2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37
Cov ntawv nyeem yog lub tswv yim amoebic (hauv cov ntsiab lus sib npaug, nrog rau hom ntawv nyeem): thoob plaws ntau pua xyoo kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg kev vam meej, nws hloov tsis tau ob qho tib si hauv daim ntawv thiab hauv cov ntsiab lus. Ib tus tuaj yeem ntseeg tau hais txog kev hloov pauv ntawm hom kev kos duab no thoob ntiaj teb, lossis nruj me ntsis txwv rau qee lub sijhawm lossis ib cheeb tsam tshwj xeeb (cov ntaub ntawv qub, Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub Nyoog, Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv ntawm xyoo pua 19th thiab lwm yam), txawm li cas los xij, ib tug yuav tsum perceive nws yog ib tug tseeb kos duab ntawm lo lus thiab ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb no kab lis kev cai txheej txheem.
Kev lig kev cai, thaum hais txog cov ntaub ntawv, tus neeg txhais tau tias yog dab neeg. Lub tswv yim no (feem ntau siv los ua ib lub ntsiab lus - "kev kos duab ntawm lo lus") tshwm sim ntawm cov av fertile ntawm qhov ncauj pej xeem kos duab. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis zoo li nws, cov ntaub ntawv tam sim no tsis muaj nyob hauv qhov ncauj, tab sis hauv daim ntawv sau (los ntawm Latin lit (t) eratura - lus "sau", los ntawm lit (t) era - lus "tsab ntawv"). Fiction siv cov lus thiab kev tsim ntawm cov lus sau (natural human) lus ua ib yam khoom. Cov ntawv nyeem thiablwm hom kev kos duab zoo ib yam. Tab sis nws qhov tshwj xeeb yog txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau hom kev kos duab uas siv lwm yam khoom siv es tsis txhob hais lus-hais lus (kev ua yeeb yam, suab paj nruag) lossis ua ke nrog nws (suab nkauj, ua yeeb yam, xinesmas), ntawm qhov tod tes - nrog rau lwm hom lus.: scientific, philosophical, journalistic, thiab lwm yam. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntawv tseeb ua ke txhua tus kws sau ntawv (xws li tsis qhia npe) tej hauj lwm, tsis zoo li tej hauj lwm ntawm cov dab neeg uas qhia meej tsis muaj tus sau tshwj xeeb.
Peb tus poj niam tseem ceeb
Hom thiab hom ntaub ntawv yog cov koom haum tseem ceeb ntawm kev hais lus thiab kev ua yeeb yam raws li qeb ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm "tus neeg hais lus" (hais lus) rau kev kos duab tag nrho. Raws li txoj cai, muaj peb lub npe tseem ceeb:
- epic: dab neeg, dab neeg, dab neeg, dab neeg, sau ntawv, dab neeg luv luv, sau ntawv, dab neeg;
- lyrical: madrigal, hymn, ode, xav, lus, idyll, epigram, elegy, epitaph, epithalama;
- dramatic: ua yeeb yam, xwm txheej, tragicomedy, comedy, vaudeville, melodrama, farce.
Nyob thiab hom ntawv nyeem
Nyob rau hauv kev faib ntau tshaj plaws, txhua hom ntawv tseeb raug faib rau hauv hom ntawv nyeem. Lawv tuaj yeem yog epic, uas suav nrog zaj dab neeg, dab neeg tshiab, thiab zaj dab neeg luv luv; lyrical paj huam suav nrog; ballads thiab paj huam yog lyrical; dramaturgy yuav muab faib ua yeeb yam, xwm txheej thiab comedy. Hom ntawv nyeem tuaj yeem paub qhov txawvlos ntawm ib leeg nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov cim thiab storylines, ntim, functions thiab cov ntsiab lus. Nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, ib hom tuaj yeem sawv cev rau ntau hom. Piv txwv li: philosophical thiab psychological novels, detective novels, social thiab picaresque novels. Raws li txoj cai, Aristotle pib faib cov hauj lwm rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv nws treatise hu ua Poetics. Nws txoj haujlwm tau txuas ntxiv mus rau lub sijhawm tam sim no los ntawm Fabkis kws sau paj huam- thuam Boileau thiab tus kws sau ntawv German Lessing.
