Txoj hlua hneev taw: piav qhia ntawm pab pawg

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Lub hauv paus ntawm symphony orchestra yog ib pab pawg nyob hauv nruab nrab, ncaj qha rau pem hauv ntej ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib thiab tus neeg xyuas pib. Cov no yog cov cuab yeej siv hlua. Lub vibration ntawm cov hlua yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub suab. Hauv kev faib tawm Hornbostel-Sachs, bowed stringed instruments hu ua chordophones. Thaum ob lub violins, viola thiab cello ua si ua ke, ib txoj hlua quartet raug tsim. This is chamber music of bowed string instruments.

Precursors

Ob chav basses, cellos, violas thiab violins tsis yog thawj zaug tshwm sim, lawv tau ua ntej los ntawm viols, uas tau nrov hauv lub xyoo pua kaum tsib. Lawv lub suab yog mos thiab maj mam, yog li tsis ntev lawv tau los ua cov nyiam ntawm txhua hom orchestras. bowed string instruments li no tshwm sim ntev ua ntej lub viola, tab sis lawv tseem hluas dua li plucked instruments.

Hneev tau tsim nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb, txawm cov Greeks thaum ub tseem tsis tau paub txog nws. Arabs, Persians, Africans dhau los ntawm lub teb chaws mus rau ib lub teb chaws zoo li ib rab chais, thiab maj mam (los ntawm lub xyoo pua yim) tus hneev tuaj rau Tebchaws Europe. Muaj tsimstringed bowed instruments, uas, hloov, muab lub neej ua ntej rau lub viola, thiab ces mus rau lub violin.

Viola

Cov viols muaj ntau qhov sib txawv thiab muaj suab sib txawv, qee qhov sawv ntawm lub hauv caug, lwm tus - ntawm lawv lub hauv caug, lwm tus - loj dua - sawv ntawm lub rooj zaum thiab yuav tsum tau ua si sawv ntsug. Kuj tseem muaj violas me me, uas, zoo li lub violin, tau tuav ntawm lub xub pwg nyom. Viola da gamba tseem nyob rau hauv orchestras, nws muaj ib tug heev peculiar thiab zoo nkauj "lub suab". Nws yeej muaj yeej mus txog rau lub xyoo pua thib kaum yim, tom qab ntawd rau qee lub sij hawm lub cello ua nws qhov chaw. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1905 ua lub viola da gamba rov qab mus rau lub orchestra. Cov cuab yeej suab paj nruag tau txhawb lawv lub suab ua tsaug rau nws rov qab los.

Feem ntau, viols tau ntev tau txais txiaj ntsig ntau dua rau cov neeg nyiam: lawv muaj qhov zoo nkauj, zoo li lub suab nrov, suab paj nruag zoo nkauj los ntawm tswm ciab, thaum cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag nyob hauv velvet robes thiab hmoov wigs. Violins thawj zaug kov yeej pej xeem suab paj nruag, yog li ntawd lawv tsis raug tso cai rau hauv palaces thiab salons ntev, viols thiab lutes reigned muaj.

nkauj viols yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis tshaj plaws thiab tseem zoo nkauj heev, txawm tias lub taub hau feem ntau tau kos duab kos duab ua paj, tsiaj lossis tib neeg lub taub hau.

Masters

Nyob rau xyoo pua kaum tsib, nrog rau kev tshwm sim ntawm violins, lute thiab viol makers pib retrain li pej xeem fairground seev supplanted cov laus aristocratic,vim lawv muaj ntau lub cib fim los rho tawm suab, hais lus thiab kev txawj ntse. Lub tsev kawm nto moo Andrea Amati tau tsim nyob rau hauv Cremona, uas tau los ua keeb kwm. Nws tus tub xeeb ntxwv muaj peev xwm ua nkauj ua yeeb yaj kiab uas ua rau lawv lub suab zoo heev, thaum khaws qhov sov, softness thiab ntau yam ntoo.

Violins pib muaj peev xwm ua tau txhua yam: qhia tib neeg txoj kev xav thiab txawm coj tus cwj pwm ntawm tib neeg lub suab. Ib puas xyoo tom qab ntawd, lwm tus tswv - Antonio Stradivari, tus tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Nicolo Amati, qhib nws lub rooj cob qhia thiab ua tiav. Tsis tas li ntawd tus tswv zoo heev yog Giuseppe Guarneri, uas tuaj nrog tus qauv tshiab ntawm lub violin, zoo meej dua. Tag nrho cov tsev kawm ntawv no tau ua haujlwm hauv tsev neeg, thiab cov menyuam yaus thiab cov xeeb ntxwv txuas ntxiv ua lag luam. Lawv ua tsis tau tsuas yog violins xwb, tab sis kuj tag nrho lwm yam bowed stringed instruments.

