Neoclassicism hauv architecture: nto moo vaj tse thiab architects

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Kev rov qab los rau cov canons qub hauv kev kos duab tau tshwm sim ntau dua ib zaug. Cov tsev, sculptures, thiab paintings ntawm classical lub sij hawm yog heev zoo nkauj thiab sib haum xeeb. Lub sijhawm ntev heev hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev kos duab yog hu ua neoclassicism rau kev txhawb siab ntawm cov canons thaum ub ntawm kev zoo nkauj thiab lawv cov kev hloov pauv nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no. Neoclassicism nyob rau hauv architecture twb paub nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws Europe. Cov kws tsim vaj tsev nyob hauv Lavxias tau pom tshwj xeeb hauv kev txhais cov ntsiab lus classical.

Style nta

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm neoclassicism hauv architecture yog rov qab los rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm European kab lis kev cai. Thaum pib ntawm archaeological excavations nyob rau hauv tim Nkij teb chaws thiab Ltalis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th aroused ib tug txaus siab ntawm architects nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm ancient architects. Qhov no coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov style hu ua classicism, uas txhim kho thiab maj mam hloov mus rau hauv neoclassicism. Nws lub ntsiab feature yog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev txwv kev coj noj coj ua nrog romantic sawv daws. Ua ntej ob hom kev sib tw nrog ib leeg, tab sis,thaum kawg nrhiav tau ntau qhov chaw.

Cov tsev uas tsis yog classical yog lub teeb, zoo nkauj thiab ncaj nraim piv rau cov classics. Tsis tas li ntawd cov cim qhia ntawm neoclassicism yog ib qho tshwj xeeb rau kev saib xyuas ntawm proportions, lub siab xav rau monumentality, txawm pomposity. Architects tsis tsuas yog luam cov txheej txheem kev txiav txim thaum ub, tab sis kuj siv zog los qhia cov ntawv tshiab. Piv txwv li, Egyptian lossis Etruscan. Cov style yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev txwv thiab txawm tias nruj. Cov tsev zoo nkauj, loj-loj nrog cov ntsiab lus Greek - qhov no yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tsev hauv neoclassical style.

Lub sijhawm ntawm neoclassicism hauv architecture

Lo lus "neoclassicism" hauv architecture muaj qee qhov tsis sib xws. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, qhov no yog vim lub European thiab Lavxias teb sab mus kom ze rau kev faib ntawm nws lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, nws yog kev cai cais classicism (XVII caug xyoo) thiab neoclassicism (thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub XVIII, lub style ntawm Louis 16 - thawj peb ntawm lub XIX). Hauv peb lub tebchaws, tej yam txawv me ntsis. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Russia thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees, lub sij hawm no tsuas yog suav hais tias classicism. Thiab cov classics tshiab hais txog cov architecture ntawm lig XIX - thaum ntxov XX caug xyoo. Hauv tebchaws Russia, qhov twg neoclassicism tau dhau los ua neeg nyiam thiab muaj txiaj ntsig, nws yog kev cai rau ib leeg ntawm peb lub sijhawm.

Thawj, tig ntawm XIX - thaum ntxov XX caug xyoo, sawv los teb rau kev kub ntxhov ntawm niaj hnub. Nrog nws cov conciseness, nws tau tawm tsam mus rau ntau decorativeness ntawm Art Nouveau. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, cov kev taw qhia ntawm retrospectivism tshwm sim, nrhiav kom rov kho cov classical proportions thiab layout. Lub sijhawm thib ob yog xyoo 1930 ntawm lub xyoo pua XX. Nws tseem hu ua nyob rau hauv RussiaStalinist Empire. Nws ua ke cov yam ntxwv ntawm Baroque, Classicism, Art Nouveau thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv vaj tsev hauv tebchaws. Qhov thib peb yog xyoo 1950. Nws yog tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm American architecture, qhov yooj yim thiab monumental cov ntaub ntawv tau pom lawv cov incarnation tshiab.

