Kholuy me me: nta, keeb kwm thiab duab

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Kholuy me me, yug hauv thaj av Ivanovo, yog ib hom tshuaj Lavxias teb sab lacquer me me. Ua tus yau tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua zoo sib xws ntawm Palekh, Mstera thiab Fedoskino, nws nyob hauv qhov chaw tsim nyog ntawm lawv thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv lub tebchaws thiab txawv teb chaws.

Icon painters ntawm lub zos Kholuy

Thawj documentary mention of the village in the 16th century. Tsab ntawv ua tim khawv tias cov av no yog rau Trinity-Sergius Monastery, qhov chaw kholuyans muab cov ntsev mined ntawm no. Qhov no yog xyoo 1546. Tab sis ib nrab xyoo tom qab, nyob rau hauv 1613, lub zos tau tso cai rau Dmitry Pozharsky los tiv thaiv Moscow los ntawm cov Poles, thiab nws yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug "icon-painting chaw."

Lub lacquer me me ntawm tag nrho plaub qhov kev sib haum xeeb tau yug los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev kos duab icon. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, Kholuy nyob hauv qhov chaw tseem ceeb hauv hom duab no. Tej zaum thawj cov neeg pleev kob yog cov mlom ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj hauv zos uas yog Trinity-Sergius Lavra, lawv tuaj yeem qhia cov duab no rau cov neeg nyob hauv zos. Tom qab ntawd, kev cob qhia cov menyuam yaus "mob rau lub tswv yim thiabicon painting ", nrog rau cov tub ntxhais kawm los ntawm cov zos nyob sib ze ntawm Shuya thiab Mstera.

Kholui thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th dhau los ua tus coj ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub cim duab ntawm Trinity-Sergius Lavra, thiab vim muaj kev xav tau ntau ntxiv rau cov cim, nws loj hlob sai heev. Cov neeg pleev kob hauv zos tau txais kev txiav txim los ntawm thaj chaw sab qaum teb ntawm Russia, Siberia, Bulgaria thiab Serbia.

Kev hloov mus rau lacquer ntau lawm

Tom qab lub kiv puag ncig thiab txwv tsis pub cov duab kos duab kos duab, cov neeg tsis muaj zog tau tso tseg yam tsis ua haujlwm. Tsis zoo li lawv cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig, uas ua ke cov khoom siv tes ua haujlwm nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm ua haujlwm, lawv khwv tau lawv txoj sia los ntawm kev kos duab kos duab. Ntau tus tau tawm hauv lub zos mus nrhiav haujlwm, thiab cov so tab tom nrhiav kev siv rau lawv lub zog.

Tus tsim artel tau koom nrog kev pleev xim "cov ntaub pua tsev", raws li lawv hu ua cov ntawv luam ntawm cov duab nto moo. Tab sis cov tswv tau mob siab rau kom paub txog lawv cov tswv yim muaj tswv yim, thiab xyoo 1934 lawv tau txiav txim siab sim pleev xim rau lacquer me me.

Tsawg tus neeg ntseeg tias Kholuy tuaj yeem muab qee yam ntawm nws tus kheej, txawv ntawm Palekh thiab Mstera styles twb paub los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Tab sis cov kws ua yeeb yam tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm xibfwb Bakushinsky, uas tau tsim lub hom phiaj uas yuav tsum mus. Nov yog qhov Kholuy lacquer me me tau yug los.

Txoj kev ntawm lacquer painting Kholuy

Bakushinsky tau hais kom xaiv qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kholuy cov haujlwm ntau dua li cov neeg nyob ze, tab sis tib lub sijhawm zoo nkauj dua. Lub hauv paus tau tso los ntawm peb tus kws tshaj lij SA Mokin, K. V. Kosterin thiab V. D. Puzanov. Peb tus kws ua yeeb yam no, muaj tib lub tsev kawm ntawv sau ntawv, sib txawv ntawm tus kheejkev kos duab. Tab sis thawj cov kauj ruam tau ua nrog nyuaj heev, thiab kev lees paub tsis tuaj txog tam sim ntawd.

