Ernst Gombrich, historian thiab kos duab theorist: biography, ua haujlwm, khoom plig thiab khoom plig

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Tus kws sau ntawv Askiv yug hauv Austrian thiab tus kws qhia ntawv Ernst Hans Josef Gombrich (1909–2001) tau sau ib phau ntawv qhuab qhia hauv thaj chaw. Rov luam dua 15 zaug thiab txhais ua 33 yam lus, suav nrog Suav, phau ntawv tau qhia cov tub ntxhais kawm thoob plaws ntiaj teb mus rau keeb kwm kev kos duab nyob sab Europe.

Nws Keeb Kwm Kev Ua Yeeb Yam tau ua tiav hauv ib feem vim nws nkag mus tau thiab kev xav. Nws kuj tseem muaj ntau yam ntawm nws cov tswv yim tshiab, thawj cov tswv yim hais txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev kos duab, uas tus kws sau ntawv tau tsim tawm hauv nws ntau yam tom ntej. Ib tug txiv neej uas nws xav paub thiab nyiam muaj xws li cov duab puab Greek thaum ub mus rau teddy bears, Gombrich yog tus kws qhia ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig hauv tebchaws Askiv thiab Tebchaws Meskas thiab feem ntau suav tias yog ib tus neeg xav paub ntau tshaj plaws ntawm nws lub sijhawm.

Zaj dab neeg txog Ernst Gombrich tau nplua nuj heev. Nws yug hauv Vienna (Austria) thaum Lub Peb Hlis 30, 1909. Nws tsev neeg yog neeg Yudaiskeeb kwm, txawm tias nws tau txais kev ntseeg Protestant. Nws txiv, Karl, yog tus kws lij choj thiab ua haujlwm hauv Austrian Bar Association. Nws txoj kev txaus siab rau kev kos duab yuav tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm nws niam, Leoni, uas tau kawm suab paj nruag nrog tus kws sau nkauj Anton Bruckner thiab muab cov nplooj ntawv suab paj nruag rau Viennese tus kws sau nkauj Johann Brahms. Ernst Gombrich nws tus kheej tau los ua ib tug zoo cellist. Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud yog ib tsev neeg phooj ywg.

Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib cuam tshuam txog nyiaj txiag ntawm tsev neeg. Allied ciam teb tswj tom qab tsov rog ua rau muaj kev tshaib kev nqhis nyob rau hauv Vienna; Ernst Gombrich thiab nws tus viv ncaus tau raug xa mus nyob rau hauv kev txhawb nqa los ntawm British kev siab hlub Save the Children kom nyob nrog tus kws ntoo hleb Swedish tau cuaj lub hlis.

Study

Tom qab rov qab los rau Vienna, nws tau mus kawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab hu ua Theresianum, raug kev txom nyem los ntawm nws cov phooj ywg hauv chav kawm, vim kev kawm yooj yim dhau rau nws, thaum nws kawm ntau yam ntawm nws tus kheej. Nws txaus siab rau kev kos duab txij thaum pib thiab tau sau ib tsab ntawv ntev txog keeb kwm kos duab thaum tseem nyob hauv tsev kawm theem siab, tab sis nws qhov kev txaus siab nthuav dav ntau yam kev kawm.

Nyob ntawm University of Vienna nws tau kawm nrog ib tus tsim muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws ntawm keeb kwm kos duab niaj hnub no, Julius von Schlosser. Nws tau sau ib tsab ntawv tshaj tawm rau xyoo pua kaum rau tus neeg pleev kob Italian Giulio Romano, tus ua tiav rau Michelangelo, thiab muaj khoom plig piav qhia txog kev kos duab rau cov tub ntxhais hluas. Ernst Gombrich ntseeg tias cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua yeeb yam yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev siv zog ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam cuam tshuam nrog kev daws teeb meem tshwj xeeb rau lawv tus kheej.cov xwm txheej, thiab tsis yog lub siab tsis meej ntawm lub sijhawm lossis peculiarities ntawm keeb kwm kev loj hlob. Txoj hauv kev no yog los ua qhov tseem ceeb rau Gombrich cov kev sau ntawv paub txog kev kos duab. Nws pom tseeb tias nws nyiam sau ntawv rau menyuam yaus; nws thawj phau ntawv, luam tawm xyoo 1936, yog Weltgeschichte für Kinder ("Ib Keeb Kwm Ntiaj Teb rau Cov Menyuam"). Nws tau muab txhais ua ntau yam lus.

