2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37
Muaj ntau qhov xwm txheej hauv keeb kwm ntawm Russia thaum tus neeg tuaj xyuas txawv teb chaws muab nws lub yeeb koob thiab dhau los ua kev khav theeb hauv tebchaws. Yog li ntawd, Theophanes cov Greek, ib haiv neeg ntawm lawv Byzantium, Greek los ntawm keeb kwm (li no lub npe menyuam yaus) tau los ua ib tus kws kos duab loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Lavxias.
Kev xaiv hauv tebchaws Russia
Feem ntau, yog tias Feofan tsis tau txiav txim siab hloov pauv nws lub neej, tau tuaj txog hauv tebchaws Russia es tsis yog Ltalis nyob rau hauv lub retinue (raws li kev cia siab) ntawm Metropolitan Cyprian, nws yuav tau ploj ntawm ntau tus neeg ua yeeb yam Byzantine. Tab sis nyob rau hauv Muscovite Russia nws tau los ua thawj zaug ntawm lub hnub qub ci ntsa iab ntawm cov neeg pleev kob icon. Txawm hais tias muaj kev lees paub dav dav, hnub tim ntawm tus kws kos duab yug thiab tuag tau muab kwv yees li - 1340-1410.
Tsis muaj ntaub ntawv
Nws paub tias Theophanes Greek, uas nws biography ua txhaum nrog cov pob dawb, tau yug los hauv Byzantium, ua haujlwm hauv Constantinople nws tus kheej thiab hauv nws thaj chaw - Chalcedon. Raws li cov frescoes khaws cia hauv Feodosia (tom qab ntawd Kafa), nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias qee lub sijhawm tus kws kos duab ua haujlwm hauv Genoese colonies - Galata thiab Cafe. Tsis yogIb qho ntawm nws txoj haujlwm Byzantine tsis tau muaj sia nyob, thiab lub ntiaj teb koob meej tuaj rau nws ua tsaug rau kev ua haujlwm hauv tebchaws Russia.
Ib puag ncig tshiab
Ntawm no, hauv nws lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm, nws muaj sijhawm hla kev nrog ntau tus neeg zoo ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd - Andrei Rublev, Sergius ntawm Radonezh, Dmitry Donskoy, Epiphanius the Wise (uas tsab ntawv rau Archimandrite Kirill yog lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm biographical cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus zoo icon painting) thiab Metropolitan Alexei. Lub zej zog ntawm ascetics thiab cov kws qhia ntawv tau ua ntau yam rau lub yeeb koob ntawm Russia.
Lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog Theophanes cov Greek
Theophanes cov Greek tuaj txog hauv Novgorod xyoo 1370, uas yog, tus txiv neej paub tab thiab tsim tsa tus kws kos duab. Nws nyob ntawm no tau 30 xyoo, txog thaum nws tuag. Nws qhov kev ua tau zoo heev. Raws li cov lus tim khawv ntawm tib lub Epiphanius the Wise, Theophanes cov Greek pleev xim rau 40 pawg ntseeg nyob rau hauv tag nrho. Tsab ntawv mus rau archimandrite ntawm Tver Spaso-Afanasievsky Monastery tau sau nyob rau hauv 1415, tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus tswv, thiab tau muaj txoj sia nyob mus rau niaj hnub no tsis nyob rau hauv thawj, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Muaj qee qhov kev lees paub qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tseeb thiab ntxiv. Ib tug ntawm lawv qhia hais tias nyob rau hauv 1378, raws li ib tug behest ntawm boyar Vasily Danilovich, lub "Greek" Feofan pleev xim rau lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Transfiguration ntawm tus Cawm Seej, nyob rau ntawm lub Trade Side ntawm Veliky Novgorod.
