Romain Rolland: biography, tus kheej lub neej, muaj tswv yim, yees duab

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Romain Rolland yog tus kws sau ntawv Fabkis nrov, kws suab paj nruag thiab pej xeem cov duab uas nyob rau ntawm 19th thiab 20th centuries. Nyob rau hauv 1915 nws yeej Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv Literature. Nws tau paub zoo nyob rau hauv Soviet Union, txawm tias muaj xwm txheej ntawm tus tswv cuab txawv teb chaws ntawm USSR Academy of Sciences. Ib qho ntawm nws cov haujlwm nto moo tshaj plaws yog 10-ntim tshiab-dej "Jean-Christophe".

Romain Rolland yug hauv lub nroog me me ntawm Fabkis hauv Clamcy xyoo 1866. Nws txiv yog ib tug notary. Xyoo 1881, tag nrho tsev neeg tau tsiv mus rau Paris, qhov chaw uas tus phab ej ntawm peb tsab xov xwm nkag mus rau Lyceum Louis lub Great, thiab tom qab ntawd Ecole Normale High School.

Tom qab kawm tiav, Romain Rolland tau mus rau Ltalis ob xyoos los kawm txog keeb kwm thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws sau ntawv zoo, cov ncauj lus no tau nyiam nws thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej, dhau li ntawd, nws tau mob siab rau kev kos duab kos duab.

Thaum me nyuam yaus, nws poob rau hauv kev hlub nrog kev ntaus piano, txuas ntxiv mus kawm tiagsuab paj nruag thiab nyob rau hauv nws cov tub ntxhais kawm xyoo, rau qhov no nws txawm txhob txwm xaiv keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag raws li nws tshwj xeeb.

Rov qab mus rau Fabkis

Tom qab rov qab mus rau Fabkis, Romain Rolland tiv thaiv nws cov lus tshaj tawm ntawm Sorbonne. Nws tau mob siab rau lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lub tsev opera niaj hnub, nrog rau keeb kwm ntawm European opera. Nyob rau hauv 1895 nws tau txais lub npe ntawm tus xibfwb ntawm suab paj nruag keeb kwm. Tom qab ntawd, nws pib qhia: thawj zaug ntawm Ecole Normal, thiab tom qab ntawd ntawm Sorbonne nws tus kheej.

Hauv xyoo 1901, nws tau tsim ib phau ntawv sau suab paj nruag nrog tus kws suab paj nruag Fabkis nto moo Pierre Aubry. Ob peb ntawm nws txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm yog nyob rau lub sijhawm no: "Cov neeg ntaus suab paj nruag ntawm peb lub sijhawm", "Tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag yav dhau los" thiab "Handel".

Literary debut

Romain Rolland tau nto moo ua ib tus kws sau ntawv hauv xyoo 1897, thaum nws ua nws thawj zaug luam tawm nrog kev xwm txheej hu ua Saint Louis. Nws dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm lub voj voog ua yeeb yam "Kev Ntseeg ntawm Kev Ntseeg", uas kuj suav nrog nws cov haujlwm "Lub Sijhawm Yuav Los" thiab "Aert".

Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1, tus phab ej ntawm peb tsab xov xwm dhau los ua tus neeg koom tes hauv cov koom haum pacifist uas tau txais kev nyiam thoob plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe. Nws luam tawm ntau cov lus tawm tsam kev ua tsov ua rog, tom qab muab tso rau hauv cov ntawv sau "Forerunners" thiab "Above the Battle".

Kev sib tham nrog Lavxias classics

Ua tus sau thoob ntiaj teb lees paub tom qab tau txais txiaj ntsig Nobel xyoo 1915ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Lub sijhawm no, cov haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Romain Rolland twb tau sau tseg, suav nrog "Jean-Christophe", uas peb yuav qhia kom ntxaws ntxiv.

