Tus kws kos duab nto moo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb thiab lawv txoj haujlwm. Nto moo Lavxias teb sab sculptors

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Thawj qhov tsim ntawm tib neeg txhais tes, uas tuaj yeem hu ua duab puab, tau tshwm sim hauv lub sijhawm ua ntej keeb kwm thiab yog peb cov poj koob yawm txwv pe hawm. Ntau pua txhiab xyoo dhau los, kev kos duab ntawm cov duab puab tau mus txog qhov siab uas tsis tau pom dua, thiab niaj hnub no hauv tsev cia puav pheej thiab ntawm txoj kev ntawm ntau lub nroog thoob ntiaj teb koj tuaj yeem pom cov masterpieces tiag tiag uas ua rau muaj kev qhuas ntawm cov neeg tuaj xyuas thiab cov neeg taug kev. Yog li leej twg ntawm tus tswv ntawm Lavxias thiab txawv teb chaws nto moo ntawm ntau lub sijhawm tuaj yeem thov kom muaj nws lub npe suav nrog hauv qeb ntawm "sculptors nto moo", thiab lawv cov haujlwm twg tau suav nrog hauv cov nyiaj kub ntawm lub ntiaj teb kos duab?

Ntiaj teb sculptors ntawm lub ntiaj teb ancient

Raws li twb tau hais lawm, kos duab duab puab tau tshwm sim ntau txhiab xyoo dhau los, ua pov thawj los ntawm ntau lub pob zeb thiab av nplaum peb-dimensional dluab ntawm tib neeg, tsiaj txhu thiab mythical creatures pom thaum archaeological excavations. Tau kawg, tsis muaj leej twg paub lawv tus kws sau ntawv yog leej twg,Txawm li cas los xij, keeb kwm tau khaws cia cov npe ntawm qee tus kws kos duab zoo nkauj uas ua haujlwm nyob rau lub sijhawm txij li xyoo pua 14 BC. e. thiab mus txog rau tiam 1st AD. e.

Piv txwv li, thaum nug tias leej twg cov sculptors nto moo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no thaum ub yog, tus neeg zoo nkauj Iyiv thaum ub sculptor Thutmose tus Hluas yog qhov yuav tsum tau hais ntawm lwm tus. Nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Pharaoh Akhenaten thiab tsim ib tug ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws tej hauj lwm ntawm kos duab ntawm lub sij hawm Amarna - lub bust ntawm poj huab tais Nefertiti. Muaj ntau ntau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog leej twg nto moo tshaj plaws sculptors ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws thiab Rome ntawm ancient sij hawm yog. Tshwj xeeb, cov masters Critias thiab Nesiot tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 5 BC. e. Ib qho zoo kawg nkaus muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Harmodius thiab Aristogeiton, uas tom qab tau tshoov siab rau cov sculptors tom qab ntau tshaj ib zaug. Txawm tias qhov siab ntau dua hauv cov txuj ci ntawm cov duab puab tau ua tiav los ntawm tus poj Phidias, uas yog tus sau ntawm tus pej thuam ntawm Zeus ua los ntawm kub thiab ivory, lees paub tias yog ib qho kev xav ntawm lub ntiaj teb thaum ub. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tsis nco txog qhov loj pab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ancient kos duab, uas yog ua los ntawm xws li nto moo sculptors li Skopas, Praxiteles thiab Lysippus, uas tsim lub thiaj li hu ua quadriga ntawm St. Raws li cov Roman sculptors, feem ntau ntawm lawv cov creation, xws li nto moo Apollo Belvedere, yog luam los ntawm Greek keeb kwm.