Pib ntawm lub sijhawm Novgorod
Cov frescoes ntawm Theophanes cov Greek ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj no tau los ua nws thawj txoj haujlwm hauv tebchaws Russia tau hais hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Lawv, txawm khaws cia nyob rau hauv tawg, nyob rau hauv zoo heev mob,tau nqis los rau peb lub sijhawm, thiab yog cov masterpieces loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev kos duab medieval. Daim duab ntawm lub dome thiab phab ntsa, qhov chaw hu nkauj ntawm Trinity chapel nyob, yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm lub "Trinity" thiab Macarius ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws, lub peculiar yam ntawm kev sau ntawv, uas ci ntsa iab Theophanes lub Greek muaj, yog heev kom meej meej pom. Nyob rau hauv lub dome, lub hauv siab daim duab ntawm tus Cawm Seej uas muaj hwjchim loj kawg nkaus (Pantocrator), uas yog tus loj tshaj plaws, tau raug khaws cia. Tsis tas li ntawd, daim duab ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv tau raug khaws cia ib nrab. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub nruas (qhov uas txhawb nqa lub dome) muaj dluab ntawm cov yaj saub Eliyas thiab Yauhas tus muab kev cai raus dej. Thiab qhov no yog vim li cas cov frescoes tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj txiaj ntsig, txij li, hmoov tsis, cov haujlwm tsim nyob rau ob peb xyoos tom ntej no tsis tau sau tseg thiab tsis txaus siab los ntawm qee cov kws tshawb fawb. Feem ntau, tag nrho cov frescoes ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj no yog ua nyob rau hauv ib tug unconditionally tshiab yam - maj mam thiab nrog dav, dawb strokes, cov xim tswvyim yog txwv tsis pub, txawm stingy, lub ntsiab xim yog them rau lub ntsej muag ntawm cov ntseeg. Raws li kev sau ntawv Theophanes cov neeg Greek tuaj yeem hnov nws lub tswv yim tshwj xeeb.
Lub peev xwm ntawm Russia kom rov muaj zog
Tsis muaj kev yeej zoo ntawm Dmitry Donskoy tseem, kev tawm tsam ntawm Golden Horde txuas ntxiv, Lavxias lub nroog raug hlawv, cov tuam tsev raug puas tsuaj. Tab sis qhov ntawd yog qhov uas Russia muaj zog rau, tias nws tau yug los, rov tsim kho dua tshiab, thiab ua kom zoo nkauj dua. Feofan cov Greek kuj tau koom nrog hauv cov duab ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj rov qab los, uas txij li xyoo 1380 ua haujlwm hauv Nizhny Novgorod, hauv lub nroog Suzdol-Nizhekorodsky lub nroog, tau hlawv tag nrho hauv 1378. Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv cov duab kos ntawm Spassky Cathedral thiab Annunciation.lub tsev teev ntuj. Thiab twb nyob rau hauv 1392, tus kws kos duab ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Assumption Cathedral ntawm Kolomna ntawm qhov kev thov ntawm Grand Duchess Evdokia, tus poj niam ntawm Prince Dmitry. Tom qab ntawd, lub tsev teev ntuj tau rov tsim dua ob peb zaug, thiab cov frescoes tsis tau khaws cia.
YTxiv mus rau Moscow
Theophan Greek, uas nws phau ntawv keeb kwm, hmoov tsis zoo, feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog lo lus "tseem ceeb", tom qab Kolomna tsiv mus rau Moscow. Ntawm no, thiab qhov no tau lees paub los ntawm Trinity Chronicles thiab ib tsab ntawv paub zoo, nws pleev xim rau phab ntsa thiab decorates peb pawg ntseeg. Lub sijhawm ntawd, nws twb muaj nws lub tsev kawm ntawv, cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov thwjtim, nrog rau kev koom tes ntawm tus kws kos duab nto moo Moscow tus kws kos duab Simeon Cherny, xyoo 1395 Feofan tau pleev xim rau phab ntsa ntawm lub Koom Txoos ntawm Nativity ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv thiab lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Lazarus nyob rau hauv lub Kremlin. Txhua txoj haujlwm tau ua tiav los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm tib Grand Duchess Evdokia. Thiab ntxiv, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias lub tsev teev ntuj tsis tau khaws cia, tam sim no Grand Kremlin Palace sawv hauv nws qhov chaw.
