Demyan Poor: biography, tus kheej lub neej, muaj tswv yim, yees duab

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Cov phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Demyan Bedny yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv. Qhov no yog ib tug paub zoo Soviet txawj sau ntawv thiab kws sau paj lug, pej xeem daim duab, publicist. Lub heyday ntawm nws txoj hauj lwm poob rau thawj xyoo ntawm lub neej ntawm Soviet hwj chim. Hauv tsab xov xwm no peb yuav tham txog nws txoj hmoo, kev muaj tswv yim thiab tus kheej lub neej.

Cia peb pib tham txog keeb kwm ntawm Demyan Bedny los ntawm 1883, thaum nws yug los hauv lub zos me me ntawm Gubovka ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Kherson xeev. Nws lub npe tiag tiag yog Efim Alekseevich Pridvorov. Tus kws sau paj lug txiv yog ib tug neeg ua liaj ua teb uas tau mus ua haujlwm hauv nroog. Leej niam, tseg ib leeg, coj lub neej qus, xyaum tsis mob siab rau nws tus tub.

Yefim kawm tiav plaub chav kawm ntawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob deb nroog, thiab tom qab ntawd raug tsim los ua tub rog. Tom qab raug tsim kho, nws kawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv tub rog kws kho mob hauv Kyiv, ua haujlwm hauv tsev kho mob hauv Elisavetgrad. Nws yeej tsis rov qab los rau nws lub zos.

Xyoo 1904, Yefim tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj kawm tiav, uas nws nkag mus rau Kws Qhia Ntawv Keeb Kwm thiab Philology ntawm University hauv St. Nws nyob hauv txoj kev ntseeg zookev kawm, them 25 rubles ib xyoos, tau txais kev qhia tshwj xeeb.

Lub sijhawm no, kev hloov pauv tshwm sim hauv tus kheej lub neej ntawm Demyan Poor. Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm tus kws sau paj huam, muaj kev sib ntsib nrog Vera Kosinskaya, uas yog ib tug ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm. Nws tau los ua nws thawj tus poj niam. Xyoo 1911, lawv tus ntxhais Tamara yug los.

Thawj tshaj tawm

Xyoo 1899 Pridvorov luam tawm nws thawj zaj paj huam. Cov hauj lwm no tau sau los ntawm tus ntsuj plig ntawm cov nkauj romantic lossis monarchist patriotism.

Muaj ntau lub neej yav tom ntej Bolsheviks hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Demyan Bedny, kev paub nrog Bonch-Bruevich yog qhov tseem ceeb, tom qab uas nws cov paj huam tau txais ib tug neeg ntxeev siab. Nws yog thaum ntawd lub pseudonym "Poor" tshwm. Nws yog lub npe menyuam yaus ntawm nws tus txiv ntxawm, uas yog ib tug neeg tsis ntseeg Vajtswv hauv lub zos thiab ib tus neeg liam. Qhia txog cov keeb kwm luv luv ntawm Demyan Bedny, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias thawj zaug lub npe no tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1911 paj huam "Hais txog Demyan Bedny, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tsis zoo." Thiab tus phab ej ntawm peb tsab xov xwm pib sau npe rau lawv nrog zaj dab neeg "Cuckoo" xyoo 1912. Cov paj huam tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv social-democratic ntawv xov xwm Zvezda. Kev tshaj tawm raug cai, tab sis vim yog nws txoj haujlwm nws raug nplua ntau zaus.

Xyoo 1912 tus kws sau paj lug tau los ua tswv cuab ntawm Lavxias Social Democratic Labor Party. Txij thaum ntawd los, Demyan Bedny cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg tau tshaj tawm hauv Bolshevik cov ntawv xov xwm thiab cov ntawv xov xwm "Nevskaya Zvezda", "Pravda", "Peb Txoj Kev".

Xyoo 1913 nws thawj phau ntawv tau luam tawm. Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm DemyanNws yog ib lub sij hawm nyuaj rau cov neeg pluag, raws li cov tub ceev xwm saib xyuas nws. Cov teeb meem ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm nrog nws cov paj huam raug ntes, thiab lub tsev raug tshawb nrhiav tas li.

Tus kws sau paj lug kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv tau 10 xyoo, tab sis tsis tau kawm tiav. Nws txhob txwm ncua sijhawm kom dhau qhov kev xeem, vim tias tom qab ntawd nws yuav poob txoj cai nyob hauv St. Petersburg thiab yuav tsum mus ua haujlwm hauv Elisavetgrad.

Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II

Thaum ua tsov ua rog, tus kws sau ntawv tau los ua haujlwm. Nyob rau pem hauv ntej, nws yog ib tug kws kho mob nyob rau hauv lub sanitary-hygienic detachment.

Nws tau txais khoom plig St. George rau kev cawm cov neeg raug mob los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua. Txij li thaum 1915 nws tau ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub reserve. Tej zaum vim muaj kev xav tias tsis muaj kev ntseeg siab, nws raug xa mus rau qhov chaw cia.

Txij thaum ntawd los nws tsis tau luam tawm nyob qhov twg, tus kws sau paj lug tau ua haujlwm ua tus neeg ua haujlwm hauv Petrograd. Xyoo 1916, nws tus ntxhais yau Susanna yug los.

Kaum Hli Ntuj tig rov los

Tom qab Lub Ob Hlis Ntuj kiv puag ncig, Cov neeg pluag tau koom tes nrog Bolshevik ntawv xov xwm Izvestia, thiab tom qab ntawd nrog Pravda. Cov kws sau paj huam zaj dab neeg tau nyiam los ntawm Lenin, uas suav hais tias lawv yog cov neeg muaj tswv yim tiag tiag.

Lawv tau sau ntawv txij li xyoo 1912, thiab xyoo 1917 lawv tau ntsib tus neeg. Lenin feem ntau tau hais cov lus Poor's paj huam thaum nws hais lus. Tus kws sau paj huam txawm raug xaiv los ua tus sawv cev ntawm Bolsheviks rau kev xaiv tsa rau Christmas Duma.

Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1918, nws tsiv nrog tsoomfwv Soviet mus rau Moscow, tau txais ib chav tsev nyob rau hauv lub tsev loj Kremlin Palace. Ntawm no nws nyob nrog nws tus poj niam, menyuam,niam thiab txiv. Tsis ntev ob tug tub yug los rau nws - Dmitry thiab Svyatoslav.

Thaum Tsov Rog Pej Xeem, nws tau koom nrog kev tshaj tawm txoj haujlwm hauv Tub Rog Liab. Nyob rau hauv cov paj huam ntawm cov xyoo, nws feem ntau extols Lenin thiab Trotsky.

Txoj kev vam meej

Txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus kws sau paj huam thaum ntawd yog qhov tsis sib xws. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws zoo li rau lwm tus yog tus kws sau ntawv zoo thiab nrov. Nyob rau xyoo 1920, nws cov phau ntawv tau luam tawm nrog tag nrho cov kev ncig txog li ob lab luam. Nws tau txais qhov Order ntawm Red Banner, piv nrog Gorky.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, ntau tus thuam txoj haujlwm thiab keeb kwm ntawm Demyan Poor. Rau ntau tus neeg, nws daim duab tsis tau lees paub raws li tus qauv sau ntawv. Nws chim siab los ntawm kev ua tub rog txoj kev xav, superficiality, stereotyped hais lus thiab cov duab, txhua yam tsis muaj kev txawj poetic.

Hauv kev tawm tsam sab hauv tog hauv lub sijhawm thib ob ntawm 20s, nws nyob ntawm Stalin. Vim li no, nws tseem tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm. Nws muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog rau yav tom ntej generalissimo.

Ntxiv rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ncauj lus nom tswv tam sim no, nws tau mloog zoo rau cov neeg feuilletons thiab kev tawm tsam kev ntseeg. Peb tuaj yeem nco txog nws "Tshiab Vajluskub yam tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo Evangelist Demyan", "Kevcai raus dej". Tus kws sau paj huam tau mob siab rau kev thuam ntawm fascism thiab imperialism.

Opala

Hais luv luv txog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm Demyan Poor, peb nco ntsoov tias thaum ntxov 30s nws poob rau hauv kev txaj muag. Nws tag nrho pib nrog rau txim rau nws poeticfeuilletons "Tsis muaj kev hlub tshua" thiab "Tawm ntawm qhov cub", uas tshwm sim hauv Pravda. Tus sau raug liam ntawm indiscriminately slandering txhua yam Lavxias teb sab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txoj haujlwm kawg tau hais txog kev tawm tsam hauv Soviet Union thiab kev sim tua Stalin.

