Rationalism hauv architecture thiab nws cov yam ntxwv

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Rationalism tsis yog qhov paub zoo txog kev coj ua hauv architecture li constructivism, tab sis tsis muaj tsawg nthuav. Cov style no tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua nees nkaum vim yog kev txhim kho thiab kev tshwm sim ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tshiab. Qee zaum qhov kev taw qhia no tseem hu ua "modern architecture". Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov style no tau them nyiaj ntau rau qhov kev xav ntawm lub hlwb ntawm tus neeg. Rationalism hauv architecture yog kev sib sau ntawm daim ntawv, tsim thiab ua haujlwm.

Short description

Qhov kev taw qhia no yog qhov txawv ntawm kev nruj thiab kev yooj yim ntawm cov ntawv. Rationalism nyob rau hauv architecture yog txawv los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias nws muaj ib tug feature - functionality. Lub heyday ntawm no style ntog nyob rau hauv lub 20-50s ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum. Cov qauv tseem ceeb siv los ntawm rationalism hauv architecture yog cov duab geometric: kab ncaj, squares, duab plaub.

Masters kuj tau sim nrog kev faib ua feem thiab xim. Architects nrhiav kom paub tseeb tias lawv cov tswv yim yog nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog rau qhov zoo nkauj ntawm lub sij hawm. Lawv lub tswv yim tseem ceeb yog tias architecture yuav tsum ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau niaj hnub no ntawm tib neeg, thiab tsis yog rov ua dua cov tswv yim ntawm lub sijhawm dhau los. Txoj kev taw qhia tshiab yuav tsum yooj yim, qhia meej thiab nkag siab rau tib neeg.

Kuj yog qhov nthuav dav ntawm kev xav txog kev xav hauv kev tsim vaj tsev ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th yog tias rau cov tswv nws yog ib qho cuab yeej rau kev tsim kho lub zej zog, ib tug "tshiab" tus neeg uas yuav pub dawb los ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm ntau pua xyoo dhau los. Ntxiv nrog rau kev sim cov proportions thiab xim, lawv siv asymmetry thiab cov ntaub ntawv xws li hlau thiab pob zeb. Tag nrho cov no ntxiv functionality rau qhov kev taw qhia.

Tus kws kes duab vajtse, raws li kev xav tau, ua tsis tau raws li tus kws kos duab, tab sis ua tus tsim. Cov vaj tse tau tsim los ua cov tswv yim, tab sis kuj qhia tau. Cov tswv ntawm qhov kev taw qhia no ntseeg hais tias cov khoom siv zoo nkauj tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb thaum nws ua haujlwm zoo. Yog li ntawd, cov tsev tsis yog tsuas yog qhia, tab sis kuj ua haujlwm.

Kev txhim kho cov qauv hauv Holland

Tus tsim ntawm kev tsim qauv tsim qauv tsim qauv hauv Holland yog Hendrik Petrus Berlage hauv 19th-20th centuries. Nws yog nws txoj haujlwm uas muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau kev tsim cov qauv no hauv lwm lub tebchaws. Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm Hendrik Berlage yog ua hauj lwm nrog txawm qhov chaw thiab siv cov pob zeb ntuj, unplastered cib ntsa.

Ib qho piv txwv ntawm rationalism hauv Dutch architecture yog lub tsev ntawm Amsterdam Tshuag Txauv. Nws cov tsos zoo sib haum xeeb ua ke nrog cov qauv nruj nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tsoos Dutch style. Berlage tau koom nrog kev tsim kho ntawm thaj chaw "tsis zoo" ntawm Amsterdam. Thiab hauv ntau lub nroogHolland tshwm sim yooj yim tab sis lub tsev zoo nkauj.

Kev txhim kho ntawm style hauv ltalis

Nyob rau hauv ltalis, rationalism tshwm sim ua tsaug rau German tsev kawm ntawv ntawm architecture "Bauhaus". Italian architectures tau tsim ob lub zej zog - "Group 7" thiab MIAR. Tus tswv nto moo tshaj plaws los ntawm lub koom haum muaj tswv yim "Group 7" yog Giuseppe Terragni, uas tau tsim lub tsev zoo nkauj nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm rationalism nyob rau hauv 1936 - Cov Neeg Lub Tsev hauv Como.