Txoj hmoo phem caum cuag tus tswv
Qhov kev lees paub zoo ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub Nyoog, tus kws kos duab kos duab Feofan tus Greek, ua ke nrog nws cov tub ntxhais kawm, pib xyoo 1399 los kho lub Archangel Cathedral, hlawv tag nrho los ntawm Khan ntawm Golden Horde thiab Tyumen Principality - Tokhtamysh. Nws paub los ntawm Epiphany tsab ntawv uas tus tswv tau piav qhia txog Moscow Kremlin nrog tag nrho nws cov tsev teev ntuj ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub tuam tsev. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, tus kws kes duab vajtse Italian Aleviz Novy tau rhuav tshem lub tuam tsev thiab tsim ib lub npe tshiab, uas tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no.
Cov kos duab ntawm Theophanes cov lus Greek feem ntau yog sawv cev los ntawm frescoes,txij li thaum nws tau pleev xim rau phab ntsa ntawm pawg ntseeg mus txog rau thaum kawg ntawm nws cov hnub. Xyoo 1405, nws txoj kev muaj tswv yim cuam tshuam nrog kev ua ub no ntawm Andrei Rublev thiab nws tus kws qhia - "tus txiv neej laus los ntawm Gorodets", raws li koj hu rau Moscow icon neeg pleev kob Prokhor los ntawm Gorodets. Peb tus tswv nto moo ntawm lawv lub sijhawm ua ke tsim lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Vasily I, uas nyob hauv Cathedral ntawm Annunciation.
Cov frescoes tseem tsis tau muaj sia - lub tsev hais plaub tau tsim kho dua tshiab.
Cov pov thawj tsis muaj xwm txheej
Dab tsi yog khaws cia? Lub cim xeeb ntawm nws tus kheej ua li cas tus yawm Theophanes cov neeg Greek tau tso rau nws cov xeeb ntxwv? Icons. Raws li ib tug ntawm cov uas twb muaj lawm versions, lub iconostasis ntawm lub Annunciation Cathedral ntawm lub Moscow Kremlin, uas tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no, yog Ameslikas pleev xim rau lub Assumption Cathedral nyob rau hauv Kolomna. Thiab tom qab qhov hluav taws kub ntawm 1547, nws tau tsiv mus rau lub Kremlin. Hauv tib lub tsev teev ntuj muaj "Peb Poj Niam ntawm Don", lub cim nrog nws tus kheej biography. Ua ib qho ntawm ntau qhov kev hloov kho ntawm "Tenderness" (lwm lub npe yog "Kev xyiv fab ntawm txhua qhov kev xyiv fab"), daim duab tau npog nrog cov lus dab neeg hais txog nws txoj kev pab zoo kawg nkaus hauv kev yeej los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Grand Duke Dmitry hla lub hordes ntawm lub Golden Horde nyob rau hauv 1380. Tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kulikovo, ob tus tub huabtais thiab cov patroness icon tau txais prefix "Don" thiab "Don". Daim duab nws tus kheej yog ob sab - ntawm sab nraub qaum muaj "Kev xav ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv". Tus nqi tsis zoo yog khaws cia hauv Tretyakov Gallery. Ntau qhov kev tshuaj xyuas tau ua tiav, thiab nws tuaj yeem sib cav tias nws tus kws sau ntawv yog, tau kawg, Theophanes tus Greek. Cov cim "Plaub-tus lej" thiab "John the Baptist - Angel of the Desert with Life" belongs to the icon painter's Rhiav, tab sis nws tus kheej sau ntawv tsis txaus siab. Rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus tswvnws lub tsev kawm ntawv tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau lub cim loj loj, sau rau hauv 1403 - "Transfiguration".
