Konstantin Aksakov: biography, kev ua ub no thiab nthuav qhov tseeb

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Xyoo no yog lub 200th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm lub hnub yug ntawm tus zoo Lavxias teb sab philosopher, playwright, linguist thiab kws sau paj lug. Konstantin Aksakov nyob tsuas yog 43 xyoo.

Nws yog ib tug neeg tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub Slavophil zog nyob rau hauv Russia thaum pib - nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Nws cov kev xav, qhia txog kev tso cai rau cov neeg nyob deb nroog, tau nce mus rau nws lub sijhawm, cuam tshuam los ntawm kev ua qhev. Los ntawm nws yawg, tus thawj coj Suvorov, Konstantin tau txais txiaj ntsig ntawm tus kheej: kev hlub thiab kev mob siab rau.

Tsev neeg Aksakov nqis los ntawm Varangian uas ua haujlwm rau cov thawj coj ntawm Kyiv. Txawm tias nyob rau hauv pre-Petrine Russia, muaj nobles, "sovereign neeg" nyob rau hauv nws. Lub Peb Hlis 29, 1817, Konstantin Aksakov yug hauv lub zos Aksakovo, Orenburg xeev. Biography ntawm nws thaum yau yog txuam nrog cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm nws txiv, Sergei Timofeevich, ib tug kws sau ntawv thiab sau ntawv thuam. Los ntawm tus cwj mem ntawm niam txiv tuaj txog cov dab neeg zoo kawg nkaus "Lub Nroog hauv Snuffbox", "Scarlet Paj". Konstantin muaj kwv yau Ivan thiab tus muam Vera, lawv yog phooj ywg nrog ib leeg.

Tsev neeg Aksakov hauv lub neej txhua hnubua raws li cov kev cai qub Lavxias. Konstantin tau coj los rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm kev tos txais qhua thiab lub neej dav. Xyoo 1826, Aksakovs tsiv mus rau Moscow.

Nyob rau xyoo kawm ntawv

Konstantin Aksakov tau txais nws txoj kev kawm theem nrab ntawm Pogodin nce tsev. Txawm tias thaum hluas, nws nqhis dej rau kev paub thiab kev txawj sau ntawv tau tshwm sim nws tus kheej. Tus txiv neej hluas yog ib tus neeg muaj tswv yim, ib tus neeg ua tsis ncaj ncees thiab tsis yog neeg lag luam. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog kaum tsib, nws nkag mus rau hauv lub hais lus department ntawm Moscow University, lub department ntawm professors Pobedonostsev thiab Nadezhdin.

Nyob rau hauv nws cov tub ntxhais kawm xyoo, yav tom ntej publicist, ua ke nrog Vissarion Belinsky, Ivan Turgenev, Vasily Bakunin, Vasily Botkin, koom nyob rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm German philosophy ntawm tus sau Stankevich, ces nyob rau hauv lub zej zog ntawm Slavophiles Samarin, Khomyakov. Cov huab cua ntawm cov rooj sib tham Ivan Turgenev tshwm nyob rau hauv lub tshiab "Rudin". Cov tub ntxhais hluas tau qias neeg los ntawm cov huab cua ntawm bureaucratic pseudo-patriotism, lawv tab tom nrhiav kev yooj yim thiab lub siab dawb paug hauv kev xav. Aksakov hu nws tus kheej "Slavophile thiab Hegelian" los ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm mus txog rau hnub kawg.

Konstantin Sergeevich tus tswv txoj haujlwm yog kev kawm ntawm Lomonosov qhov chaw hauv Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv. Pawg neeg saib xyuas tsis kam lees nws ntev, yuam tus menyuam kawm ntawv kho. Txij li thaum yau, cov neeg thuam novice pib muaj teeb meem nrog kev censorship. Aksakov's inquisitive analytical siab tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo, nws tau txais kev kawm txuj ci hauv Kyiv. Txawm li cas los xij, tus tub hluas tsis tau tawm hauv Moscow.

paj huam

Aksakov Konstantin luam tawm thawj cov paj huam hauv cov ntawv xov xwm"Cov ntawv sau hauv tsev", "Telescope", "Moscow Observer". Aksakov cov paj huam tau tsim cov hom phiaj ntawm romanticism yam ntxwv ntawm Goethe, thiab nws cov neeg kawm nyiam nws vim nws lub teeb ci ntawm lub suab thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov odes sovereign.

