Roman sculpture. Sau los ntawm ancient Roman sculpture nyob rau hauv lub Hermitage

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Cov duab puab ntawm Ancient Rome yog qhov txawv ntawm nws qhov ntau haiv neeg thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke. Daim duab kos duab no tau muab qhov zoo tshaj plaws zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov classical Greek thaum ntxov ua haujlwm nrog kev muaj siab rau kev muaj tiag thiab nqus cov yam ntxwv zoo nkauj ntawm cov qauv ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj los tsim cov pob zeb thiab tooj liab cov duab uas tam sim no suav tias yog cov qauv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm qub.. Tsis tas li ntawd, Roman sculptors, nrog kev pab los ntawm lawv cov ntawv luam ntawm Greek masterpieces ua ntej, khaws cia rau yav tom ntej cov qauv uas tsis muaj nqi uas yuav txwv tsis pub ploj mus rau ntiaj teb kab lis kev cai.

Ntse

Zoo li lawv cov neeg Greek, cov neeg Loos ua haujlwm pob zeb, cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig, iav thiab terracotta, tab sis nyiam tooj liab thiab marble. Txij li cov hlau feem ntau rov qab siv dua, feem ntau ntawm cov duab puab Roman tseem muaj sia nyob yog ua los ntawm marble.

Roman hlub Greek thiab Hellenisticsculpture txhais tau hais tias ib zaug cov khoom ntawm cov khoom qub tas lawm, cov craftsmen yuav tsum tau luam, thiab lawv yuav muaj ntau yam zoo. Tseeb tiag, hauv Athens thiab hauv Rome nws tus kheej muaj cov tsev kawm tshwj xeeb hauv kev luam cov ntawv Greek. Lawv tau coj los ntawm: Pasitel, Apollonius thiab lwm tus tswv nto moo. Roman sculptors kuj tau luam me me ntawm Greek thawj, feem ntau yog tooj liab.

Evolution

Lub sijhawm dhau mus, kev tshawb nrhiav txoj hauv kev tshiab ntawm kev kos duab tau pib, tawm hauv cov qauv ntawm Etruscans thiab Greeks, thiab los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 1 AD. e. qhov no ua rau muaj lub siab xav ntes thiab tsim kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua qhov pom kev siv lub teeb thiab duab ntxoov ntxoo. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, muaj txawm hloov mus rau Impressionism nrog kev siv chiaroscuro thiab abstract forms.

Roman sculpture coj ib tug ntau monumental cim nrog loj, yuav luag "nyob" mlom ntawm emperors, gods thiab heroes, xws li cov loj bronze dluab ntawm Marcus Aurelius nyob rau hauv nees los yog txawm loj tus pej thuam ntawm Constantine kuv (ib feem khaws cia.). Ob leeg tam sim no nyob hauv Capitoline Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Rome. Txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman, muaj ib tug nyiam hloov proportions, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub taub hau tau loj, thiab cov nuj nqis feem ntau tau nthuav tawm raws li flatter nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej, uas qhia tau hais tias lub hwj chim ntawm oriental art.

Nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub qhov txawv ntawm ob qhov sib txawv "kev lag luam": cov tswv cuab ntawm pawg neeg txiav txim siab nyiam ntau cov duab classical thiab cov tswv yim zoo, thaumQhov thib ob, ntau lub xeev "cov chav kawm nruab nrab" kev lag luam nyiam qhov kev xav ntawm lub siab lub ntsws ntawm cov duab puab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv portrait thiab funerary tej hauj lwm.

sculptures thiab portraits

Raws li cov neeg Greek, cov neeg Loos nyiam ua cov mlom ntawm lawv tus vajtswv. Thaum cov huab tais pib thov Vajtswv, cov duab zoo nkauj thiab zoo nkauj tau mob siab rau lawv, feem ntau nrog ib qho khoom piav qhia ntawm tes, thiab nyob hauv qhov chaw tseem ceeb. Piv txwv li, tus pej thuam ntawm Augustus hauv Prima Porta.