Kev txom nyem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm
Tseeb tiag, muaj ob peb phau ntawv ua haujlwm ntawm tus tswv zoo. Tab sis Epiphanius tus txawj ntse, uas paub nws tus kheej, uas yog phooj ywg nrog nws, yog li ua siab ncaj qhuas nws lub peev xwm, muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm txuj ci, qhov dav ntawm kev paub, uas tsis tuaj yeem ntseeg nws cov lus tim khawv. Spas Theophan cov lus Greek feem ntau raug suav hais tias yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev kawm Greek nrog kev sau ntawv Byzantine style. Qhov no fresco, raws li tau sau tseg saum toj no, yog qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov seem ntawm cov phab ntsa paintings ntawm Novgorod Cathedral pom nyob rau hauv 1910. Nws yog ib qho ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto moo zoo architectural monuments ntawm medieval Russia. Lwm daim duab ntawm tus Cawm Seej, uas belongs rau tej hauj lwm ntawm tus tswv, nyob rau hauv lub Kremlin ntawm lub Annunciation iconostasis.
Ib qho ntawm Trinity zoo
Ntawm cov frescoes ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj no yog lwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb, sau los ntawm Theophanes Greek. "Trinity" yog zoo kawg nkaus khaws cia thiab nyob rau hauv lub khw hu nkauj. Lub ntsiab lus canonical "Hospitality of Abraham" underlies qhov haujlwm no, txawm hais tias nws daim duab ntawm lub fresco tseem tsis tau khaws cia, "Trinity" tsim nyog tau txais kev kawm tseem tsis tau paub meej. Hauv nws tsab ntawv, Epiphany qhuas txog ntau lub peev xwm ntawm Theophan Greek - qhov khoom plig ntawm tus kws qhia dab neeg, lub peev xwm ntawm tus neeg txawj ntse interlocutor, thiab kev sau ntawv txawv txawv. Raws li tus txiv neej no, Greek, ntawm lwm yam, muaj peev xwm ntawm ib tug miniaturist. Nws yog characterized liicon painting, tus tswv ntawm monumental fresco painting thiab miniaturist. "Nws yog ib tug txhob txwm iconographer ntawm cov phau ntawv" - qhov no yog li cas no qhuas suab nyob rau hauv thawj. Kev sau ntawv ntawm cov khoom me me los ntawm Ps alter, muaj los ntawm Ivan the Terrible thiab khaws cia hauv Trinity-Sergius Lavra, yog ntaus nqi rau Theophanes Greek. Nws kuj tseem yuav tsum yog tus kws tshaj lij ntawm Txoj Moo Zoo ntawm Fyodor Koshka. Tus tub thib tsib ntawm Andrei Kobyla, ib tug yawg koob ntawm Romanovs, yog tus patron ntawm Theophan Greek. Phau ntawv yog tsim tau zoo heev. Nws lub taub hau zoo nkauj thiab cov ntawv sau ua hauv kub tau tawm tsam.
Theophan tus neeg Greek tus kheej
Ua ntej Theophanes, ntau tus neeg pleev kob icon, thiab txawm tias nws cov neeg kawm tiav, vam khom feem ntau ntawm kev kos duab (cov txheej txheem nyias ua los ntawm cov thawj coj) hauv kev tsim lawv cov haujlwm. Thiab Greek txoj kev sau ntawv dawb ua rau xav tsis thoob thiab txaus siab rau ntau tus - "nws zoo li tau pleev xim nrog nws txhais tes," Epiphanius qhuas, hu nws tias "tus txiv zoo heev." Nws yeej muaj ib tug pronounced muaj tswv yim cwm pwm. Hnub tim ntawm kev tuag ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse tsis paub, nyob rau qee qhov chaw nws txawm hais tias nws tuag tom qab 1405. Xyoo 1415, tus sau tsab ntawv nto moo hais txog Grek yav dhau los. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis muaj txoj sia nyob lawm. Thiab Feofan tau raug faus, rov xav tias, qhov chaw hauv Moscow. Tag nrho cov no yog kev tu siab heev thiab tsuas yog hais tias Russia ib txwm muaj kev ntxhov siab ntau lub sijhawm, thaum cov yeeb ncuab rhuav tshem lub cim xeeb ntawm cov neeg uas tsim nws lub yeeb koob.
