uas yog ib tug ntoo khaub lig nrog outstretched caj npab, thiab cremated.