2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37
Kev paub txog tib neeg yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm peb txoj kev vam meej. Los ntawm ib puas xyoo mus rau ib puas xyoo, cov ntaub ntawv tau sau thiab xa mus rau cov xov xwm yooj yim tshaj plaws. Cov tsev qiv ntawv loj, archives, databases, tag nrho cov no yog ib lub tsev khaws ntaub ntawv los ntawm ntau yam kev tshawb fawb. Cais kev paub arrays generalized los ntawm lub ncauj lus daim ntawv encyclopedias. Peb tsab xov xwm yuav hais txog lawv.
Peb tab tom tham txog dab tsi yog phau ntawv keeb kwm, nws ua tau dab tsi thiab nws tuaj yeem qhia peb. Yog lub ntsiab lus no txaus siab, thov caw nej los nrog peb mus ntxiv.
Encyclopedia: tswvyim
Cia peb pib nrog lub tswv yim ntawm dab tsi encyclopedia yog. Qhov no yog ib phau ntawv lossis kev tshaj tawm hauv hluav taws xob, kev tshawb fawb lossis kev tshawb fawb nrov, muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog ib qho kev taw qhia ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua ub ua no. Lo lus los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ob lo lus Greek: enkyklios thiab payeia, uas txhais tau tias "kev kawm hauv lub voj voog ntawm kev paub".
Principles of building encyclopedias
Cov ntaub ntawv hauv encyclopedias tau muab tso rau hauv ib txoj kev. Raws li txoj cai no,Qhia qhov txawv ntawm hom kev tshaj tawm.
Yog li, cov ntsiab cai tseem ceeb ntawm kev tso cov ntawv encyclopedic yog cov tsiaj ntawv, thematic, alphabetical-thematic. Raws li kev yooj yim ntawm kev siv, rau tus nyeem ntawv uas tsis tau npaj nyob rau hauv ib qho teeb meem tshwj xeeb, nws yuav muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev siv encyclopedias nrog cov tsiaj ntawv tso rau hauv cov ntawv. Rau cov encyclopedias tshwj xeeb, thematic-alphabetical kev txiav txim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tso chaw yog yooj yim dua.
Cov hom kev nthuav dav tshaj plaws yog cov thematic. Nyob ntawm seb yam uas muaj nyob hauv lawv, cov ntawv tshaj tawm yog:
- universal - sau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog txhua qhov tseeb ntawm lub neej, ntsig txog feem ntau rau lub tebchaws uas luam tawm phau ntawv encyclopedia;
- cheeb tsam - muaj qhov tseeb txog txhua cheeb tsam ntawm lub tebchaws, thaj av loj lossis peb lub ntiaj teb feem ntau;
- kev lag luam - muab cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb ntsig txog ib ceg ntawm tib neeg txoj haujlwm;
- nqaim-kev lag luam (teeb meem) - qhia txog qhov teeb meem tshwj xeeb ntawm ib ceg ntawm tib neeg kev ua ub no uas yog ib qho teeb meem sib cais (kev tshawb fawb lossis tswv yim);
- biographical, mob siab rau lub neej thiab ua haujlwm ntawm cov luminaries nto moo ntawm kev tshawb fawb, kos duab, kev nom kev tswv thiab lwm yam kev sib raug zoo;
- lwm yam encyclopedias, feem ntau yog cov uas nthuav qhia cov ntaub ntawv rau cov neeg nyeem tshwj xeeb (ib qho piv txwv zoo yog cov menyuam yaus cov ntawv xov xwm uas muab ntau yam ntaub ntawv uas txaus siab rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog).
Qhov nruab nrab ntawm peb qhov kev tshawb fawb yuav yog qhov kev paub txog dab tsi yog phau ntawv keeb kwm, thiab lub ntsiabyam ntawm qhov tseeb.
Distinguish: encyclopedias thiab cov phau ntawv siv-encyclopedias, dictionaries-encyclopedias
Muaj lwm qhov kev ntsuas uas nws tsim nyog paub qhov txawv ntawm cov phau ntawv no. Nws cuam tshuam txog kev nthuav qhia cov ntaub ntawv. Raws li nws, encyclopedic cov ntaub ntawv muab faib ua encyclopedias, encyclopedia siv phau ntawv thiab encyclopedia dictionaries.
Dictionaries-encyclopedias txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no tau nthuav tawm hauv lawv cov ntsiab lus, feem ntau tsuas yog ib qho kev txhais ntawm lo lus.