Npees ntawm orchestral instruments

Lub violin muaj qhov sau npe siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov hlua khi, thiab ob lub ntses bass thaj tsam muaj qhov qis tshaj. Ze rau lub suab nkauj violin - qis me ntsis - lub suab viola, txawm qis dua - cello. Tag nrho cov hlua khi hneev yog zoo li tus tib neeg lub cev, tsuas yog sib txawv.

Lub cev ntawm violins muaj ob lub suab nrov - qis dua thiab sab saud, thawj yog ua los ntawm maple, thiab thib ob ntawm spruce. Nws yog cov decks uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau qhov zoo thiab lub zog ntawm lub suab. Nyob rau sab saum toj muaj curly txiav - efs, thiab lawv zoo li tsab ntawv "f". Lub caj dab txuas nrog lub cev (uas yog tus neeg ntaus nkauj hu nkauj "khiav"), nws feem ntau yog ua los ntawm ebony, thiab cov hlua tau ncab hla nws - muaj plaub ntawm lawv. Lawv fastenedpegs, twisting rau lawv thiab ncab. Ntawm no lub suab nyob ntawm qhov nro, tus nkauj laus ncas suab nkauj hu nkauj los ntawm twisting pegs.

Yuav ua li cas

Viola loj dua lub violin, txawm hais tias nws tseem tuav ntawm xub pwg. Lub cello tseem loj dua thiab ua si zaum ntawm lub rooj zaum nrog cov cuab yeej so hauv pem teb ntawm ob txhais ceg. Ob chav ntses bass thaj tsam loj dua li cello, tus ntaus ntses bass thaj tsam ib txwm ua si sawv ntsug, qee zaum nws zaum saum lub quav siab.

Ib hneev yog ib tug pas nrig ua los ntawm ntoo, uas tuab nees plaub hau yog stretched, uas ces smeared nrog rosin - ntoo thuv resin. Tom qab ntawd tus hneev me ntsis lo rau txoj hlua thiab, zoo li nws yog, rub nws nrog. Cov hlua vibrates thiab yog li suab. Tag nrho cov cuab yeej hneev nti ntawm lub suab paj nruag ua haujlwm raws nraim ntawm txoj cai no. Thaum tus qhab nia xav tau nws, cov hlua khi tuaj yeem plucked (pizzicato) thiab txawm ntaus nrog cov ntoo ntawm hneev.

Alto

Viola zoo nkaus li zoo li nkauj laus ncas, nws tsuas yog dav thiab ntev dua, tab sis nws cov ntoo yog qhov tshwj xeeb, lub suab qis dua thiab tuab dua. Tsis yog txhua tus violinist yuav tuaj yeem ua si lub viola nrog lub cev ntev ntawm plaub caug rau centimeters ntxiv rau lub caj dab. Cov ntiv tes yuav tsum muaj zog thiab ntev, tes yuav tsum dav thiab muaj zog. Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, koj xav tau tshwj xeeb rhiab heev. Tag nrho cov zoo no ua ke yog tsawg heev.

Txawm hais tias lub viola tsis nrov ntawm cov kws sau nkauj li lwm pab pawg ntawm cov hlua khi hlua, nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv lub suab paj nruag symphony. Thiab thaum twg, piv txwv li, Yuri Bashmet plays solo, tus nqi ntawm qhov ntsuas nozoo siab heev.

Cello

Tsis muaj ib qho cuab yeej zoo tshaj los qhia txog kev tu siab, kev tu siab, kev tu siab, txawm tias kev poob siab. Lub suab ntawm cello muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb timbre uas pierces tus ntsuj plig, tsis zoo li lwm yam twj paj nruag. Alexander Grin nyob rau hauv nws "Scarlet Sails" piv lub violin nrog ib tug ntshiab ntxhais hu ua Assol, thiab lub cello nrog lub passionate Carmen. Tseeb tiag, cello tuaj yeem qhia kev xav muaj zog thiab tus cwj pwm vivid heev.