Nws cov neeg nyeem tau nco txog cov duab ntawm Lavxias teb sab, cov ntsiab lus kev xav, kev qhia ntawm tib neeg txoj kev xav.

Tom qab ib nrab xyoo pua, cov kws sau paj lug Fet thiab Tyutchev yuav txuas ntxiv lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov paj huam naturalistic, cov hauv paus uas tau tso los ntawm Konstantin Aksakov. Nws cov paj huam - "kwj", "Elegy", "Xav", "Thunderstorm", "Lub caij ntuj no los" - yog ob qho tib si sublime thiab yooj yim. Tus kws sau paj lug paub sau ua siab dawb paug txog nws lub tebchaws me me, thiab txog kev hlub. Nyob rau hauv nws cov paj huam, ib tug yuav hnov qhov kev nplij siab ntawm lub tsev nyob deb nroog, lub ntxim nyiam ntawm Lavxias teb sab xwm. Ua siab ncaj thiab yooj yim yog nws cov paj huam "A. V. G.", "Heavy at heart."

Tom qab ntawd, P. I. Tchaikovsky tau sau nkauj rau ib qho ntawm nws cov paj huam hloov pauv. Different from other services the whole conversion process will be perfomed by our infrastructure and you only have to download the audio and video Kwv Txhiaj Tawm Tshiab 2019 19 19 2018 Part 1.

Prose Aksakov

Cov dab neeg thiab cov dab neeg ntawm Konstantin Aksakov tau sau rau hauv lub siab ntawm romanticism thiab muaj peev xwm tsis lees paub. Ua hauj lwm rau lawv, lub Slavophile hloov mus ua ib tug philosopher, ces mus ua ib tug lyricist. Piv txwv li, hauv zaj dab neeg "Hawk Moth" nws tsim ib daim duab ntawm Kev Txiav Txim Kawg rau tus neeg tuag uas tsim nyog heev, tsis yog tus neeg qaug cawv, tab sis yog ib tug hawker.

Zaj dab neeg "Tswv Ntuj" nthuav rau nws txoj kev xav. Hauv nws, peb xub paub txog cov tub ntxhais hluas ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab kev npau suav Lothary Grunenfeld, uas siv sijhawm los xav txog qhov xwm txheej. Tom qab ntawd nws tshwm sim ua ntej tus nyeem ntawv raws li ib tug tub hluas, tsis muaj kev txhaum ntxiv lawm. Lothar tsis nco qab yuav ua li cas pom qhov zoo ntawm tib neeg,indifference kov nws txoj kev xav. Tab sis thaum ib tug ntxhais tau ntsib nyob rau hauv nws lub neej uas poob rau hauv kev hlub nrog nws, txhua yam superficial zoo nkaus li raug ntxuav tawm nrog ci thaum yau nco txog ntawm sab ntsuj plig, ntawm lub ntuj ntshiab nrog huab.

sau ua si

Nyob rau hauv lub 40s, Konstantin Aksakov tau tsim ntau yam haujlwm rau kev ua yeeb yam. Kev ua yeeb yam Konstantin Sergeevich sau nyob rau hauv lub npe pseudonym Evripidin, ntawm lawv "Prince Lupovitsky", "Liberation of Moscow", "Mail Coach"

Hauv zaj yeeb yaj kiab "Liberation of Moscow" Konstantin Sergeevich tau qhia lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg hauv kev ywj pheej ntawm lub nroog los ntawm cov neeg Polish conquerors. Qhov kev ua yeeb yam no raug txwv tam sim ntawd tom qab lub premiere ntawm Maly Theatre. Txawm li cas los xij, Aksakov yog tus kws ua yeeb yam nruab nrab, nws cov yeeb yam tau txawv los ntawm kev xav, lawv cov ntsiab lus ideological yeej dhau ntawm kev ua yeeb yam. Lawv tsis tau tshwj xeeb rau pej xeem.

Literary criticism

Teb ntawm kev thuam kev sau ntawv tau ua tiav rau Aksakov. Konstantin Sergeevich tau sau txog dab tsi txhawj xeeb nws cov neeg kawm - cov neeg txawj ntse ntawm Russia. Nws luam tawm ib phau ntawv ntawm N. V. Gogol zaj paj huam "Tuag Souls", qhov uas nws tau sau txog lub epic xwm ntawm kev ua hauj lwm, hais txog lub veracity ntawm depiction nyob rau hauv nws ntawm lub teb chaws psychotypes ntawm Nozdrev, Manilov, Sobakevich. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv zaj paj huam Nikolai Vasilyevich Aksakov suav tias yog "Lavxias teb sab", "tus ntsuj plig thiab duab ntawm qhov chaw zoo, muaj zog." Nws kuj hais txog Gogol cov duab ntawm lub suab paj nruag nyob mus ib txhis Lavxias teb sab, zoo kawg nkaus hauv nws lub hwj chim thiab kev ua piv txwv, uas, yam tsis muaj kev tso tseg, mus ib txhis yoov tshaj qhov loj.hwj chim, hnov tam sim no nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw, ces nyob rau hauv lwm.