Neoclassicism hauv ntiaj teb architecture

Classicism yog ib qho kev ua yeeb yam muaj zog. Nws tau txais txhua yam kev kos duab. Nws txoj kev loj hlob tau coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm neoclassicism, uas tsis yog raws li kev coj dawb huv ntawm cov qauv qub, tab sis ntawm lawv txoj kev xav. Cov style reproduced lub ancient canons, combining lawv nrog niaj hnub nrhiav thiab ib co ntawm lub teb chaws achievements. Cov hauv paus ntsiab lus tau muab tso rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th los ntawm Andrea Palladio, uas tau tsim ntau lub tsev hauv Vicenza. Cov qauv no tau dhau los ua qauv rau yav tom ntej ntawm cov kws kos duab. Nws txhawb kev txaus siab rau cov tswv yim ntawm cov kws tsim vaj tsev qub qub thiab nws tsis tau ploj mus rau ntau pua xyoo.

thawj lub tsev "neoclassical" nrog cov ntaub ntawv sib luag, kab ntawm kab, domed ru tsev thiab cov duab plaub tau tshwm sim hauv Fabkis. Tom qab ntawd, tus qauv yog khaws los ntawm cov kws tsim qauv los ntawm lwm lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe. Thiab maj mam nws "rolls" rau Asmeskas. Neoclassicism tsis yog ib qho style. Es tsis txhob, nws yog ib qho kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev xav ntawm architects yav dhau los. Ua tib zoo tuav cov kev cai tsim thiab kev tsim cov tsev niaj hnub raws li lawv lub hauv paus nrog cov tswv yim tshiab tsim thiab kho kom zoo nkauj - cov no yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov neoclassicists.

Neoclassicism in France

thawj masterpieces ntawm neoclassical architecture yogtsim los ntawm Claude Ledoux, uas pib nws txoj haujlwm ua ntej Fabkis Revolution. Nws s altworks nyob rau hauv Arc-et-Senans, cov kev lis kev cai vaj tse nyob rau hauv lub nkag mus rau Paris, lub tsev ua yeeb yam nyob rau hauv Besancon revived Greek kab lig kev cai thiab cim pib ntawm ib tug ci ntsa iab neoclassical era nyob rau hauv Fabkis architecture. Tus neeg sawv cev nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov style no yog Jacques Ange Gabriel. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-50s ntawm lub xyoo pua XVIII, nws tau tsim lub tsev zoo kawg nkaus ntawm Tub Rog Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Champ de Mars, qhov zoo nkauj Opera Garnier, Petit Trianon hauv Versailles, thiab qhov project rau Concorde Square hauv Paris. Nws txoj haujlwm tau tshaj tawm qhov kev nce ntawm neoclassicism hauv Fabkis.

Ua raws li nws, ntau tus kws kos duab txawj ntse tau pib tsim cov qauv no. Cov no yog Nicolas de Mezieres, uas tsim cov lag luam nplej, Jacques-Denis Antoine thiab nws cov mint loj ntawm ntug dej ntawm Seine, Charles de Vailly thiab lub tsev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj Odeon. Neoclassicism yog qhov kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm Paris kom deb li deb. Cov tsev uas muaj kev sib haum xeeb, domes, daim duab peb sab porticoes thiab txhua kab tau dhau los ua nws qhov kev txaus siab hnub no.

Neoclassicism hauv UK

Nyob rau hauv lub 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua XVIII, neoclassicism nyob rau hauv architecture tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Askiv. Nws tus tsim yog ob tus kws tsim qauv zoo: Robert Adam thiab William Chambers. Lawv, tsis zoo li lawv cov neeg Fab Kis, ua cov tsev nyob hauv tsev. Adas tau mus xyuas Ltalis, qhov chaw uas nws poob rau hauv kev hlub nrog cov vaj tse qub thiab vaj tse ntawm A. Palladio mus ib txhis.

Lus Askiv neoclassicism txawv ntawm Fabkis txoj hauv kev zoo nkauj thiab lub teeb. Ntawm no, kev saib xyuas zoo tau them rau sab hauv, lub npe nrov tshaj plaws yog kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm Sion House. Nrog Etruscan motifs. Cov neeg ua tiav ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm British neoclassicism yog John Soane thiab George Dance. Lawv txawj ntse mus txuas ntxiv "Adas style". Lub tuam txhab Bank of England thiab Newgate Prison yog cov piv txwv zoo ntawm cov lus Askiv zoo nkauj neoclassical.

Kev nthuav dav ntawm Neoclassicism hauv Tebchaws Europe

Cov neeg muaj peev xwm sawv cev ntawm neoclassicism tau thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe. Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, qhov zoo tshaj plaws creations nyob rau hauv no style yog tsim los ntawm Karl Friedrich Schinkel. Cov kev tsim nruj thiab nruj sawv cev rau lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb hauv neoclassicism. Nws lub tsev ntawm Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej qub thiab Lub Tsev Saib Xyuas Tshiab hauv Berlin yog qhov muaj tswv yim rov ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem classic thiab cov phiaj xwm.

