Serapion cov kwv tij: keeb kwm thiab duab

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Tom qab lub Kaum Hli thiab Lub Ob Hlis kev hloov pauv, uas tau hloov lub teb chaws loj nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sib txawv kiag li, kev tawg paj sai sai ntawm txhua hom kev niaj hnub hauv kev kos duab tau pib hauv Russia. Cov pab pawg neeg sau ntawv "Serapion Brothers" tsis tau ntev, txawm li cas los xij, nws tau tso ib qho kev ceeb toom ob qho tib si hauv keeb kwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab hauv tus kheej lub neej ntawm txhua tus tswv cuab. Lub stigma ntawm "Serapion" tseem nyob nrog lawv mus txog thaum kawg ntawm lawv cov hnub. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1920s, nws yog ib lub koom haum nto moo tshaj plaws sau ntawv, xws li sau ntawv xws li Mikhail Zoshchenko, Veniamin Kaverin, Lev Lunts, Vsevolod Ivanov, Mikhail Slonimsky tawm ntawm nws qib. Tau tawm ntawm lub qab ntug ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas Soviet prose thiab hlawv sai sai, Cov Kwv Tij Serapion txawm li cas los xij tau tswj hwm txoj hauv kev tshiab rau ntau tus kws sau ntawv.

Backstory

Hauv xyoo 1919, Literary Translation Studio tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub tsev tshaj tawm "World Literature". Txawm li cas los xij, tsis ntev, cov rooj sib tham ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas uas tuaj yeem paub txog qhov kev kos duab no tau pib muaj ntau dua. Kev sib tham txog cov ntaub ntawv, kev txawj ntawm tus kws sau ntawv thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev kos duab yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov rooj sib tham. Tsis ntev nolawv tau hloov mus rau hauv Literary Studio. N. Gumilyov yog tus thawj coj ntawm nws lub koom haum, thiab K. Chukovsky tau ua tus thawj coj. Andrey Bely, N. Zamyatin, K. Chukovsky, N. Gumilyov, V. Shklovsky tau ua cov rooj sib tham thiab muab cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm cov rooj sib tham. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov thwjtim tau nce thiab los ntawm 1920 yog 350 tus neeg. Cov kws sau ntawv, uas tau dhau los ua nruj nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lub studio no, sib cais thiab tsim pawg Serapion Brothers. Cov tswv cuab ntawm lub koom haum no tau hais tias lawv tsis yog ib lub tsev kawm ntawv sau, tab sis tsuas yog cov neeg thuam, cov kws sau ntawv thiab cov kws sau paj huam, sib txuas los ntawm cov kev xav ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kos duab.

Nkauj ntseeg lub npe ntawm lub koom haum sau ntawv

Yog tias tsis yog rau phau ntawv cov dab neeg luv luv Serapion's Brothers (Hoffmann), uas tau pw ntawm tus tshaj tawm lub rooj ntev ntev, lub npe ntawm lub zej zog ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv hluas yuav txawv. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau hloov mus ua raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm pawg. Hoffmann phau ntawv 22-zaj dab neeg qhia txog ib pawg phooj ywg uas tau ntsib tom qab sib ncaim ntev. Ib tug ntawm lawv tham txog nws lub rooj sib tham nrog tus npau suav suav, leej twg yog tus paub tseeb ntawm qhov tsis pom tseeb ntawm ib puag ncig kev muaj tiag. Kev tsis lees paub qhov tseeb, kev thim rov qab mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ntawm kev muaj tswv yim pub dawb, uas yog lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm txoj haujlwm no, zoo kawg nkaus tus cwj pwm ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv hluas.

Tus sau yog leej twg? "Serapion Kwv Tij": cov neeg koom nrog

Yuav luag tam sim tom qab tsim, kev tso npe ntawm cov tswv cuab tshiab rau pawg neeg sau ntawv tau nres. Thawj - thiab zaum kawg kab ntawm cov neeg koom tau immortalized nyob rau hauv 1921 daim duab. Ntawm nwsCov duab yog Lev Lunts, Nikolai Nikitin, Mikhail Slonimsky, Ilya Gruzdev, Konstantin Fedin, Vsevolod Ivanov, Mikhail Zoshchenko, Veniamin Kaverin, Elizaveta Polonskaya, Nikolai Tikhonov. Kwv yees li ntawm qhov kev txiav txim no lawv tau txais rau hauv pab pawg. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb suav nrog Viktor Shklovsky ntawm cov neeg koom, txawm hais tias nws tus kheej tau txiav txim siab nws txoj haujlwm dhau ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm ib lub koom haum.