Aksakov hauv cov ntawv xov xwm "Moskovityanin" tsis sib haum nrog Vissarion Belinsky ntawm tib txoj haujlwm ntawm Nikolai Vasilyevich. Nws tus khub suav tias qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm kev ua haujlwm "Gogol qhov kev sim ua kom tshwm sim raws li tus yaj saub hauv tebchaws", thiab hu ua lyricism ntawm paj huam tsis tsim nyog. Konstantin Sergeevich, uas tib neeg lub tswv yim yeej ib txwm yog thawj thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, tsis tuaj yeem nyob twj ywm hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo li no.

Thaum muaj hnub nyoog peb caug, Konstantin Aksakov tau luam tawm ntau lwm cov ntawv sau hauv Moscow.

Historical journalism

In 1847-1852 Nyob rau hauv nws tus cwj mem tau luam tawm kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm "Keeb kwm ntawm Russia" los ntawm xibfwb S. M. Solovyov. Lawv xav tias muaj kev hwm tus cwj pwm rau txoj hmoo ntawm Motherland raws li kev nco txog kev muaj sia nyob, kev tshaj tawm ntawm ancient sij hawm, ib tug xib fwb ntawm lub neej. Aksakov cov neeg sau xov xwm cov lus hais txog Keeb Kwm heev uas lawv tau kawm tib lub sijhawm hauv gymnasiums. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias nrog nws tsab xov xwm tus phab ej ntawm peb zaj dab neeg nrov nrov xibfwb Solovyov, tom qab ntawd hauv daim ntawv poetic nws twb teases nws tus phooj ywg:

Ideologist ntawm Slavophil txav

Lub tsev Moscow ntawm Aksakovs nyob rau hauv lub lig 40s yog lub npe hu ua ib tug sau ntawv salon, uas tau mus xyuas los ntawm Turgenev, Gogol, Pogodin, Belinsky, Zagoskin.

Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 38 Aksakov Konstantin Sergeevich tau sau ib zaj dab neeg "Memories of students", as well as "On the internal state of Russia". Hauv cov haujlwm no, tus neeg thuam tau nthuav tawm nws cov kev xav txog kev sib raug zoo thiab lub xeev cov qauv ntawm Niam Txiv. Nws ntseeg tias yog thawjsocial zej zog rau Russia yog cov neeg ua liaj ua teb. Lub Slavophile kev nom kev tswv platform tau ua raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm "av" thiab "xeev", nrog kev pab los ntawm Russia txoj kev tshwj xeeb keeb kwm tau raug tsim nyog.

Aksakov pom kev tawm tsam ntawm lub xeev lub hwj chim muaj koob muaj npe thiab zemstvo (public) txoj cai. Imperial hwj chim Konstantin Aksakov txhais tsuas yog txoj haujlwm ntawm "kev tiv thaiv tib neeg lub neej" thiab kev tiv thaiv. Raws li Konstantin Sergeevich, lub sovereign txoj cai ntawm cov neeg yuav tsum yog inalienable requisites ntawm Lavxias teb sab zej zog: presses, lus, kev xav. Ntxiv mus, lawv tsis tuaj yeem txwv lossis tswj los ntawm lub xeev.

History mus tsis ncaj ncees lawm

Nyob rau hauv kev xav ntawm Slavophiles ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Russia, ib qho kev xav tau hais txog nws txoj kev tu siab los ntawm Emperor Peter I, uas tau tsa lub xeev siab dua tib neeg. Nws yog nyob rau hauv no unnatural xwm txheej ntawm ib tug mlom lub hwj chim uas Konstantin Aksakov pom cov tuaj plagues ntawm Lavxias teb sab zej zog: xiab, serfdom, lub tsev teev ntuj schism.