Lub sijhawm no, nws tau txhawb nqa Lub Ob Hlis Lub Ntiaj Teb uas tau tshwm sim hauv peb lub tebchaws. Tom qab ntawd, nws kuj hais lus pom zoo txog cov xwm txheej ntawm Lub Kaum Hli 1917. Kev ceeb toom tias nws ntshai ntawm txoj kev siv los ntawm Bolsheviks, nrog rau lawv lub tswv yim tias qhov kawg ib txwm ua kom pom tseeb qhov txhais tau tias. Hauv qhov no, nws nyiam ntau dua rau cov tswv yim ntawm kev tsis kam tiv thaiv kev phem los ntawm kev ua phem, uas Gandhi qhia.

Xyoo 1921, Rolland tau tsiv mus rau Swiss lub nroog Villeneuve, qhov chaw uas nws txuas ntxiv ua haujlwm nquag, sib txuas nrog cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm peb lub sijhawm. Mus ntsib Vienna, London, Salzburg, Prague thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees.

Koj tuaj yeem taug qab li cas Romain Rolland cuam tshuam nrog Likino-Dulyovo. Tam sim no nws yog ib lub nroog me me nyob tsawg dua ib puas kilometers ntawm Moscow. Los ntawm muaj ib tug kws sau ntawv Soviet thiab memoist Alexander Peregudov, tus sau phau ntawv tshiab "Ib Zaj Nkauj Nyiag", "Nyob rau Xyoo Dhau", cov dab neeg "Ntawm Dais", "Forest Divination", "Treasury", "Mill", ". Artist lub plawv". Rolland tau sib tham nrog nws, txaus siab rau nws txoj haujlwm. Tshwj xeeb, nws tau sau txog tus sau qhov kev nkag siab zoo ntawm qhov xwm txheej, muaj peev xwm nthuav tawm cov ntxhiab tsw ntawm sab qaum teb hav zoov.

Hauv xyoo 1920, nws txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog Maxim Gorky pib. Nyob rau hauv 1935, nyob rau hauv nws caw, nws txawm tuaj rau Moscow thiab ntsib nrog Joseph Stalin. Ua kom zoo dua ntawm nws kev paub nrog Generalissimo, ob xyoos tom qab, ntawm qhov siab ntawm Bolshointshai, nws txawm sau ntawv mus rau Stalin, sim sawv ntsug rau ib co ntawm repressed, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, Bukharin, tab sis tsis tau txais ib lo lus teb.

Nyob rau xyoo 1938, xov xwm ntawm kev tawm tsam kev phem hauv USSR tuaj txog nws, nws cov ntawv ntau heev rau lwm tus thawj coj hauv Soviet kuj tsis txi txiv.

Thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob tau pib, nws tau xaus rau hauv Fabkis lub zos Vezelay hauv kev ua haujlwm. Nws tseem sau ntawv mus txog thaum nws tuag los ntawm tuberculosis thaum muaj hnub nyoog 78 xyoo xyoo 1944.

Lub neej ntiag tug

Tus kws sau ntawv tau sib yuav rau tus kws sau paj huam Marie Cuvilie, uas yog ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm (nws txiv yog ib tug nom tswv Lavxias teb sab). Rau Cuvilliers, qhov no yog kev sib yuav thib ob. Nws thawj tus txiv yog Tub Vaj Ntxwv Sergei Kudashev.

Txoj kev muaj tswv yim

Nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau los ntawm Romain Rolland hnub no koj tuaj yeem pom nws cov haujlwm tseem ceeb. Thawj cov ntawv tshaj tawm suav nrog kev ua yeeb yam "Orsino", cov xwm txheej uas nthuav tawm hauv Renaissance, thiab lub npe cim qhia tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd.

Nyob hauv nws tej hauj lwm, Rolland feem ntau hu rau kev rov ua dua tshiab. Cov ntawv sau "Cov Neeg Ua Yeeb Yam" xyoo 1903 tau mob siab rau qhov no.

Lwm sim los hloov kho qhov chaw ua yeeb yam yog lub voj voog ntawm kev ua yeeb yam "Theatre of the Revolution", mob siab rau cov xwm txheej ntawm 1789 hauv Fabkis.

raws li cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm keeb kwm

Lub sijhawm dhau mus, cov haujlwm ntawm Romain Rolland tau nce raws li cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm yav dhau los. Nws kuj tseem coj cov ntawv sau tshiab rau hom ntawv no, ua tib zoo mloog rau cov neeg sau ntawv, sau ntawv puas siab ntsws thiab suab paj nruag.research.

