Italian mem hluav: keeb kwm, txoj hauv kev tsim, ua haujlwm

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Italian mem hluav lossis dub chalk yog ib hom kev pleev xim. Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv portraits, thiab rau depicting liab qab tib neeg xwm.

Muab faib ua peb qib hardness: mos, nruab nrab thiab nyuaj.

History of Creation

Cov cwj mem Italian tau paub dav txij li xyoo pua 15th, tab sis ua ntej nws tau siv nyob rau hauv trecento era (14th caug xyoo). Nws yog hu ua nyob rau hauv no txoj kev tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Russia. Txhua qhov chaw cov khoom muaj lub npe txawv - "dub chalk".

Nyob hauv cov ntaub ntawv "Book of Art" los ntawm tus kws kos duab Cennino Cennini los ntawm 1437, ib lub pob zeb tau hais, uas nws tuaj yeem ua tau zoo li cov thee. Nws pom qee yam khoom tshwj xeeb rau kev kos duab, tau txais hauv Piedmont (Ltalis). Raws li Cennino Cennini, lub pob zeb no yog mos heev uas nws tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev ua kom nws nrog rab riam.

Tom qab kev tshawb pom ntawm qhov tso nyiaj, cov mem hluav Italian sai sai tau lub siab ntawm tus tswv thiab tau muaj nyob hauv txhua lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe. Tab sis, hmoov tsis, nws cov reserves sai sai qhuav, raws li tshwm sim nrog graphite. Tshiab vaults ntawm dub chalk tau pom nyob rau hauv Thuringia thiab Andalusia.

Florence thiab Rome tau ua raws li cov qauv nruj ntawm kev kos duab, yog li lawv tau zoo heev txog cov cwj mem tshiab, uas tsis tuaj yeem hais txog Lombardy, qhov chaw lawv tau ntsib kev txaus siab rau nws.

Italian mem hluav: lub ntsiab lus thiab yam ntxwv

Cov cuab yeej uas tus kws kos duab Cennino Cennini pom rau kev pleev xim rau ntawm daim ntaub tig tawm los ua cov shale dub.

Dub chalk hloov cov hmoov lead thiab nyiaj xaum. Raws li cov cib fim uas tau tshwm sim, ua tsaug rau cov khoom tshiab ntawm cov cuab yeej uas tau tshwm sim, tau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm ob qho tib si zam thiab ntau hom hauv kev kos duab:

• daim duab tau dhau los ua dawb;
• suab nrov thiab ntim tau ntau dua;
• cov qauv me tau hloov los ntawm cov loj;
• clear drawing style tsiv mus rau ib tug ntau vague saib;
• qhov tseem ceeb tam sim no tsis yog nyob ntawm kab, tab sis ntawm chiaroscuro;
• cov kws kos duab pib nyiam ua haujlwm nrog cov xim, yog li qhib kev muaj peev xwm ntau hauv kev kos duab.

Dub chalk los hauv cov cwj mem dawb thiab muaj xim sib sib zog nqus velvety tsaus xim. Cov khoom sib xyaw yooj yim heev ntawm daim ntawv.

Production

Cov cwj mem Italian tau tsim tawm ntau txoj hauv kev, raws li cov zaub mov txawv. Thawj suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv xws li cov pob txha hlawv hmoov thiab zaub kua nplaum, uas tau tuav ua ke.

Ces Fab Kis thiaj nrhiav tau lwm txoj kevformations ntawm dub chalk: lawv sib tov dawb av nplaum nrog teeb dub. Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog lub invented daim ntawv qhia, ib hom tshiab cwj mem tshwm - Fabkis, los yog Parisian.

Tam sim no Italian mem hluav yog tsim los ntawm:

• daim ntawm cov thee thiab soot, fastened nrog kua nplaum los yog sib tov ntawm carbon dub;
• graphite;
• starch;
• gypsum.

Recipe

Yuav kom tau chalk dub, tus tswv yuav xav tau:

• ib daim graphite;
• ib feem ntawm carbon dub;
• ib feem nruab nrab dub carbon;
• kaum peb daim ntawm plaster;
• xya daim ntawm cov khoom sib txuas (carbon dub lossis kua nplaum).

Txhua yam khoom muaj txiaj ntsig hauv av, ua rau hauv lub zeb colloid. Tom ntej no, cov xaum duab plaub raug nias los ntawm qhov sib xyaw ua ke thiab singeed ntawm qhov kub ntawm 150-250 degrees rau li ob mus rau plaub teev. Lub hardness ntawm tus cwj mem Italian yuav nyob ntawm lub sijhawm tua.

Tus tswv loj tshaj

Qee tus tswv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov chalk dub yog cov neeg pleev kob Hans Holbein (junior) thiab Fabkis cov cwj mem portrait xws li Prudhon thiab Clouet. Nws kuj yog tus tswv ntawm Leonardo da Vinci, Tintoretto, Rubens, Bakst, Serov thiab lwm tus, uas nws cov npe tuaj yeem sau tau ntev.

Holbein's Italian mem hluav kos duab nthuav tawm qhov pom tseeb, pom tseeb, thiab tib lub sijhawm pom qhov muag ntawm cov hlab ntsha ntawm daim ntawv.

Cov haujlwm ntawm Fabkis cov kws kos duab tau txaussib txawv. Yog li, Clouet txoj kev sau ntawv tau txawv ntawm qhov zoo nkauj, sophistication thiab lightness.

Master Lanyo txoj kab yog denser thiab rougher.

Nws yog qhov txaus nyiam ua si nrog cwj mem thiab Tintoretto, uas tau siv los ua kom muaj zog, lossis luv luv ntawm cov duab sib npaug, lossis txiav tawm cov kab.

Tus kws kos duab xyoo pua 19 Prudhon Pierre Paul tsim cov duab mos mos siv cov chalk dub.

Cov Lus Tseeb Tseem Ceeb

Cov cwj mem kos duab Italian tuaj yeem ua ob txoj hauv kev:

natural - muaj cov shale dub (slate pob zeb);

khoom cuav - cov ntaub ntawv raug khi nrog cov kua nplaum (Fabkis mem hluav)

xaum kawg (Fabkis) tsuas yog kos rau ntawm daim ntawv tuab uas tuaj yeem tiv taus txoj kev sib txhuam ntev yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau saum npoo. Cov cwj mem yuav tsum tau siv nrog kev mob stroke thiab rubbed rau ntawm daim ntawv nrog kev pab los ntawm cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb: rags, hnab looj tes tawv, cov paj rwb dawb, lossis nrog kev koom tes ntawm classic version - tus ntiv tes.

Ciav, cov pos hniav lossis nag (cov roj hmab tsaus nti hauv cov roj av, turpentine lossis kerosene, uas muaj cov khoom muag thiab nplaum) yog qhov zoo rau kev kho qhov yuam kev.

Thaum ua haujlwm ntawm daim ntawv suab, chalk lossis xim dawb yog siv rau hauv thaj chaw teeb ntawm daim duab nrog rau tus cwj mem Italian.

Hauv Ltalis, txij li Renaissance, ib txoj hauv kev hu ua cov txheej txheem ntawm pebmem hluav” Nws lub ntsiab lus yog ua ke ntawm peb xim:

• dawb (chalk);
• red (sepia lossis sanguine);
• dub (charcoal).

Tam sim no, ntxiv rau cov ntaub ntawv uas tau piav qhia saum toj no, tsis yog tsuas yog charcoal siv nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem no, yog li ntawd, es tsis txhob ntawm nws, Italian mem hluav yog zoo meej rau hloov dub.