Cov neeg ua raws ntawm Kholuy masters nyiam ua kom pom cov khoom uas tau piav qhia, nqa qhov kos los ze rau qhov sib luag thiab cov qauv. Lub hauv paus ntawm cov qauv xim ntawm Kholuy me me yog ob lub hauv paus: lub suab sov, xuab zeb-txiv kab ntxwv thiab txias, xiav-ntsuab. Ntxiv qhov ntxoov ntxoo tsuas yog siv rau qhov sib piv kev txhawb siab ntawm daim duab. Kub thiab nyiaj yog siv rau ib qho kev txwv, tsuas yog thaum piav txog cov khoom siv hlau lossis hauv cov khoom ornaments. Lub ornament nws tus kheej yog nruj thiab txwv. Kholuy miniature painting attracts nrog nws originality thiab discreet, tab sis zoo nkauj zoo nkauj. Txhawm rau kom txaus siab rau nws, koj yuav tsum tuaj yeem pom tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm daim duab, los ntawm cov phiaj xwm nws tus kheej mus rau cov qauv ornamental.

Kev txhim kho me me hauv Kholui

Artel tom qab ntawd tau los ua lub nroog tsim kev lag luam thiab coj ntau yam txuj ci. Thawj qhov kev nthuav qhia uas tau muab khoom plig Kholuy miniatures nrog bronze medals tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1937 hauv Paris. Xyoo tom ntej, cov kws ua yeeb yam tau koom nrog txhua qhov kev nthuav qhia thoob ntiaj teb.

Lub sijhawm dhau mus, lub ntsiab lus ntawm daim duab tau nthuav dav. Fragments ntawm Lavxias teb sab fairy tales pib tshwm sim ntau zaus, cov toj roob hauv pes tuaj yeem yog ib qho kev kos duab ywj pheej, thiab tsis yog keeb kwm ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Cov duab nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv tsa suab pib tau nthuav qhia ntau convincingly, kev saib xyuas zoo tau them rau lub ntsej muag ntawm cov cim. Thawj thawj zaug, cov khoom vaj tsev pib tshwm sim, uas tsuas yog ua kom zoo nkauj ntawm daim duab thiab nthuav cov ntsiab lus.

Nkag mus rau thoob ntiaj teb kev lag luam

Xyoo 1961, thawj qhov kev txiav txim thoob ntiaj teb rau Kholuy cov khoom me me tau txais. England, USA, Lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab lwm lub teb chaws nyob sab Europe xav pom tej hauj lwm ntawm masters ntawm Kholuy. Cov khoom tsim tawm tau nce, pab pawg neeg ua yeeb yam tau loj hlob.

Hnub no, Kholuy lacquer me me kos duab Hoobkas ua haujlwm hauv lub zos, uas tuav cov kev lig kev cai ntev ntawm papier-mache painting, tsis txhob hnov qab txog kev nplua nuj ntawm cov neeg pleev kob hauv zos.

papier-mâché technology

Ntau xyoo ntawm kev nuv ntses lub neej, thev naus laus zis tsis tau hloov pauv tseem ceeb. Feem ntau ntawm cov theem ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog ua tiav manually, thaum tus tswv hloov nws qhov sov so, nws lub zog rau cov khoom. Yog li ntawd, tej yam uas tsim nyob rau hauv lub zos Kholui tsuas yog muaj nqis thiab txaus nyiam ntau xyoo.

Thawj, ntu ntu ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog kev tsim cov naviv. Qhov no yog ib lub raj ua los ntawm ob peb txheej ntawm pressed cardboard, impregnated nrog linseed roj thiab qhuav nyob rau hauv ib lub qhov cub. Cov coils tuaj yeem muaj cov duab sib txawv thiab qhov ntau thiab tsawg, nyob ntawm cov khoom npaj.