Cov mlom kuj tau siv los kho kom zoo nkauj hauv tsev lossis hauv vaj, thiab lawv tuaj yeem ua me me, cam khwb cia hlau, suav nrog nyiaj. Ib hom ntawm cov mlom uas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg Loos yog Lares Familiares (tsev neeg saib xyuas dab). Feem ntau lawv tau ua los ntawm tooj liab. Lawv, raws li txoj cai, tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv khub hauv ib lub niche ntawm lub tsev. Lawv yog cov duab ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas nrog tsa caj npab, plaub hau ntev, hnav tunic thiab khau khiab.

Tshuaj & Nta

Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog nyob rau hauv qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm portraits uas Roman sculpture dhau los ua daim duab kos duab, tau txais qee qhov sib txawv ntawm lwm yam kev coj ua. Qhov tseeb uas nws tus cwj pwm zoo tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev khaws cia lub ntees tuag lub qhov ncauj qhov ntswg ntawm cov neeg hauv tsev neeg tuag, hnav los ntawm cov neeg quaj ntsuag ntawm lub ntees tuag, hauv tsev. Cov no feem ntau yog qhov kev piav qhia meej, suav nrog txawm tias qhov tsis zoo thiab tsis zoo tshaj plaws ntawm ib lub ntsej muag. Xa mus rau hauv pob zeb, lawv sawv cev rau ntau tus duab portraits uas tau nqis los rau peb.busts uas txav deb ntawm cov duab zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm dhau los.

Yog li, cov duab kos duab ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb tswj hwm feem ntau tau ua kom zoo. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no yog tus pej thuam ntawm Augustus, qhov chaw huab tais zoo li hluas dua thiab tshiab dua li nws tau ua thaum lub sijhawm tsim nws (li 1 xyoo pua BC). Txawm li cas los, los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm Claudius nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua AD. e. thiab txawm ntau npaum li ntawd nyob rau hauv Nero thiab Flavius, official portraiture strove rau ntau dua realism. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, Roman sculptures ntawm cov poj niam tau txawv los ntawm lawv cov elaborate hairstyles, thiab lawv tsis muaj kev xyiv fab suav hais tias yog lub forerunners ntawm fashion tiam sis.

Nyob rau hauv Hadrian muaj rov qab mus rau cov duab zoo tagnrho, xws li hauv Greek classical, tab sis pib siv cov duab zoo nkauj ntawm ob lub qhov muag hauv marble sculptures.

Realism tau rov qab los dua thaum lub sijhawm Antonine dynasty, thiab nrog rau nws qhov kev piav qhia ntawm cov yam ntxwv xws li tus qaib ko taw thiab flabbiness. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm polishing marble ntawm cov qhov chaw uas muaj tawv nqaij. Tom qab ua li no, lawv sib txawv heev, piv txwv li, nrog cov plaub hau uas tau txiav tob thiab sab laug yam tsis tau ua. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau lub sijhawm no, muaj kev zam rau cov duab ntawm lub cev lossis ib feem ntawm nws, thiab tsis yog lub xub pwg nyom xwb (piv txwv li, lub bust ntawm Commodus nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm Hercules, c. 190 AD). Lub bust ntawm Caracalla (c. 215 AD) yog lwm qhov piv txwv ntawm kev tsis lees paub lub hom phiaj ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb Roman portrait duab puab.

Txog rau qhov kawg ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman, cov kos duab yas tso tseg txhua qhov kev sim ua kom muaj tseeb qhia lub cev ntasyam. Piv txwv li, cov duab ntawm huab tais (Diocletian, Galerius thiab Constantine I) tsis tshua muaj qhov txawv txav ntawm lub cev. Tej zaum qhov no tau ua tiav los ntawm kev sim ua kom tus huab tais los ntawm tib neeg ntiaj teb thiab coj nws los ze zog rau cov deities.