Davhlau los ntawm Austrian fascism

Xyoo 1936 nws tau sib yuav tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag Ilse Heller, lawv muaj ib tug tub, Richard, uas tau los ua ib tug xibfwb ntawm Sanskrit. Ernst Gombrich tuaj yeem pom nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tias nws niam nws txiv hloov dua siab tshiab rau Protestantism txhais tau tias tsis muaj dab tsi rau tsoomfwv fascist tshiab ntawm Austria. Nws tau tawm hauv lub tebchaws, ua haujlwm ua tus pabcuam tshawb fawb ntawm Warburg lub koom haum hauv London, lub tsev qiv ntawv ntiag tug kos duab uas tau txav nws cov ntawv sau los ntawm lub tebchaws Yelemes mus rau Askiv raws li kev coj noj coj ua hauv lub tebchaws Yelemes tau poob qis heev hauv Nazi tsoomfwv. Xyoo 1938, nws muaj peev xwm pab nws niam nws txiv kom dim ntawm Austria. Tib xyoo ntawd, nws pib qhia cov chav kawm keeb kwm kos duab ntawm Courtauld lub koom haum hauv London, thiab pib sau ib phau ntawv ntawm caricature nrog phooj ywg keeb kwm kos duab Ernst Kris. Phau ntawv no tsis tau luam tawm, tab sis nws yog lub sijhawm no nws pib siv lub npe E. H. Gombrich, vim nws ntxhov siab los ntawm ob "Ernst" uas yuav tsum tshwm sim ntawm nplooj ntawv npe.

Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 2 hauv xyoo 1939, Gombrich tau pib ua haujlwm rau nws lub tebchaws tshiab nrog British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), txhais lus German tshaj tawm rau kev txawj ntselub hom phiaj. Nws tseem nyob hauv tsab ntawv no mus txog thaum kawg ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog xyoo 1945, siv txoj haujlwm los ua ib txoj hauv kev kawm sau ntawv Askiv zoo, thiab thaum Adolf Hitler tua tus kheej, Gombrich tus kheej tau tshaj tawm xov xwm rau British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.

saib art

Tom qab ua tsov ua rog, nws rov qab mus rau Warburg lub koom haum thiab rov pib ua haujlwm ntawm phau ntawv uas tau dhau los ua Keeb Kwm ntawm Art. Ernst Gombrich pib sau nws nyob rau hauv 1937 nyob rau hauv teb rau ib tug commission los ntawm lub publisher Weltgeschichte für Kinder thiab tau pib tsom rau cov hluas nyeem. Txawm li cas los xij, tus sau qhov tseeb, siv tau zoo ua pov thawj zoo rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm txhua lub hnub nyoog. Keeb Kwm ntawm Kev Ua Yeeb Yam tau luam tawm xyoo 1950 los ntawm Pheidon. Nws tsis tau sau nws nrog nws txhais tes, tab sis hais rau tus tuav ntaub ntawv. "Qhov tseeb, kos duab tsis muaj," tus kws sau ntawv pib sau ntawv. - "Tsuas muaj cov kws ua yeeb yam."

Tus sau txhais tau tias kos duab yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev siv zog ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam los daws cov teeb meem tshwj xeeb ntawm lub sijhawm. Nws tsis xav pom kev kos duab raws li kev nrhiav kev zoo nkauj nyob mus ib txhis. "Yog tias koj sim tsim lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev zoo nkauj hauv kev kos duab, ib tus neeg tuaj yeem ua piv txwv rau koj," nws hais rau Times London cov ntawv xov xwm. Thiab nws yeej tsis sau kos duab. Tsis yog nws tsis pom nws yog ib qho kev qhia ntawm qee qhov tsis meej pem zeitgeist. Qee lub sij hawm nws tuaj yeem koom nrog kev kos duab nrog cov tswv yim philosophical, tab sis tsuas yog hauv txoj kev tshwj xeeb. Hloov chaw, Gombrich tau xav txog qhov xwm txheej uasCov hauj lwm tshwj xeeb ntawm kev kos duab: leej twg yuam kom lawv, lawv yuav tsum muab tso rau qhov twg, lawv yuav tsum ua li cas, thiab cov teeb meem dab tsi uas tus kws kos duab ntsib los ntawm cov xwm txheej no.