Hauv Ltalis, neoclassicism tau mus txog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. A. Palladio nrog nws cov tsev luxurious hauv Venice thiab Vicenza, Giuseppe Piermarini thiab nws La Scala theatre yog pearls ntawm lub ntiaj teb architecture. Tom qab ntawd, Marcello Piacentini tau tswj xyuas nws tus kheej txoj kev nplua nuj ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam qub qub thiab Palladian style hauv thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm xyoo pua 20th. Nws tsim ib lub tsev kawm ntawv tshwj xeeb hauv Rome thiab Piazza Victoria hauv Brescia.

Lavxias teb sab neoclassicism: lub ntsiab nta

Neoclassical style hauv Lavxias teb sab architecture tau txais lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Thawj theem tau cuam tshuam nrog kev kov yeej kev kub ntxhov ntawm kev niaj hnub, rov qab mus rau lub hauv paus chiv keeb, kev tshawb nrhiav qhov yooj yim. Ivan Fomin, Vladimir Schuko, Ivan Zholtovsky tab tom kawm classical, golden proportions. Lawv tshawb nrhiav cov masterpieces ntawm architecture hauv ltalis thiab Fabkis, paub qhov pom hauvlawv cov tsev. Qhov thib ob theem ntawm neoclassicism teeb tsa lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev tsim cov qauv zoo nkauj uas qhuas lub zog ntawm Stalin. Lub monumentalism thiab nplai ntawm cov tsev no tseem ua rau tib neeg xav tsis thoob.

Ntawm Lavxias teb sab architects

Lavxias teb chaws architecture tuaj yeem txaus siab rau lub galaxy ntawm cov tswv zoo uas tau ua haujlwm hauv neoclassical style. Ivan Fomin raug suav hais tias yog tus tsim. Nws mob siab rau ntau xyoo rau kev kawm ntawm classical cov ntsiab cai nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kev lig kev cai. Nws yog tus tswv theoretical tej hauj lwm uas substantiate lub neoclassical style thiab xws li cov tsev zoo li lub tsev Polovtsev nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, lub koom haum Polytechnic nyob rau hauv Ivanovo, lub tsev ntawm Moscow Council nyob rau hauv Moscow. Ntawm cov architects uas professed lub tswv yim ntawm retrospective neoclassicism, A. Zakharov, F. Lidval, S. Serafimov, A. Belogrud thiab ntau lwm tus neeg sawv tawm. Cov kws tsim vaj tsev ntawm Moscow thiab St. Petersburg tsis tsuas yog ua kev txaus siab ntawm ob lub nroog ntawm Russia, tab sis kuj tau teeb tsa lub suab rau kev txhim kho lwm lub nroog hauv lub tebchaws.

Neoclassicism nyob rau hauv lub guise ntawm Moscow

Lub peev ntawm Russia niaj hnub no tuaj yeem txaus siab nthuav tawm cov khoom tsim vaj tsev zoo nkauj hauv neoclassical style. Ob lub sijhawm ntawm qhov style no tau tso ib qho cim tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev. Moscow architects txawj dai kom zoo nkauj lawv lub nroog. Ntawm cov tsev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog lub tsev ntawm haiv neeg haiv neeg thiab "Lub Tsev nrog Ntauwd" ntawm Smolenskaya Square los ntawm I. Zholtovsky, lub tsev ntawm Mindovsky tus kws kes duab vajtse N. Lazarev, txuas ntxiv mus rau Moscow Art Theatre los ntawm F. Shekhtel, lub tsev. ntawm lub Xeev Savings Bank ntawm I. Ivanov-Shits. Stalin lub sij hawm ntawm neoclassicismpaub txog txhua tus neeg nyob hauv Russia. Cov no yog cov skyscrapers nto moo ntawm L. Rudnev, D. Chechulin, A. Mordvinov thiab lwm yam architects.

Neoclassicism hauv St. Petersburg

Lub npe nrov "Lub Tsev nrog Ntauwd" los ntawm K. Rosenstein tau los ua tus embodiment ntawm kev txhais lus tshwj xeeb ntawm neoclassicism hauv St. Nyob rau hauv nws, medieval kab lig kev cai yog intertwined nrog cov ntsiab ntawm modernity thiab classics. Lub nroog sab qaum teb tuaj yeem khav ntawm ntau lwm lub tsev hauv qhov style no. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws yog xws li vaj tse: lub tsev ntawm Abamelek-Lazarev los ntawm kws kes duab vajtse I. Fomin, Txauv ntawm Thomas de Thomon, ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm thaum ntxov neoclassicism, Betling tsev loj los ntawm A. Grube, Timofeev lub tenement lub tsev los ntawm Y. Kovarsky thiab lwm yam txuj ci. ua haujlwm.