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov rooj sib tham ntawm Serapions

Pab pawg neeg sau ntawv "Serapion Brothers" xaiv Slonimsky chav ua lawv qhov chaw sib tham. Nws daim duab txawm los ua lub cim ntawm pab pawg. Cov neeg sau ntawv thuam pom zoo tias cov rooj sib tham tau tshwm sim rau hnub Saturday, txawm hais tias qhov tseeb cov neeg nyiam tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke rau lwm hnub ntawm lub lim tiam. Nyob rau hauv cov rooj sib tham, cov hauj lwm ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm pab pawg tau nyeem, uas tau tham nyob rau hauv kom meej thiab meej. Cov kws sau ntawv tau sib cav txog kev kos duab, suav tias yog txoj hauv kev tshiab ntawm kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv. Koj tuaj yeem kwv yees tias cov kev sib tham tau kub siab thiab siab ntsws.

Almanac tso tawm

Qhov sib koom ua ke ntawm Serapions tau tso tawm xyoo 1922. Nws tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv Russia, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv Berlin, ntxiv los ntawm I. Gruzdev tsab xov xwm "Lub ntsej muag thiab lub ntsej muag". Txawm tias ua ntej kev tso tawm ntawm lub almanac, tej hauj lwm ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm pawg Serapion Brothers tau paub zoo nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem. Ntawm cov neeg qhuas ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm yog M. Gorky, raws li tau pom los ntawm nws cov ntawv xov xwm nrog Shklovsky. Nws tau mob siab rau kev tso tawm cov haujlwm tshiab thiab muab kev ntaus nqi siab heev.

YYu. Tynyanov tau txwv ntau dua. ATnws tsab xov xwm "Cov kwv tij Serapion. Almanac I" nws characterizes lub sau raws li ib tug unsteady thawj kauj ruam, qhov twg tsis heev ua tiav dab neeg (thiab tsis yog ib txwm zoo dua sawv daws yuav). Tus neeg tawm suab ntawm "zoo nkauj clarity" M. Kuzmin txawm tsis pom zoo rau qhov almanac no, sau tias cov dab neeg ntawm Serapions ntawm 1920 twb dhau los lawm hauv 1922.

kwv tij lub npe menyuam yaus

Thaum xub thawj, cov rooj sib tham ntawm "Serapion Brothers" zoo ib yam li cov rooj sib tham ntawm "Arzamas Society of Unknown People", uas koom ua ke cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm Pushkin lub voj voog. Los ntawm qhov ntawd, lub tswv yim ntawm comic nicknames raug coj mus, uas tseem nyob nrog cov kws sau ntawv rau tag nrho lawv lub neej. Ib txhia ntawm lawv tau hais los ntawm V. Pozner hauv tsab ntawv rau A. M. Remizov. I. Gruzdev tau txais lub npe menyuam yaus "kwv tij rector", N. Nikitin - "kwv tij canonarch", L. Lunts - "kwv tij buffoon", V. Pozner - "tus kwv yau", V. Shklovsky - "kwv tij brawler". Zamyatin, Zoshchenko thiab N. Chukovsky tseem tsis muaj lub npe menyuam yaus. A. Akhmatova, B. Annenkov, I. Odoevtseva thiab lwm tus feem ntau tuaj koom rooj sib tham. Lawv kuj tau koom nrog kev sib tham thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb, txawm tias lawv tsis yog ib feem ntawm pab pawg. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj "Lub koom haum ntawm Serapion ntxhais", uas suav nrog M. Alonkina, L. Sazonova, Z. Gatskevich (tom qab Nikitin tus poj niam), I. Kaplan-Ingel (tom qab Slonimsky tus poj niam).