Lub taub hau ntawm MIAR, Adalberto Libera, tau muaj npe nrov ua tsaug rau Palace of Congresses, uas nyob hauv thaj chaw Roman. Nws tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1954 thiab muaj lub rooj sib tham dav dav, terrace nrog dai vaj thiab qhib cua ua yeeb yam. Lub ntsiab feature ntawm cov style ntawm rationalism nyob rau hauv ltalis yog nws kev coj noj coj ua. Cov kws ua haujlwm Italian tau nrhiav kev tsim ib puag ncig tshiab thiab tus neeg uas yuav npaj ua haujlwm ua ke.

Kev txhim kho cov qauv hauv USSR

Qhov kev taw qhia no tsis yog nrov li kev tsim kho, tab sis cov tsev nyob rau hauv cov style no tsis muaj tsawg nthuav, thiab cov neeg txawj ntse ua haujlwm hauv nws. Rationalism nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm lub USSR sib haum mus rau lub tswv yim thiab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Soviet haiv neeg. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, tsis zoo li cov neeg sawv cev ntawm constructivism, rationalists tsis yog li categorically pov tseg rau yav dhau los kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm architecture.

Txhua tus neeg sawv cev ntawm qhov kev txav no tau kawm txog cov hauv paus ntawm cov qauv qub thiab tsis txwv rau kev ua haujlwm. Nws kuj tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account li cas ib tug neeg perceives architecture. Tus thawj coj ntawm lub zog no yog N. A. Ladovsky, uas tau npaj Obmas (United Workshops).

Obmas 'kev ua ub no tau luv luv, tab sis nws tau nyob ntawd tias thawj kauj ruam tau ua los tsim lub tsev kawm vaj tsev tshiab. Nyob rau ntawd, architects tau kawm nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv theem thiab ib tug tshiab kev qhuab qhia tau qhia - "Space". N. A. Ladovsky ntseeg hais tias tus kws tsim vaj tsev yuav tsum xav txog peb qhov loj me. Qhov no yog li cas cov txheej txheem layout tau tsim, uas tso cai rau pom kev xav hauv kev ua haujlwm thiab tsim cov txuj ci zoo nkauj.

"ASNOVA" - lub koom haum muaj tswv yim ntawm cov neeg muaj tswv yim

Xyoo 1923, cov koom haum ntawm N. A. Ladovsky tau tsim lub koom haum "ASNOVA" - Lub Koom Haum ntawm New Architects. Cov kws ua yeeb yam nto moo yog cov tswv cuab ntawm lub koom haum no nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv. Cov tswv cuab ntawm "ASNOVA" xav tsim cov ntawv luam tawm, tab sis qhov no tsis ua haujlwm. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom raug luam tawm nyob rau hauv Kev Tsim Kho ntawm Moscow magazine thiab lwm yam kev tshaj tawm thematic.

Rationalists tsis koom nrog ntau yam kev sib tw, yog li cov neeg tsim kho tau ua tus thawj coj. Los ntawm 1923 txog 1926 muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm lub koom haum ntawm rationalists thiab constructivists. Rationalists ntseeg hais tias constructivists tau txwv dhau lawm thiab them nyiaj ntau dhau rau kev ua haujlwm.

Xyoo 1928, ASNOVA sib cais vim kev tsis pom zoo ntawm Ladovsky thiab nws cov npoj yaig ntau dua, V. Balikhin. Tsis tas li ntawd, N. A. Ladovsky tsim lub Koom Haum ntawm Nroog Architects.

Residential complex ntawm Shabolovka

Qhov no yog ib qho piv txwv nto moo ntawm Soviet rationalism hauv architecture. Xyoo 1927, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub tsev no tau tso siab rau cov kws tsim vaj tsev los ntawm ASNOVA. Lawv xav tau los tsim ib chav tsev uas ua tau raws li cov hauv qab no:

• compact;
• cheap;
• expression.

Ib cheeb tsam me tau faib rau kev tsim kho hauv cheeb tsam Shabolovka. Pab pawg N. Travin yeej qhov kev sib tw no. Cov architects tau mus tsim 24 lub tsev, muaj 5 thiab 6 pem teb. Lub complex kuj suav nrog kindergarten thiab chav boiler. Cov kws tsim vaj tsev xav tsim lub hulls kom lawv thiaj li siv tau lub teeb ntau tshaj plaws.