Yog li, txij xyoo 1903 txog 1911, nws cov ntawv trilogy "Heroic Lives" tau luam tawm. Cov no yog biography ntawm Beethoven, Michelangelo thiab Tolstoy.

Nyob hauv lawv nws sim ua ke ua ke thiab npau suav. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv "Lub neej ntawm Michelangelo" nws piav qhia txog kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm ib tug neeg tsis muaj zog thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm ib tug neeg txawj ntse, uas nyob rau hauv ib tug hero. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws tsuas yog ua tsis tau tiav nws txoj haujlwm, tsis kam kos duab.

Jean-Christophe

Rolland txoj haujlwm nto moo tshaj plaws yog qhov tshiab Jean-Christophe, uas nws tau sau los ntawm 1904 txog 1912. Nws muaj 10 phau ntawv. Lub voj voog qhia txog kev muaj tswv yim zoo ntawm tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag German Jean-Christophe Kraft, tus qauv uas yog tus sau nws tus kheej thiab ib feem ntawm Beethoven.

Cov ntawv tshiab muaj peb ntu, txhua tus muaj lub cim ua tiav, nws tus kheej tonality thiab atherosclerosis, zoo li hauv ib daim suab paj nruag. Muaj ntau cov lus piav qhia hauv phau ntawv, uas ua rau nws muaj kev xav ntxiv.

Tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb ntawm Rolland yog ib tug neeg ntxeev siab, ib tug neeg txawj ntse ntawm suab paj nruag ntawm nws lub sijhawm. Piav txog nws txoj kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw, tus sau rov tsim txoj hmoo ntawm cov neeg nyob sab Europe, rov sim tham txog qhov yuav tsum tau hloov kho kev kos duab, uas tau dhau los ua khoom lag luam.

Nyob rau hauv qhov kawg, Jean-Christophe tsis yog ib tug neeg ntxeev siab, tab sis tseem muaj tseeb rau nws daim duab, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau tus sau. Tus cwj pwm lub neej hloov pauv hauv nws txoj kev nrhiav kev txawj ntse. Nws mus dhau tag nrho cov kev sim siab, sim kov yeej nws txoj kev mob siab rau, ua rau lub neej thiab ua kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb tiag tiag hauv txhua yam.

Nyob rau xyoo 1915 nws yeej Nobel Peace yam khoom muaj nqis hauv Cov Ntawv Sau, kev kawm ua kev zoo siab rau nws txoj kev xav zoo, kev hlub thiab kev khuv leej, uas nws tsim txhua yam ntawm tib neeg txoj hmoo.

Rov qab mus rau Renaissance

Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib, tus kws sau ntawv rov tig mus rau Renaissance. Tau plaub xyoos nws tau sau zaj dab neeg "Cola Breugnon". Romain Rolland nyob rau hauv nws txav scene rau Burgundy.

Nws lub npe ua cim yog tus kws kos duab ntoo uas muaj peev xwm thiab ua haujlwm zoo. Rau nws, kev muaj tswv yim thiab kev ua haujlwm yog ob yam tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej, yam tsis muaj kev xav txog nws tus kheej. Yog tias "Jean-Christophe" yog ib qho kev txawj ntse tshiab, ces qhov haujlwm no ua rau ntau tus neeg nyiam nrog nws txoj kev yooj yim, yog li nws tseem yog ib tus kws sau ntawv nrov tshaj plaws.

Tom qab xyoo 1918, qhov kev hloov pauv tiag tiag tau tshwm sim hauv Rolland txoj haujlwm. Nws pom qhov kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1 uas nyuam qhuav tas los ua ib txoj hauv kev los khwv tau nyiaj rau cov muaj hwj chim. Nws cov lus tawm tsam kev ua tsov ua rog, ua ke hauv kev sau "Tshaj tawm kev sib ntaus", tau mob siab rau qhov no.