Pom zoo:
Cov yeeb yaj kiab txaus ntshai tshaj plaws zombie: cov npe ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab, kev ntaus nqi, qhov zoo tshaj plaws, tso tawm xyoo, zajlus, cov cim thiab cov neeg ua yeeb yam uas ua yeeb yaj kiab
Nws paub tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab txaus ntshai yog ntshai. Feem ntau cov thawj coj hu nws los ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib nrog kev pab los ntawm dab. Tam sim no, nrog rau vampires thiab goblins, zombies nyob hauv qhov chaw tsim nyog
Ancient Greek duab puab, nws cov yam ntxwv, theem ntawm kev loj hlob. Ancient Greek sculptures thiab lawv cov kws sau ntawv
Ancient Greek sculpture occupies ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm ntau yam masterpieces ntawm kab lis kev cai cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm lub teb chaws no. Nws glorifies thiab embodies nrog kev pab los ntawm kev pom txhais tau tias kev zoo nkauj ntawm tib neeg lub cev, nws zoo tagnrho. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog tsuas yog qhov smoothness ntawm cov kab thiab kev tshav ntuj yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov duab puab Greek thaum ub
Ancient Greek xwm txheej "Bacchae", Euripides: cov ntsiab lus, cov cim, cov neeg nyeem xyuas
Ib qho ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam nto moo ntawm Ancient Greece yog Euripides. Ntawm nws tej hauj lwm muaj ib qho xwm txheej mob siab rau Dionysus (uas yog lub npe ntawm tus vajtswv ntawm winemaking). Hauv nws txoj haujlwm, tus kws sau nkauj qhia txog lub neej ntawm cov neeg Greek hauv lub nroog Thebes thiab lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov vajtswv. Euripides 'kev ua si "The Bacchae" yuav txaus siab rau txhua tus neeg nyiam keeb kwm
Kev tshuaj ntsuam ntawm "Sherlock Holmes": daim ntawv teev npe, xaiv qhov zoo tshaj plaws, cov yeeb yaj kiab thiab cov yeeb yaj kiab hauv cov xwm txheej, cov phiaj xwm, kev xav, cov neeg ua yeeb yam thiab lub luag haujlwm
Cov haujlwm nto moo ntawm Arthur Conan Doyle txog ib tus neeg tshawb nrhiav txawv txawv tau nrhiav lawv cov kiv cua hauv ntau qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb rau ntau tshaj li ib puas xyoo. Ntau tshaj li ib puas xyoo dhau los, thawj zaj duab xis adaptation ntawm Sherlock Holmes tau nthuav tawm, thiab txij li ntawd los lawv cov naj npawb tau nce tas li. Cov neeg ua yeeb yaj kiab los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws tau qhia lawv lub zeem muag ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg tshawb nrhiav nto moo, tab sis dab tsi cov haujlwm tsim nyog tshwj xeeb?
Cov duab kos los ntawm cov khoom siv txawv txawv: cov txheej txheem, cov khoom tsim nyog thiab cov cuab yeej, cov lus qhia ua ntu zus
Tsis muaj cov khoom txawv txawv uas nws yuav ua tsis tau daim duab. Tej zaum qee tus xav tias nws yog ib lub tswv yim vwm los tsim cov duab kos duab los ntawm kas fes, tshuaj yej, nplai, toothpicks, fluff, plaub, rau tes, nplej ntawm txhua hom cereal, thiab daim ntawv teev npe no nyob deb ntawm kev ua tiav. Nws tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv mus tsis kawg, vim tib neeg lub tswv yim yog inexhaustible. "Lawv tus kheej ua yeeb yam" tsim cov duab txawv txawv los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv improvised nrog lawv tus kheej tes. Nthuav tswv yim ntawm xws li paintings thiab panels, coj mus rau lub neej, yuav tham