Yuav ua raws li lub tswv yim no, cov tsev me me uas nyob ib puag ncig tau tsim ua ib puag ncig sab qab teb facades nrog balconies - nws yog nyob rau sab no uas lub qhov rais ntawm cov chav nyob loj qhib. Tab sis nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub tsev - chav rau chav ua noj thiab chav dej. Ntau xim tau them rau kev tsim sab hauv. Cov architects tsim qhov kev xav tias cov yards smoothly "ntws" rau ib leeg. Qhov no ntxiv cov nyhuv ntawm lub teeb feem ntau thiab qhib qhov chaw.

Flying city

Nyob rau xyoo 1928, ib tug ntawm Ladovsky cov tub ntxhais kawm zoo tshaj plaws, Georgy Krutikov, tau nthuav tawm nws cov ntawv thesis, uas tau los ua qhov kev xav hauv architecture. Nws yog lub tswv yim los tsim lub "flying nroog". Tus kws kes duab vajtse tau thov kom tawm hauv thaj av mus ncig ua si, ua si thiab ua haujlwm, thiab cov neeg nyob hauv lawv tus kheej yuav tsiv mus rau lub nroog ya davhlau.

lus ntawm "air" thiab"hauv av" cov tsev yuav tsum tau nqa tawm los ntawm kev siv ntau lub tsev nyob. Aeronautics tau tsim zoo nyob rau hauv lub USSR, yog li nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias Krutikov nyiam lub hnub qub thiab ntseeg tias lub nroog architecture yuav txuas nrog lub ntsiab lus huab cua.

Qee tus tau txais lub tswv yim ntawm "Flying Cities" nrog kev txaus siab thiab ntseeg tias qhov no yog lo lus tshiab hauv kev tshawb fawb. Lwm tus kuj tsis ntseeg. Tab sis lub tswv yim no qhia meej tias kev xav txog kev xav tau txuas nrog kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis thiab kev tshawb fawb.

Kev poob qis ntawm style

Thaum ntxov xyoo 1930 hauv USSR tsis muaj qhov muaj tswv yim zoo li no lawm, thiab cov kws ua yeeb yam tsis muaj chaw txaus los paub txog lawv lub peev xwm. Lub koom haum pib xav tsis tau cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, tab sis kev tsa nto ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm thiab kev ua tiav ntawm cov neeg Soviet. Tsis yog rationalism lossis constructivism tsis tuaj yeem paub txog cov kev xav tau no. Yog li ntawd, neoclassicism tau dhau los ua tus qauv coj hauv Soviet architecture.

Rationalists tau hais tias lawv txhawb cov tswv yim bourgeois hauv architecture, tias lawv cov haujlwm tseem ceeb dhau lawm. Tab sis cov constructivists tau thuam tsawg dua vim tias lawv tau them nyiaj ntau rau kev ua haujlwm dua li kev sim nrog daim ntawv thiab xim. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tub ceev xwm Soviet tsis nyiam qhov tseeb tias lawv tau mob siab rau psychoanalysis, uas tsis tau lees paub hauv USSR. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawd, kev poob ntawm rationalism thiab functionalism nyob rau hauv architecture pib.

Rehabilitation ntawm thaj chaw no

Txog xyoo 1950, qhov style no tsis pom nyob qhov twghais. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm rationalism hu ua "formalist pests", los yog lawv tsis tau tham txog txhua. Tab sis thaum kawg ntawm 50s, tib neeg pib muaj kev xav txawv ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm 1920s. Ntau lub tswv yim ntawm cov kws tsim vaj tsev ntawm qhov kev taw qhia no tau siv los ntawm cov tswv ntawm lub sijhawm thaw.

Rationalism nyob rau hauv architecture - style tsis yog li ntawd nrov, tab sis tsis muaj tsawg nthuav, nrog cov tswv yim qub uas sib haum rau cov kev xav tau ntawm lub neej ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd. Architects ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv no style coj mus rau hauv tus account lub achievements ntawm science thiab technology. Thiab qee tus tswv tau los nrog cov tswv yim nthuav dav.

Thiab tib lub sijhawm, cov rationalists tsis tau tso tseg txoj kev kawm ntawm lwm yam, raws li cov constructivists tau ua. Yog vim li ntawd lawv thiaj raug thuam ntau dua, vim lawv txoj kev xav tau nthuav dav dua thiab tsis txwv. Lub peculiarity ntawm rationalism nyob rau hauv architecture kuj yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lawv cov hauj lwm lawv siv psychoanalysis nyob rau hauv lawv cov hauj lwm, uas ua rau cov kev taw qhia no txawm ntau nthuav.