Kev tawm tsam kev ua tsov ua rog hauv qab cov ntawv qhia "Liluli", qhov tshiab "Clerambault", qhov xwm txheej "Pierre thiab Luce". Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov hauj lwm no, tib neeg txoj kev xav thiab lub neej nyob kaj siab lug yog tsis sib haum xeeb nrog kev puas tsuaj lub hwj chim ntawm tsov rog.

Rolland's Philosophical Works

Tus kws sau ntawv tau ntsib qhov tseeb tias nws tsis tuaj yeem kho nws tus kheej cov kev xav hloov pauv nrog kev hloov pauv tsis tu ncua, nrog nwstxaj muag rau tsov rog. Yog li ntawd, nws pib txhawb txoj kev xav ntawm Mahatma Gandhi txog kev tsis tawm tsam kev phem nrog kev ua phem.

Ntawm nws tej hauj lwm ntawm 20s, ib tug yuav tsum nco ntsoov "Mahatma Gandhi", "Lub neej ntawm Vivekananda", "Lub neej ntawm Ramakrishna". Romain Rolland muab cov ntawv sau txog keeb kwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb kev ntseeg zoo ntawm xyoo pua 19th. Nws sau tseg tias nws suav tias cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Christianity, Islam, Hinduism tsuas yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev xav rau kev ntseeg thoob ntiaj teb.

Nws cov lus nyob rau hauv Soviet Union yog nyob rau lub sijhawm no. Hauv particular, "Nyob rau ntawm Lenin txoj kev tuag", "Tebchaws K. Balmont thiab I. Bunin", "Letter to Liberter about repressions in Russia". Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias kab lus kawg hais txog 1927. Txawm hais tias muaj kev tawm tsam uas tau pib hauv tebchaws Russia, txog thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev ntshai heev, Rolland txuas ntxiv ntseeg tias Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj yog qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm noob neej.

Women's Rights

Lwm lub cim ua haujlwm los ntawm Romain Rolland - "Lub Enchanted Soul". Nov yog ib zaj dab neeg tshiab uas nws sau los ntawm 1925 txog 1933. Hauv nws, nws hais txog cov ntsiab lus hauv zej zog.

Tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb yog ib tug poj niam uas sim tiv thaiv nws txoj cai. Nws tus tub raug tua los ntawm Italian fascist, tom qab ntawd nws koom nrog kev sib ntaus tawm tsam "xim av plague". Qhov no dhau los ua nws thawj zaug tawm tsam fascist tshiab.

Hauv xyoo 1936, ib phau ntawv sau thiab sau ntawv los ntawm Roland hu ua "Tus Khub" tau luam tawm. Nyob rau hauv nws, tus kws sau ntawv nyob rau hauv biography ntawm cov neeg muaj tswv yim thiab philosophers uas cuam tshuamshaping nws worldview. Cov no yog Goethe, Shakespeare, Lenin thiab Hugo.

Xyoo 1939, Rolland tau sau zaj yeeb yaj kiab "Robespierre", uas ua tiav lub ntsiab lus hloov pauv hauv nws txoj haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv nws, nws hais txog kev ntshai uas txhua haiv neeg yuav raug rau tam sim tom qab lub kiv puag ncig. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thaum kawg, nws los txog rau nws qhov kev ua tsis tiav.

Nyob rau hauv txoj haujlwm thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, tus phab ej ntawm peb tsab xov xwm tab tom ua haujlwm ntawm nws phau ntawv keeb kwm "Inner Journey", uas nws ua tiav xyoo 1942. Twb tau tom qab nws tuag, txoj haujlwm "Circumnavigation" thiab kev kawm loj ntawm Beethoven txoj haujlwm, uas yog hu ua "Beethoven. Great Creative Epochs", tau luam tawm.

Phau ntawv kawg ntawm tus kws sau ntawv hu ua "Peg" tawm sai sai ua ntej nws tuag. Hauv nws, Rolland piav txog nws tus phooj ywg ze, tus editor ntawm Fortnightly Notebooks, tus kws sau paj huam thiab tus kws tshaj lij.

Nyob hauv nws cov ntawv sau keeb kwm yav dhau los, uas tau luam tawm xyoo 1956, ib tus tuaj yeem taug qab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Rolland txoj kev xav hauv kev hlub rau tib neeg.