Nikolai Virta: tus kws sau ntawv, tus kws sau nkauj, censor ntawm Vajluskub

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Hnub no, lub npe ntawm tus kws sau ntawv Soviet Nikolai Evgenievich Virta hais me ntsis rau cov neeg nyeem nruab nrab, tab sis thaum ib zaug nws yog tus sau zoo tshaj plaws, yeej plaub Stalin Prizes thiab txoj cai los hloov phau Vajlugkub.

Soviet kws sau ntawv thiab tus kws ua yeeb yam, plaub lub sijhawm yeej ntawm Stalin nqi zog Nikolai Evgenyevich Virta (1906-1976, lub npe tiag tiag - Karelsky) yug hauv lub zos Kalikino, xeev Tambov, hauv tsev neeg ntawm cov pov thawj ntawm pawg ntseeg. Nyob rau hauv 1921, leej txiv ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej kws sau ntawv raug tua, xav tias yog kev pab tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam coj los ntawm Alexander Antonov. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, qhov kev tawm tsam no yuav dhau los ua lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tshiab "Kev Kho Siab", uas coj Wirta koob meej thiab thawj Stalin nqi zog.

Kev Kawm Nikolai Karelsky tau txais hauv Tambov tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab. Thaum nws tseem hluas, nws tau hloov pauv ntau yam kev ua ub no: nws yog ib tug tswv yug yaj thiab ib tug neeg ua haujlwm ntawm pawg sab laj hauv lub zos, thiab xyoo 1920-21, uas yog ib feem ntawm kev kawm, nws tau qhia nyob rau hauv 263rd Kungur regiment ntawm 30th division.. Nyob rau hauv 1923, nws pib ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug reporter rau lub Tambovskaya Pravda ntawv xov xwm. Nyob ntawd nws ua nws debut ua ib tug kws sau ntawv: nws thawj zaj dab neeg, luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub npe "Nikolai Virta", yogmob siab rau lub zos lub neej. Virta yog lub npe ntawm tus dej hauv Karelia, keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm Karelians.

Nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm xyoo 1920, Virta tau koom nrog kev sau xov xwm thiab kev sau ntawv hauv cov ntawv xov xwm ntawm Kostroma, Saratov thiab Makhachkala. Nyob rau hauv 1930, nws tsiv mus rau lub capital, qhov chaw uas nws tseem ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub "Yav tsaus ntuj Moscow", "Trud" thiab "Electrozavod", nyob rau hauv lub ua yeeb yam ntawm cov hluas ua hauj lwm (TRAM) - tus sau ntawm plays, thawj coj, actor thiab txawm director.

"Kev kho siab" thiab yeeb koob

Nyob rau xyoo 1935 Virta tsim nws qhov zoo tshaj plaws opus - qhov tshiab "Kev Kho Siab", uas qhia txog kev sib ntaus tawm tsam Antonov uprising nyob rau hauv lub 20s. Cov ntawv tshiab, tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm cov neeg thuam thiab cov neeg tuaj saib, tau luam tawm ntau dua 20 zaug hauv xyoo 1936 ib leeg. Cov neeg thuam piv nws nrog Sholokhov's Quiet Don. Nyob rau hauv 1937, raws li nyob rau hauv "Kev Kho Siab", Wirta tau sau qhov xwm txheej "Lub Ntiaj Teb", uas tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv Moscow Art Theatre. Xyoo 1939, cov ntawv tshiab tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua yeeb yam los ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas playwright T. N. Khrennikov "Into the Storm", thiab nyob rau hauv 1964, raws li nws motives, tus thawj coj Vsevolod Voronin ua rau cov zaj duab xis "Loneliness".

Xyoo 1941, cov ntawv tshiab coj Virta tus nqi zog Stalin ntawm qib thib ob.