Kev sau ntawv
Kho kom raug thiab tshaj tawm kev npaj, uas yog, xaiv cov ntawv sau rau cov ntawv tom ntej, feem ntau yog ua los ntawm tus neeg luam tawm. Tab sis nws yog qhov nyuaj heev rau cov neeg siv zoo tib yam kom raug taug kev hauv hiav txwv tsis muaj qhov kawg ntawm kev sau ntawv. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los siv txoj hauv kev zoo, uas yog, koj yuav tsum paub meej qhov txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab lawv lub hom phiaj.
- Cov ntawv tshiab yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm zoo kawg nkaus, uas muaj ntau tus cim nrog kev tsim qauv tsim thiab sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm lawv. Ib qho tshiab tuaj yeem ua keeb kwm, tsev neeg, philosophical, taug txuj kev nyuaj thiab kev sib raug zoo.
- Epic - ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm, tsis tshua muaj ib leeg, tsis tas yuav npog lub sijhawm keeb kwm tseem ceeb lossis qhov xwm txheej loj loj.
Novela yog hom thawj ntawm cov lus piav qhia, luv dua li cov dab neeg tshiab lossis zaj dab neeg luv luv. Nws yog kev cai hu ib zaj dab neeg luv luv, thiab tus kws sau zaj dab neeg luv luv
Tsis kawglos ntawm tseem ceeb
Kev ua yeeb yam yog qhov tsim los thuam tus kheej lossis kev tsis txaus ntseeg, tsom mus rau qhov tshwj xeeb yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg thiab tsis txaus ntseeg
Nkauj yog hom paj huam qub tshaj plaws, yam tsis muaj qeb "hom ntawv tseeb" yuav tsis tiav. Kev ua haujlwm yog ib daim ntawv poetic nrog ntau nqe thiab refrainins. Muaj: pej xeem, lyrical, heroic thiab keeb kwm
Fable - prose, tab sis ntau zaus poetic, ua haujlwm ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees, kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev thuam
Zaj Dab Neeg - kev sau ntawv ntawm qee yam, feem ntau me me, loj, uas qhia txog qhov xwm txheej cais hauv lub neej ntawm tus cwj pwm
Myth - narration kuj muaj nyob rau hauv seem "hom ntawv nyeem" thiab coj cov tiam yav tom ntej lub tswv yim ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv txog lub ntug, heroes thiab gods
Zaj paj huam yog ib zaj qhia txog tus sau txoj kev xav hauv zaj paj huam yooj yim rau nws
Kev sau ntawv yog ib qho lus piav qhia, ib qho subspecies ntawm epic, uas tso siab tau qhia txog cov xwm txheej tiag tiag, qhov tseeb
Ib zaj dab neeg yog ib txoj haujlwm zoo sib xws hauv cov qauv rau ib zaj dab neeg, tab sis txawv ntawm ntim. Zaj dab neeg tuaj yeem qhia txog ntau yam xwm txheej hauv lub neej ntawm cov cim tseem ceeb hauv ib zaug
Melodrama - deservedly txuas ntxiv cov npe ntawm qeb "hom ntawv nyeem", qhov no yog ib zaj dab neeg ua yeeb yam, uas qhia los ntawm kev faib cov phab ntsa rau hauv qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo
- Txoj kev nyuaj siab yog ib hom kev ua yeeb yam uas qhia txog txoj hmoo nyuaj, qee zaum ua rau tus cwj pwm tuag.
ntawv nyeem thiab niaj hnub
Lub neej nws tus kheej txhua hnub ntau thiab ntau dua insistently convinces txhua leej txhua tus hais tias theem ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm, ntawv xov xwm thiab cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev kawm hauv zej zog. Lawm, thawj theem ntawm kev paub nrog cov ntaub ntawv (tsis suav cov menyuam yaus cov ntawv nyeem) pib ntawm tsev kawm ntawv. Yog li ntawd, txhua yam lus pom zoo rau cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muaj ntau hom kev kawm hauv cov ntaub ntawv, uas pab qhia cov kev paub tsim nyog hauv daim ntawv nkag mus rau kev nkag siab ntawm tus menyuam.