YUniversity xibfwb

Keeb Kwm ntawm Kev Ua Yeeb Yam los ntawm Ernst Gombrich yeej ib txwm nyiam cov neeg thuam. Nws muaj kev khuv leej me ntsis rau kev kos duab niaj hnub no, nrog rau nws qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus raug cai thiab nws qhov kev hloov pauv tsis tu ncua, thiab nws tsis tau tshawb nrhiav qhov tob ntawm kev kos duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis yog sab hnub poob. Phau ntawv no, txawm li cas los xij, tsim ib tiam tshiab ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm nrog kev nkag siab tshiab ntawm cov duab paub, thiab nws txoj haujlwm kev kawm tau tawm sai sai tom qab nws tshaj tawm. Liaising nrog lub koom haum Warburg (tom qab ib feem ntawm University of London), xyoo 1959 nws tau los ua tus thawj coj. Tab sis nws kuj muaj kev paub dhau los ua tus xibfwb ntawm keeb kwm kos duab ntawm Oxford (1950–53) thiab Cambridge (1961–63), nrog rau ntawm Cornell University hauv New York State (1970–77). Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau qhia ntau yam tuaj xyuas. Los ntawm 1959 mus txog rau thaum nws so hauj lwm nyob rau hauv 1976 nws yog xib fwb ntawm Classical History ntawm lub University of London.

Key Ideas

Hauv kev qhuab qhia pej xeem, xws li Mellon Lecture Series uas muaj koob npe nws tau muab nyob rau hauv Washington, DC, xyoo 1956, tus kws qhia txuj ci tseem ceeb tau ua ntau tshaj li kev nthuav qhia nthuav dav. Nws suav tias lawv yog lub sijhawm rau kev xav txog qhov hnyav thiab tau siv sijhawm los tsim qee cov tswv yim txog kev kos duab thiab kev xav,nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm art. Ntau ntawm Gombrich cov phau ntawv tau hloov kho cov lus qhuab qhia nws tau muab. Art and Illusion (1960), ib qho ntawm cov paub zoo tshaj plaws, tau ua raws li Mellon's 1956 cov lus qhuab qhia thiab tshawb nrhiav qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov rooj sib tham hauv kev xaav ntawm cov duab kos duab. Gombrich tau sib cav tias cov kws ua yeeb yam tsis tuaj yeem tsuas yog kos lossis kos qhov lawv pom, tab sis nyob ntawm cov neeg sawv cev raws li kev cia siab los ntawm cov neeg saib tau pom lawm.

Nyob hauv nws cov lus qhuab qhia thiab kev sau ntawv, Gombrich nthuav nws cov tswv yim puas siab ntsws. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los, nws nyiam siv cov piv txwv ntawm cov duab kos ntawm cov neeg uas tau xa tawm hauv cov tsheb tsis muaj neeg taug kev nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb kom sib txuas lus ib yam dab tsi txog tib neeg thiab lawv qhov chaw hauv qhov chaw rau txhua tus neeg txawv teb chaws. Txhua tus neeg txawv teb chaws, Gombrich tau taw qhia, yuav tsis muaj cov qauv siv rau kev txhais cov duab kos ntawm cov neeg uas lawv tuaj yeem pom: yog tias lawv tsis muaj tib neeg txhais tes, lawv yuav, piv txwv li, xav tias tus poj niam uas nws txhais tes tau piav qhia ntawm ib qho. los ntawm cov duab kos, tiag tiag muaj claws. Gombrich tau siv tib lub laj thawj ntawm ib qib tshwj xeeb rau cov duab kos duab thiab cov kev xav uas cov neeg tuaj saib tau ua thaum lawv saib lawv. Nws tau txaus siab los ntawm cov qauv tshiab ntawm kev nthuav qhia uas nyob ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm tus sawv cev, thiab nws ib zaug tau sau ib tsab ntawv ntawm teddy bears, taw qhia tias lawv yog cov xwm txheej niaj hnub no.