Cov ntawv Encyclopedias muab cov ntaub ntawv ntau ntxiv: ntxiv rau kev txhais cov lus lossis qhov tshwm sim, peb tuaj yeem kawm los ntawm lawv txog nws keeb kwm, kev sib txuas nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus. Nws yog versatility thiab dav ntawm qhov kev nthuav qhia uas ua rau lawv nyiam tshaj plaws los nyeem. Cov ntawv tshaj tawm no yog qhov paub thoob ntiaj teb "Great Soviet Encyclopedia".
Lwm hom uas peb tsis tau txiav txim siab yog phau ntawv teev npe. Hom ntawv encyclopedia no muaj cov ntaub ntawv npaj rau hauv pawg thematic kom siv tau yooj yim.
Results
Yog li, peb tau txiav txim siab tias dab tsi yog phau ntawv keeb kwm. Qhov no yog ib qho array ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib qho kev lag luam lossis cov ntaub ntawv dav dav uas tau teem tseg raws li ib qho kev cai. Muaj ntau hom ntawv encyclopedias, cais raws li cov txheej txheem sib txawv.
Cov Ntawv Sau Npe muaj ntau qhov kev paub zoo thiab nthuav dav. Peb yuav tsum kov cov kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg kev loj hlob ntau dua los ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm no!
Pom zoo:
Natalya Shcherba, Chasodei: phau ntawv tshuaj xyuas, hom, phau ntawv hauv kev txiav txim, cov ntsiab lus
Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm phau ntawv "Chasodei" yuav txaus siab rau txhua tus kiv cua ntawm kev npau suav hauv tsev. Nov yog ib phau ntawv sau los ntawm Ukrainian kws sau ntawv Natalia Shcherba. Lawv sau nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm cov hluas fantasy. Qhov no yog ib tug keeb kwm ntawm kev lom zem taug txuj kev nyuaj ntawm cov hluas watchmaker Vasilisa Ogneva thiab nws cov phooj ywg. Phau ntawv tau luam tawm los ntawm 2011 txog 2015
Yuav ua li cas xam lub sijhawm sau ntawv. Yuav piav qhia lub sijhawm sau ntawv rau tus menyuam li cas. Nco ntsoov lub sij hawm notation
Rhythm yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev paub suab paj nruag, txoj kev xav ntawm daim duab kos duab no. Txhawm rau kom nkag siab tias lub suab zoo li cas, nws raug txiav txim siab li cas thiab yuav ua li cas ua raws li nws, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab lub sij hawm ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab nres, yam tsis muaj cov suab paj nruag zoo tshaj plaws yuav yog ib qho monotonous repetition ntawm lub suab tsis muaj. kev xav, ntxoov ntxoo thiab kev xav
Tus sau phau ntawv txhais lus Lavxias. Hom phau ntawv txhais lus
Leej twg yog Vladimir Ivanovich Dal? Txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm yuav teb tias tus neeg no yog tus sau phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Lavxias. Tab sis tsis yog txhua leej txhua tus paub tias cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm no yog tsim los tsis yog rau cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm nkaus xwb. Cov phau ntawv txhais lus yog siv los ntawm cov kws paub txog kev paub hauv lawv txoj haujlwm: cov kws qhia ntawv, cov kws qhia lus, cov neeg txhais lus thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm cov haujlwm. Yog vim li cas thiaj muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv. Kab lus no yuav hais txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb
Daim ntawv teev cov neeg tshawb nrhiav zoo tshaj plaws (cov phau ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st). Qhov zoo tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab thiab txawv teb chaws detective phau ntawv: ib daim ntawv teev. Detectives: ib daim ntawv teev cov kws sau ntawv zoo tshaj plaws
Cov kab lus sau cov neeg tshawb nrhiav zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov kws sau ntawv ntawm hom kev ua txhaum cai, uas nws cov haujlwm yuav tsis tso tseg tsis muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm tus kiv cua ntawm kev ua yeeb yam
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm phau ntawv thiab nyeem ntawv. Cov lus hais txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm phau ntawv txhais li cas?
Kev nyeem phau ntawv yog ib tug neeg pom tias yog ib yam dab tsi dhuav thiab nkees. Qhov tseeb, qhov kev xav no yog qhov yuam kev, thiab cov neeg uas tsis nyeem tag nrho lossis ua nws tsis tshua muaj kev txawj ntse thiab zoo. Cov lus hais txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov phau ntawv niaj hnub no muaj feem ntau dua li qhov qub