Cov neeg pluag yws rau Stalin, tab sis nws tau teb hais tias tus kws sau paj huam tau dhau mus dhau qhov tsim nyog kev thuam ntawm cov txheej txheem kev sib raug zoo, uas tau hloov mus rau kev hais lus phem rau yav dhau los thiab tam sim no ntawm lub tebchaws.

Tom qab ntawd, ntau yam tau hloov pauv hauv phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Demyan Poor. Cov paj huam thiab lus dab neeg ntawm tus kws sau paj lug tau los ua neeg zoo siab thiab ntseeg siab. Nws pib tsis tu ncua siv Stalin cov lus ua epigraphs rau nws tej hauj lwm. Criticized Trotsky nyob rau hauv cov paj huam "Qhov tseeb. Ib tug Heroic paj huam" thiab "Tsis muaj kev hlub tshua!".

Xyoo 1933, nyob rau hnub ua ntej ntawm nws hnub yug 50 xyoo, nws tau txais qhov Order of Lenin. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws qhov kev thuam ntawm pawg tog tau txuas ntxiv mus ua ke. Nyob rau hauv 1934, nyob rau hauv Thawj Pawg Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Soviet Writers, nws raug liam tias kev nom kev tswv rov qab. Tsis ntev ua ntej ntawd, nws raug ntiab tawm ntawm Kremlin chav tsev. Xyoo 1935, qhov kev thuam thuam tau tshwm sim thaum pom phau ntawv sau nrog cov yam ntxwv tsis zoo uas Bedny tau muab rau cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv tsoomfwv thiab tog.

Xyoo 1933, tus kws sau paj huam sib nrauj nws tus poj niam. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1939 nws tau sib yuav tus actress Nazarova.

Kev thuam ntawm kev ua haujlwm

Hauv xyoo 1936, Molotov thiab Stalin tau npau taws los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam comic Bogatyri, uas tus kws sau paj huam sau libretto. Qhov kev ua yeeb yam tau raug txim tias tsis muaj kev hlub.

In 1937Nyob rau hauv ib tsab ntawv mus rau cov editors ntawm Pravda, Stalin hu rau lwm zaj paj huam tawm tsam fascist los ntawm tus phab ej ntawm peb tsab xov xwm "Sib ntaus los yog tuag" cov ntaub ntawv rubbish, pom nyob rau hauv nws thuam tsis yog fascist, tab sis ntawm lub Soviet system.

Thaum kawg ntawm tib lub xyoo, ib tsab xov xwm txaus ntshai tshwm sim hauv Pravda hu ua "Falsification of the People's Past". Tus txiv neej pluag tau raug liam tias cuam tshuam txog keeb kwm Lavxias teb sab, uas tau tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv kev hais lus phem thiab tus phab ej ntawm Ancient Russia.

Thaum kawg ntawm lub neej

Xyoo 1938, Cov Neeg Txom Nyem raug ntiab tawm ntawm Pawg Neeg Sau Ntawv thiab tog nrog lo lus "rau kev coj ncaj ncees." Thaum kawg nws tau raug tso tseg tsis luam tawm, thiab cov khoom uas tswj tau los hloov npe rau hauv nws lub meej mom raug xa rov qab rau lawv cov npe qub.

Nkauj ruam, tus kws sau paj huam txom nyem. Nws txuas ntxiv qhuas Lenin thiab Stalin hauv nqe lus, tab sis hauv kev sib tham ntiag tug nws tau hais tsis zoo txog tus thawj coj thiab cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm tog.

Thaum Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj tau pib, pib tshaj tawm dua. Ua ntej, nyob rau hauv lub npe D. Sib ntaus sib tua, thiab tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv lub npe qub. Koom nrog "Windows TASS", koom tes nrog Kukryniksy hauv kev tsim cov ntawv tshaj tawm. Nws cov nkauj tawm tsam fascist thiab paj huam tau sau nrog kev thov kom nco qab cov hnub qub thiab qhuas ntawm Stalin. Tab sis cov nqe no tseem tsis tau pom dua, nws ua tsis tau rov qab qhov chaw qub ntawm tus thawj coj.

Lub Tsib Hlis 25, 1945, tus kws sau paj huam tuag hauv tsev kho mob. Kev kuaj mob - tuag tes tuag taw ntawm lub plawv. Nws raug faus rau ntawm lub toj ntxas Novodevichy. Tom qab ntawd, tus kws sau paj lug tau kho dua tshiab, xyoo 1956 nws tau rov qab los rau hauv lub party.