Siv hauv architecture

Sculptures ntawm Roman vaj tse tuaj yeem tsuas yog cov khoom siv kho kom zoo nkauj lossis muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev nom kev tswv, piv txwv li, ntawm lub rooj sib tw triumphal. Lub architectural Roman sculpture nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no qhia txog cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib tw thiab tus huab tais txoj kev yeej. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no yog Arch of Constantine hauv Rome (c. 315 AD), uas tseem qhia txog kev swb thiab ua qhev "barbarians" los qhia cov lus ntawm Rome lub superiority. Qhov kev piav qhia ntawm cov neeg tiag tiag thiab cov duab keeb kwm tshwj xeeb hauv architecture sib piv nrog cov Greek style, qhov twg cov tub rog yeej feem ntau tau nthuav tawm raws li kev piv txwv siv cov duab los ntawm Greek mythology xws li Amazons thiab centaurs, xws li ntawm Parthenon.

kev ua pam tuag

Kev pam tuag busts thiab steles (tombstones) yog ib qho ntawm cov qauv kev kos duab ntau tshaj plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb Roman. Lawv yog cov duab ntawm cov neeg tuag nrog nws tus khub, cov menyuam yaus thiab cov tub qhe. Cov duab zoo li no feem ntau hnav khaub ncaws hauv toga, thiab cov poj niam tau piav qhia hauv lub ntsej muag me me nrog tes ntawm lawv lub puab tsaig.

Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 2 AD e. raws li kev faus neeg tau dhau los ua ntau dua (raws li qhov tsis zoo rau kev plees ua yi ntau dua), qhov no tau pab txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam rau sarcophagi. Lawv tau carved los ntawm pob zeb thiab feem ntau depicted scenes los ntawm mythology nyob rau hauv siab nyem nrogtag nrho plaub sab thiab txawm nyob rau ntawm lub hau. Cov neeg Esxias hom sarcophagi tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov duab kos duab yuav luag nyob hauv ib lub voj voog. Hom proconnesian yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov duab ntawm cov ntxhais nrog garlands.

Examples

Ob lub pob nyem loj los ntawm Arch of Titus hauv Rome tau suav tias yog thawj qhov kev sim ua tiav ntawm kev tsim qhov tob thiab qhov chaw hauv duab puab. Cov panels depict scenes los ntawm triumphal procession ntawm tus huab tais nyob rau hauv 71 CE. e. tom qab nws cov phiaj xwm hauv Yudas. Ib tug piav txog Titus nyob rau hauv ib lub tsheb nrog plaub tug nees, thiab lwm yam qhia txog lub booty ntawm lub Tuam Tsev hauv Yeluxalees. Qhov kev xav tau ua tiav tiav vim qhov sib txawv qhov siab ntawm qhov nyem.

Ntawm lwm cov duab puab nto moo Roman, ib qho yuav tsum hais txog tus pej thuam ntawm wrestlers, ua raws li Greek thawj; Pw Ariadne (lwm daim ntawv); marble pej thuam ntawm Venus Capitoline; Antinous Capitoline; Colossus ntawm Constantine.

Lub siab 3.52m Marcus Aurelius Equestrian Pej thuam yog ib qho ntawm cov mlom zoo tshaj plaws uas tau khaws cia los ntawm qub txeeg qub teg. Nws yog tej zaum tsim ntawm 176-180. n. e.

Roman duab puab hauv Hermitage

Lub tsev khaws puav pheej nthuav tawm cov khoom sau ntawm kos duab monuments yos rov qab mus rau xyoo pua BC. BC e. - IV xyoo pua. n. e. Muaj sculptural portraits ntawm no, nrog rau cov duab ntawm cov txiv neej, poj niam, menyuam yaus, huab tais, cov nom tswv tseem ceeb thiab cov neeg ntiag tug. Ua tsaug rau lawv, ib tus tuaj yeem taug qab txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov duab puab ntawm Ancient Rome. Cov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws muaj xws li lub bronze bust ntawm ib tug Roman (1st caug xyoo BC). BC e.), tus poj niam Syrian (II c. e.), portraits ntawm emperors Balbinus thiab Philip lub Arabian (ob leeg III c. e.).

Ntawm cov duab ntawm huab tais yuav tsum tau sau Augustus hauv daim ntawv Jupiter (1st century AD), bust of Lucius Verus (2nd century AD). Koj tuaj yeem saib xyuas tus pej thuam ntawm Jupiter (1st caug xyoo AD), pom nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws villa ntawm Emperor Domitian. Cov khoom sau kuj tseem ua tiav los ntawm Roman thaj chaw, nyem, marble sarcophagi.