Lev Lunts thiab Serapion kwv tij

Hluas nkauj 20 xyoo Lev Lunts tau los ua tus thawj coj ntawm pab pawg. Ntse, ib txwm muaj sia nyob, muaj peev xwm tsis txaus ntseeg - hauv thawj lub rooj sib tham ntawm Serapions, nws yog nws uas "ua kom sov" nws cov npoj yaig. Luntz nyob tsuas yog 23 xyoo, tab sis tswj kom tawm ntawm qhov cim pomnyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv. Lub obituary rau Lunts tau sau los ntawm M. Gorky, N. Berberova, Yu. Tynyanov, K. Fedin. Lawv hu nws tias "faun me nyuam tub", lub zog ntws ntawm tus txiv neej no puv tag nrho cov rooj sib tham ntawm pab pawg hu ua "Serapion Brothers". Lub koom haum sau ntawv tau xaiv nws ua nws tus thawj coj ideological. Lawv txawm xav muab tag nrho cov khoom sau rau tus tub hluas, txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsis muaj sijhawm los ua qhov no.

Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1920, Luntz txoj haujlwm tau txais kev qias neeg tsis txaus ntseeg raws li kev tawm tsam Soviet thiab kev tawm tsam, thiab nws tsis tau luam tawm lawm. Yog vim li cas rau tus cwj pwm no tuaj yeem nkag siab yog tias koj nyeem Luntz tsab xov xwm "Vim li cas peb" Serapion Cov kwv tij ", uas tau los ua pawg neeg tshaj tawm. Hauv nws, nws tshaj tawm cov ntsiab cai ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm kev muaj tswv yim, lub neej yam tsis muaj kev cai thiab kev cai.

Txoj hmoo ntawm kev sib sau

Rau lub xeev Soviet, qhov muaj nyob ntawm pawg neeg sau ntawv ywj pheej yog qhov tsis xav tau. Nyob rau hauv 1922, autobiographical essays ntawm lub serapions tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv phau ntawv journal Literaturnye Zapiski. Tom qab ntawd, tag nrho cov phiaj xwm pib cais cov neeg sau ntawv, coj los ntawm Lunacharsky thiab Trotsky. Lub luag haujlwm tau teeb tsa kom meej: txhawm rau pab pawg ua haujlwm raws li lawv lub siab nyiam. Cov neeg uas pom zoo koom tes nrog cov tub ceev xwm tau cog lus tias lawv tej hauj lwm yuav raug luam tawm. Rau cov kws sau ntawv Soviet, qhov no twb muaj kev vam meej loj. Qee cov serapions koom nrog Krug artel, uas muaj nyob rau ntawm cov nyiaj ntawm tog.

Maj mam cov rooj sib tham tau tsawg thiab tsawg zaus. Cov pab pawg neeg tsis tau raug rhuav tshem, kev sib raug zoo ntawm nws cov tswv cuabkhaws cia thoob plaws lub neej. Txawm li cas los xij, Zoshcheko tsis tuaj txog thaum yav tsaus ntuj xyoo 1926. Txog xyoo 1929, lub koom haum Serapion Brothers tseem muaj kev kub ntxhov nyob hauv ib puag ncig kev sau ntawv. Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm Union of Writers, lub hav zoov ntawm ib lub koom haum ywj pheej, feem ntau, ua tsis tau.

Txawm hais tias nws keeb kwm luv luv, pawg Serapion Brothers tseem ceeb heev rau Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Ntau tus kws sau ntawv zoo tshaj plaws tuaj tawm ntawm nws nruab nrab, thiab qhov pom tau tias nws tau tso tseg yog qhov ua pov thawj los ntawm qhov tseeb tias xyoo 1946, nyob rau hauv tsab cai nto moo ntawm Zhdanov, nws cov tswv cuab tau hais dua. Yog li ntawd, ntau xyoo tom qab lub cev qhuav dej, lub Soviet punitive txhais tes tau txais cov recalcitrant sau ntawv, coj down ib tug xov tooj ntawm txwv tsis pub rau Zoshchenko, Tikhonov thiab Slonimsky.