Aksakov tau hais txog nws qhov kev xav hauv tsab ntawv rau Alexander II, uas tom qab ntawd tau tshaj tawm tsab cai ntawm kev tshem tawm ntawm kev ua qhev thiab yog li tau txais lub epithet "Liberator"

Kev thuam ntawm Western kev ywj pheej

Cov haujlwm ntawm Konstantin Aksakov, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsab xov xwm "Lub suab los ntawm Moscow" xyoo 1848, tsis lees paub tus nqi ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm Tebchaws Europe rau Russia. Nws thuam qhov kev paub ntawm Western kev ywj pheej rau "deification ntawm tsoom fwv", ntau dhau politicization ntawm pej xeem lub neej. Qhov tseem ceeb txaus siab ntawm Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg, raws liAksakov, pw hauv thaj chaw ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab kev ntseeg.

Lwm yam ntawm nws tej hauj lwm - "Rau Russia Saib" - dots kuv nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem ntawm "lub teb chaws - humanistic". Tus neeg tshaj tawm qhia txog txoj cai ntawm kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm cov neeg Lavxias, uas muaj txoj cai tsis pub luam tawm Western kev ywj pheej. Nws yog noteworthy tias tus philosopher thiab sau ntawv siv nws pro-Lavxias txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv xyaum. Nws, ib tug neeg nyob hauv lub nroog, hnav hwj txwv, hnav ris tsho zipun thiab yarmulke (cov neeg ua teb lub caij ntuj no lub kaus mom).

xyoo kawg ntawm lub neej

Zoo tias lub neej zoo. Aksakov Konstantin Sergeevich nyiam txoj cai hauv kev tshawb fawb, kev nom kev tswv thiab kev sau ntawv. Nws biography ua tim khawv rau ntau tus neeg zoo li lub siab xav. Lub tsev Aksakov tseem yog ib tug fashionable Moscow sau ntawv salon. Nws suav nrog Leo Tolstoy, Taras Shevchenko, Ivan Turgenev…

Txhua yam poob rau hauv ib hnub. Nyob rau hauv 1859, Aksakov txiv, Sergei Timofeevich, tuag. Tus tub raug kev txom nyem nyuaj heev, tau mob siab rau niam txiv. Raws li qhov xwm txheej zoo, nws tsuas yog emaciated, tsis muaj zog thiab poob mob nrog tuberculosis. Ib xyoos thiab ib nrab tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus txiv plig tus thawj coj, Aksakov Konstantin Sergeevich tuag thaum tab tom kho mob ntawm Mediterranean kob ntawm Zant.

Nws raug faus rau hauv lub toj ntxas ntawm Simonovsky Monastery, nyob ib sab ntawm nws txiv lub ntxa. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, cov Aksakovs tau rov faus rau ntawm Novodevichy Cemetery.

Zoo kawg

Konstantin Aksakov nkag mus rau keeb kwm raws li ib tug staunch Slavophile. Biography (luv luv hauv peb qhov kev nthuav qhia, tab sis nplua nuj nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb) ntawm nwsmuaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog ntau eccentricities. Nws tsis kam nyob rau hauv nws lub neej los ntawm sab hnub poob, thaum hnav ib tug peasant ib pab tub rog, uas nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th twb xyaum tau poob rau hauv kev tsis siv. Cov phooj ywg dag nws, tab sis lawv nkag siab tias qhov no tseem ceeb heev rau Konstantin Sergeevich. Nws txoj kev xav thiab kev xav tau txawv ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees hauv zej zog. Nws tawm tswv yim rov qab mus rau pej xeem lub neej ntawm Russia ntawm imperishable kev ncaj ncees qhov tseem ceeb puas los ntawm imperial tub ceev xwm.

Thiab tib lub sijhawm, tus kws tshawb fawb thiab kws sau ntawv tsis yog neeg siab phem, coj ncaj ncees thiab ncaj ncees. Cov Hegelian thiab Slavophile Aksakov tsis paub txog lub tswv yim imperial lossis cov neeg sab hnub poob. Cov neeg, thiab txawm cov neeg tawm tsam, hwm thiab txaus siab rau nws. Nws tsis tau sau ntawv, zoo li Leo Tolstoy, Nikolai Gogol, Ivan Turgenev, lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, tab sis nws yog ib tus phooj ywg ncaj ncees thiab ntseeg siab rau lawv txhua tus. Konstantin Aksakov rhiab heev thiab nkag siab tob txog cov txheej txheem sau ntawv, yog tus paub lus Askiv zoo, yog ib tus kws tshaj lij tshaj lij hauv keeb kwm Lavxias.