Cellos tau ua ib txhij nrog violins los ntawm thawj tus tswv, tab sis Antonio Stradivari coj nws mus rau qhov zoo. Qhov cuab yeej no tsis tau pom nyob rau hauv lub orchestra rau lub sij hawm ntev, tawm hauv lub accompaniment qhov chaw rau nws, tab sis thaum lub suab no yeej hnov, cov composers tau sau ib tug ntau ntawm solo thiab chamber music rau lub cello, thiab cov neeg ua yeeb yam tau txhim kho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua si. qhov instrumental no ntau thiab ntau.

ob bass

Ntawm no yog tus sau npe qis tshaj plaws. Cov duab ntawm ob lub ntses bass thaj tsam tsis zoo ib yam li nkauj laus ncas: lub cev sloping ntau dua, nws lub xub pwg nyom ze rau ntawm caj dab. Nws lub suab yog booming, tuab, qis, thiab tsis muaj tus ntses bass thaj tsam sau npe lub orchestra yuav tsis suab zoo, yog li ob bass tsuas yog irreplaceable nyob rau hauv. Ntxiv mus, nws yuav siv sij hawm hauv paus nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua lub orchestra - txawm jazz. Koj ua tsis tau yog tsis muaj nws.

Yog peb piv cov qhab nia orchestral nrog tib neeg lub cev, ces cov ntses bass thaj tsam yog lub cev pob txha uasRaws li, "nqaij" yog ib qho kev sib haum xeeb nrog, thiab cov kab melodic yog "daim tawv nqaij", nws pom tau rau txhua tus. Yog tias peb xav txog tias cov pob txha raug tshem tawm ntawm lub cev, yuav ua li cas? Yog, lub hnab yog shapeless. Bass tsuas yog raws li qhov tsim nyog, txhua yam nyob ntawm nws. Dab tsi ntawm cov hlua-bowed instruments tuaj yeem ua kom lub suab ntawm tag nrho cov orchestra? Ob chav basses nkaus xwb.

Violin

Txoj hlua hneev taw ncaj nraim xav txog nws tus poj huab tais thaum lub violin hu nkauj, tus so tsuas tuaj yeem hu nkauj. Lub suab raug muab rho tawm hauv txoj kev uas tsis muaj lwm yam cuab yeej ntawm pab pawg no tuaj yeem ua tau. Ib tug hneev nrog tawv, ntxhib, ntxhib horsehair, rubbed nrog rosin, yog yuav luag ib cov ntaub ntawv, vim muaj zog rosin yog poured rau hauv hmoov. Thaum tus hneev kov txoj hlua, nws tam sim ntawd lo thiab rub txoj hlua raws li ntev li ntev tau nws elasticity txaus, ces nws tawg tawm tam sim ntawd rov lo. Qhov no yog qhov txav ntawm txoj hlua - niaj hnub thaum hneev rub nws, thiab sinusoidal rov qab - thiab muab qhov tshwj xeeb timbre.

Tseem muaj qhov ua tau zoo li no: hauv lwm cov twj paj nruag, hauv guitars, piv txwv li, cov hlua tau ncab ntawm cov txiv ntoo tawv tawv, thiab hauv violin lawv so ntawm ib tsob ntoo, tsis tshua muaj qhov muag, uas oscillates thaum ua si hauv ob qho tib si kev taw qhia, thiab cov kev co no kis mus rau txhua txoj hlua, txawm tias cov hneev nti tsis kov. Yog li maj mam overtones ntxiv rau tag nrho cov duab, uas ntxiv txhawb lub suab ntawm lub twj paj nruag.

Tool features

Lub intonation ywj pheej ntawm lub suab ntawm lub violin tsuas yog qhov kawg. Tej zaum nws yuav tsistsuas yog hu nkauj, tab sis kuj rau xuav, thiab ua raws li lub qhov rooj creaking thiab chirping ntawm ib tug noog. Thiab ib zaug hauv TV lawv tau nthuav tawm lub Plaub Hlis Fool kev lom zem, qhov twg tus neeg ntaus nkauj ua yeeb yaj kiab ua rau cov neeg tuaj saib luag los ntawm kev ua raws li cov suab uas tsis cuam tshuam nrog cov suab paj nruag. Piv txwv li, lub suab tsis paub meej ntawm tus neeg xa xov ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb, tshaj tawm txog kev tuaj txog ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau. Lo lus "pavtaryaaaayu" tau hais los ntawm lub violin. Qhov kev txawj ntse ntawm cov cuab yeej no yog nyob ntawm qhov zoo ntawm tus neeg ua yeeb yam lub rooj sib hais, thiab kev cob qhia yuav tsum ntev. Nws tsis yog qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig uas cov menyuam yaus pib qhia thaum ntxov li peb lossis plaub xyoos, kom cov txiaj ntsig tau tsim nyog.