Los ntawm kev ua kom tawv tawv, tus tswv ua ib qho dawb paug rau cov khoom, primes nws, grinds nws thiab pleev xim rau nws nrog liab thiab dub kua roj vanish. Xws li cov khoom ib nrab tiav dhau mus rau hauv tes ntawm tus kws kos duab.

khoom painting

Daim ntawv qhia ua cov xim yog khaws cia zais cia los ntawm txhua lub Hoobkas, raws li tau los rau lawv los ntawm cov neeg pleev kob cov poj koob yawm txwv. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus yog tib yam: ntxhia hmoov yog tov nrog qe qe, dej thiab vinegar, tab sis tom qab ntawd muaj cov additives uas tsawg tus neeg paub txog. Kev saib xyuas ntau yog them rau qhov raug npaj ntawm cov xim.mloog, vim qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv kev vam meej creation ntawm ib tug me me. Kholuy cov kws ua yeeb yam ua haujlwm tsuas yog txhuam cov squirrel.

Cherry resin yog ntxiv rau cov nplooj kub los kos cov khoom ornament, qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom ntawm Kholuy lacquer me me Hoobkas. Cov ntaub ntawv kub ces polished nrog hma tus hniav.

Cov haujlwm tiav yog them nrog ob peb txheej ntawm cov kua roj vanish thiab polished kom txog thaum cov khawb me tshaj plaws ploj mus. Cov txheej txheem kawg no ntxiv qhov tob thiab ci ntsa iab rau daim.

Museum in Kholuy

Txhua ntawm plaub lub chaw ntawm lacquer miniatures nyob rau hauv Russia muaj nws lub tsev cia puav pheej, uas khaws cov haujlwm ntawm cov qub masters uas tau pib ua lag luam nyuaj ntawm kev paub txog cov khoom siv tes ua, thiab cov kws ua yeeb yam niaj hnub. Nws nyob ntawm no uas ib tus tuaj yeem nkag siab qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov khoom me me hauv cheeb tsam, kev khaws cia ntawm kev lig kev cai, kev hloov ntawm kev paub los ntawm cov neeg laus.

Lub Kholuy Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Lacquer Miniatures tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv zos raws li kev yeem thiab qhib rau xyoo 1959. Cov pej xeem ntawm lub zos tau ntau xyoo tau sau cov khoom tiav hauv lawv lub tsev, thiab tom qab ntawd, tsis muaj kev khuv xim, muab cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig rau lub tsev khaws puav pheej hauv zos. Lawv nqa cov khoom me me, kos duab kos duab, cim, phau ntawv, albums, nrog rau cov khoom siv hauv tsev xws li cov ntawv qub, cov duab kos thiab lub ntiaj teb.

Cov kws tshawb fawb muaj npe nrov tau koom nrog hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab cov khoom muag ntawm cov nyiaj pub dawb, uas tau muab kev pab tsis muaj nuj nqis hauv kev tsim cov khoom sau. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog cov cim ntawm Kholuy sau. Qhov no yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej, koom nrog kev mus ncig ua si, kev cob qhia, kev sib tham. Kev sau ntawm paj ntaub yog nplua nuj, cov khoom sau suav nrog cov haujlwm ntawm needlewomen los ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 txog rau tam sim no. Kholuy embroiderers ua ib daim ntaub rau lub Kremlin, uas hais txog lawv cov professionalism siab.

Cov lacquer me me uas khaws cia hauv lub tsev khaws puav pheej tsis tuaj yeem muab cais ua cov haujlwm zoo tib yam. Cov no yog cov ua haujlwm zoo ntawm Kholuy cov kws ua yeeb yam, txhua qhov tshwj xeeb. Cov nyiaj hauv tsev cia puav pheej yog me me, tsis pub ntau tshaj tsib txhiab yam khoom, tab sis cov neeg ncig tebchaws tuaj xyuas nws nrog kev txaus siab los qhuas cov haujlwm ntawm Lavxias tus tswv.

Txij li xyoo 2005, raws li qhov kev thov ntawm cov qhua, lub tuam txhab kos duab tau ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev cia puav pheej, uas tso cai rau koj tshem tawm tsis yog tsuas yog daim duab ntawm Kholuy me me xwb, tab sis kuj yog khoom plig ua khoom plig.