Kev sau ntawv

Qee yam ntxivGombrich cov phau ntawv tom qab, xws li Cov Phom Caricature (1963) thiab Duab Ntxoo: Kev piav qhia ntawm Cast Shadows hauv Western Art (1996), tau hais txog cov ncauj lus tshwj xeeb hauv nws cov tswv yim dav dav txog kev xav thiab kev sawv cev. Lwm cov phau ntawv tau sau cov ntawv sau thiab cov lus hais txog ntau yam; Qee qhov kev nyeem ntau ntxiv suav nrog "Kev xav ntawm Nees - Kev Ua Haujlwm" thiab "Lwm Cov Lus Nug ntawm Txoj Cai ntawm Kev Ua Yeeb Yam" (1963), "Cov Duab thiab Lub Qhov Muag: Kev Kawm Ntxiv hauv Psychology ntawm Duab" (1981) thiab "Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Peb Lub Sijhawm: Teeb meem hauv Kev Kawm" thiab kos duab" (1991). Nyob nruab nrab ntawm xyoo 1966 thiab 1988 nws kuj tau sau plaub lub koob "Studies in Renaissance Art" thiab tuav lub neej kev txaus siab rau kev kos duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb thaum ub.

Txawm hais tias kev cia siab ntawm nws cov tswv yim ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev puas siab puas ntsws niaj hnub, Gombrich tsis tuaj yeem hu ua tus txhawb nqa ntawm kev kos duab niaj hnub no. Ib qho ntawm nws cov ntawv nyeem dav tshaj plaws tau tshwm sim hauv Atlantic xyoo 1958; Nws hu nws Vogue ntawm Abstract Art ("Fashion rau abstract art"), tab sis cov editors muab nws ntau provocative title "Lub Tyranny ntawm Abstract Art." Nws tsis nyiam qhov nws pom raws li qhov ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog kev ua yeeb yam tshiab hauv xyoo pua nees nkaum, thiab tau mob siab rau phau ntawv Cov Tswv Yim ntawm Kev Txhim Kho thiab Lawv Kev Ua Yeeb Yam ntawm Art rau cov lus nug ntawm kev kos duab thiab nws txoj kev sib raug zoo rau cov tswv yim tsim los ntawm kev hloov pauv. Txawm li cas los xij, Gombrich yeej tsis tau raug cais raws li kev saib xyuas nruj thiab tau hais tawm hauv kev tiv thaiv ntawm qee cov neeg ua yeeb yam tam sim no, suav nrog tus kws kos duab Askiv ib nrab ntawm Henry Moore.

BTxawm li cas los xij, nws nyob ntev txaus kom pom cov txuj ci zoo tuaj rau yav tom ntej. Gombrich tseem ua haujlwm nyob rau xyoo kawg ntawm nws lub neej, txuas ntxiv sau thiab qhia txawm tias muaj kev noj qab haus huv tsis zoo. Nws tuag hauv London thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 3, 2001, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm txaus ntawm nws lub rooj los tshaj tawm cov ntim tom qab, Kev Nyiam rau Cov Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm: Cov Txheej Txheem hauv Keeb Kwm ntawm Western Taste thiab Art. Los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, kwv yees li ob lab luam tawm ntawm Keeb Kwm Kev Ua Yeeb Yam tau raug muag. Gombrich txoj kev txawj ntse yog qhov loj heev, txuas mus rau cov chav kawm keeb kwm kos duab ntawm ntau lub tsev kawm qib siab hauv zej zog, qhov twg tus kws qhia ntawv tuaj yeem taw qhia qee qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev muaj tiag hauv cov duab nto moo thiab nug cov tub ntxhais kawm uas tuaj koom vim li cas tus kws kos duab tuaj yeem ua li no.

Ernst Gombrich khoom plig thiab khoom plig

Tus kws tshaj lij kos duab zoo yog Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Kev Txiav Txim ntawm Tebchaws Askiv (1966); Tus tuav ntawm British Order of Merit (1988) thiab Vienna Gold Medal (1994). Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog tus tau txais txiaj ntsig Erasmus (1975), Ludwig Wittgenstein nqi zog (1988) thiab Goethe nqi zog (1994).