Thawj pib, tus kws sau ntawv tau npaj tsim lub voj voog ntawm 6 phau ntawv tshiab txog pej xeem lub neej, suav nrog lub sijhawm txij li xyoo 19th mus txog rau tam sim no, tab sis cov ntawv tshiab "Regularity" (1937) txuas ntxiv "Kev Kho Siab" tau txais. es txias. Xws li kev cai lij choj cov nuj nqis xws li Sholokhov thiab Makarenko hais lus tsis zoo txog nws.(qhov kev tshuaj xyuas tom kawg hauv Literary Gazette yog hu ua "Regular failure"). Cov ntawv tshiab "Hnub Tswb" (1951), uas qhia txog cov xwm txheej ua ntej uas tau piav qhia hauv "Kev Kho Siab", kuj tsis tau txais koob meej thiab dhau los ua qhov kawg hauv lub voj voog.

Nikolai Wirta tau txais peb qhov khoom plig Stalin ntxiv rau xyoo 1948, 1949 thiab 1950 rau kev ua yeeb yam "Peb Lub Cev Txhua Hnub" (1947) thiab "Conspiracy of the Doomed" (1948) thiab zaj yeeb yaj kiab "Kev Sib Tw ntawm Stalingrad" (1949)).

Cov yeeb yaj kiab ob ntu, coj los ntawm Vladimir Petrov thiab qhia los ntawm Virta, them nyiaj ntau rau cov tub rog kev txawj ntse ntawm Comrade Stalin.

Censor of Vajluskub

Arkady Vaksberg hauv nws phau ntawv "Tus Poj huab tais ntawm Pov Thawj" hais txog zaj dab neeg xav paub txog keeb kwm ntawm Nikolai Evgenievich Virta. Nyob rau xyoo 1943, Stalin, kawm txog kev ua kom txoj cai ntawm pawg ntseeg, tau txiav txim siab tshaj tawm phau Vajlugkub hauv ib tsab ntawv txwv. Cov ntawv tshaj tawm tau tso siab rau Molotov, uas tau muab rau Vyshinsky. Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, nws tau txiav txim siab los xaiv tus censor tshwj xeeb. Lawv tau los ua Nikolai Virta. Tus kws sau ntawv raug qhia kom kawm Phau Qub thiab Phau Tshiab rau kev thuam ntawm Soviet tsoom fwv, thiab, yog tias tsim nyog, txiav thiab kho. Qhov kev txiav txim plunged Virtu mus rau hauv tsis meej pem, tab sis kom tsis kam, nthuav tawm raws li "kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Comrade Stalin" thiab "tus kheej thov ntawm Metropolitan Sergius", yuav tantamount rau tua tus kheej. Kuv yuav tsum nrhiav hauvideologically dubious qhov chaw nyob rau hauv Vajluskub Vajluskub, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, portraits ntawm ib tug txiv neej nrog ib tug mustache. Hmoov zoo, tsis pom qhov chaw zoo li no, thiab phau Vajlugkub tau raug luam tawm yam tsis muaj kev txiav.

Kev tuag ntawm Stalin thiab kev poob qis

Tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm, qhov xwm txheej ntawm Nikolai Virta hloov zuj zus. Nyob rau hauv 1954, nws raug ntiab tawm ntawm lub Union of Writers ntawm lub USSR - rau lub luxurious txoj kev ua neej uas nws coj nyob rau hauv ib tug dacha nyob rau hauv lub suburbs. Muaj tseeb tiag, xyoo 1956 kev ua tswv cuab tau rov qab los, tab sis yav dhau los txoj cai thiab kev muaj koob npe tau ploj mus ib txhis. Txog thaum nws tuag, Nikolai Virta tseem tsim cov dab neeg, novellas, ua yeeb yam, sau ntawv thiab cov dab neeg luv luv, tab sis lawv tsis ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab ntawm cov neeg thuam thiab cov pej xeem. Cov hauj lwm tseem ceeb kawg ntawm tus sau - epic "Dub Hmo Ntuj", mob siab rau Hitler, Nazism thiab kev tawm tsam hauv Tebchaws Europe - tseem tsis tau tiav. Nikolai Wirta tuag thaum Lub Ib Hlis 3, 1976, thiab raug faus rau hauv Moscow ntawm Peredelkino toj ntxas.