kev xaiv tus kheej
Nws nyuaj rau overestimate lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm ib tug neeg niaj hnub, vim cov phau ntawv tau coj ntau tshaj ib tiam. Nws yog lawv uas tau pab tib neeg nkag siab txog lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig lawv thiab lawv tus kheej, txhawb kev muaj siab rau qhov tseeb, kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev paub, qhia lawv kom hwm yav dhau los. Hmoov tsis zoo, cov ntawv nyeem thiab lwm yam kev kos duab feem ntau tsis pom zoo hauv cov neeg niaj hnub no. Muaj ib pawg ntawm cov tib neeg uas tshaj tawm tias cov ntaub ntawv twb tau ua tiav nws cov txiaj ntsig, nws tau hloov pauv los ntawm TV thiab xinesmas. Tab sis seb puas yuav siv tau los ntawm lub sijhawm uas cov phau ntawv muab yog ib qho kev xaiv rau txhua tus.
Pom zoo:
Marusya Svetlova: biography, hnub yug thiab qhov chaw yug, tus kheej lub neej, nthuav tseeb, kev cob qhia, phau ntawv thiab nyeem nyeem
Marusya Svetlova yog tus kws sau ntawv Lavxias paub zoo, tus kws kho hlwb, tus tshaj tawm thiab tus sau kev cob qhia. Nws qhia tib neeg tias los ntawm kev tswj hwm lawv txoj kev xav, ib tus tuaj yeem nrhiav kev sib haum xeeb hauv tsev neeg, kev sib raug zoo zoo, kev vam meej, thiab kev noj qab haus huv. Marusya tau sau 16 phau ntawv, qhov nrov tshaj plaws uas yuav tau tham hauv tsab xov xwm
Ntawm memoirs tsim nyog nyeem. Cov npe sau ntawv, biography, keeb kwm xwm txheej, nthuav tseeb thiab lawv xav txog ntawm nplooj ntawv ntawm cov phau ntawv
Cov memoirs zoo tshaj plaws pab peb kom kawm paub zoo txog txoj hmoo ntawm tus kheej nto moo, lawv lub neej txhim kho li cas, qee yam xwm txheej keeb kwm tshwm sim li cas. Memoirs, raws li txoj cai, yog sau los ntawm cov neeg nto moo - cov nom tswv, cov kws sau ntawv, cov neeg ua yeeb yam uas xav qhia kom meej txog lub sijhawm tseem ceeb ntawm lawv lub neej, ntu uas cuam tshuam rau txoj hmoo ntawm lub tebchaws
Cov hlua hlau: hom hlua, lawv lub hom phiaj, cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev xaiv, kev teeb tsa thiab kev kho ntawm lub guitar
Nws yog txoj hlua hauv hom suab paj nruag uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub suab, vim qhov nro uas koj tuaj yeem kho nws qhov siab. Ntawm chav kawm, yuav ua li cas cov cuab yeej hu nkauj nyob ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Lub guitar tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb hauv qhov no. Cov khoom, ntawm chav kawm, yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Muaj nylon, cov hlua hlau, tab sis qhov twg yog qhov zoo dua rau xaiv? Nyeem txog nws hauv qab no
Kev sau ntawv sau: cov hom phiaj thiab lub hom phiaj, cov txheej txheem yooj yim. Kho cov kev pab
Kev sau ntawv sau yog txheej txheem uas pab qhia cov kev xav ntawm cov kws sau ntawv ua haujlwm rau tus nyeem, pab kev nkag siab txog cov ntaub ntawv thiab tshem tawm cov ntsiab lus tsis tsim nyog thiab rov ua dua los ntawm nws. Tag nrho cov no thiab ntau lwm qhov tseeb nthuav yuav tau tham hauv kab lus no
Zaj duab xis "Police Academy 2: Lawv Thawj Lub Hom Phiaj". Cov neeg ua yeeb yam thiab lub luag haujlwm
Ib xyoos tom qab thawj zaj yeeb yaj kiab thawj zaug hais txog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tub ceev xwm, muaj qhov txuas ntxiv. Nyob rau hauv zaj duab xis "Police Academy 2: Lawv Thawj Lub Hom Phiaj", cov neeg ua yeeb yam ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb tseem zoo ib yam. Tab sis lub ntsej muag tshiab ntxiv. Lawv yog Howard Hessman li Pete Lassard, Bob Goldwaite ua tus thawj coj ntawm pawg neeg loj leeb, thiab Art Metrano ua Lieutenant Mauser, uas sim cuam tshuam cov kawm tiav