Ntxim sculptors ntawm lub ntiaj teb: Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab

Raws li koj paub, qhov pib ntawm keeb kwm lub sijhawm uas tuaj tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Western Roman faj tim teb chaws tsis yog lub sijhawm zoo tshaj plaws rau kev txhim kho kev kos duab. Tias yog vim li cas tsis muaj ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev kos duab ntawm cov duab puab hnub rov qab mus rau 5th-12th centuries niaj hnub no.paub. Hmoov zoo, lub sijhawm dhau los, cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm pawg ntseeg tau pib tsis muaj zog, thiab cov duab puab ntawm cov neeg ntseeg thiab cov thawj coj tau tshwm sim, cov kws sau ntawv tau tso cai rau lawv tus kheej tawm ntawm cov canons nruj ntawm kev cai dab qhuas kos duab thiab ua rau lawv cov kev tsim muaj tiag. Ua piv txwv, ib tus tuaj yeem suav cov tswv xws li txiv thiab tus tub Pisano, uas ua haujlwm thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th thiab pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th. Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, thaum nws los txog rau leej twg cov sculptors nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sij hawm Gothic yog, ib tug tsis tuaj yeem ua tsis tau lub npe Adas Kraft, uas tsim lub thaj luxurious ntawm Tetzel Chapel.

Tus kos duab ntawm Renaissance Sculpture

Tej zaum tsis muaj ib tus neeg uas tsis paub leej twg yog tus kws kos duab nto moo tshaj plaws thiab lawv cov haujlwm ntawm lub sijhawm Renaissance yog. Tom qab tag nrho, xws li masterpieces li tus pej thuam ntawm David thiab Pieta los ntawm Michelangelo, cov ntawv luam ntawm uas adorn Catholic pawg ntseeg thoob ntiaj teb, nrog rau lub monument rau Gattamelata Donatello thiab "Perseus" los ntawm Benvenuto Cellini, nyob rau lub sij hawm no. Ntawm Fabkis tus tswv, nws tsim nyog sau cia Jean Goujon thiab Germain Pilon, uas tau ua haujlwm raws li lawv cov npoj yaig Italian.

Ntiaj teb 18th caug xyoo sculptors

Tus nto moo Trevi Fountain ntawm Palazzo Poli hauv Rome, suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov cim ntawm lub nroog Italian, yog ib qho piv txwv zoo kawg nkaus ntawm kev kos duab duab puab ntawm Hnub Nyoog Tshiab. Nws cov kws sau ntawv yog Nicolo Salvi thiab Pietro Bracci, uas ua tus duab ntawm Neptune thiab tritons. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, Antonio Canova, uas yog nto moo rau nws tombstones ntawm popes, kuj ua hauj lwm, raws li zoo raws li nto moo sculptors los ntawm Fabkis Edmond Bouchardon thiab Jean Baptiste. Pigalle. Raws li rau cov tswv lus Askiv, ib tus tuaj yeem tawm ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm lawv, suav nrog John Flaxman, Joseph Nollekens thiab Thomas Banks.

19th caug xyoo European duab puab

pib ntawm lub xyoo pua ua ntej kawg tau cim los ntawm qhov pom ntawm lub hnub qub ci ntsa iab ntawm lub ntiaj teb duab puab - Bertel Thorvaldsen, uas xyoo 1803 tau nthuav tawm nws "Jason" rau cov pej xeem. Tom qab lub ntiaj teb nto moo tshaj plaws debut, nws tau los ua ib tug heev nrhiav-tom qab tus tswv ntawm eminent cov neeg muas zaub los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws, thiab thaum lub sij hawm nws lub neej muaj tswv yim ntev nws sculpted ntau yam zoo heev compositions thiab portraits ntawm nto moo neeg. Tshwj xeeb, nws tsim nyog hais txog qhov loj loj frieze piav txog kev siv dag zog ntawm Alexander lub Great, tsim los ntawm nws hauv 1812 los kho lub Quirinal Palace.

Thaum xav txog leej twg yog tus sculptors nto moo tshaj plaws thiab lawv tej hauj lwm ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th yog, ib qho ntawm thawj lub npe uas los rau hauv siab yog Auguste Rodin. Thiab qhov no tsis yog txhua qhov xav tsis thoob, txij li nws cov kev tsim "Tus Neeg Xav" thiab "Tus Hnia" tau lees paub tias yog cov masterpieces loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb kos duab. Raws li rau tus tswv ntawm cov duab puab hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, L. Schwanthaler tsim nyog tau hais tshwj xeeb, uas tau tsim ntau yam haujlwm zoo nkauj kho kom zoo nkauj palaces thiab lwm lub tsev tseem ceeb hauv Munich.

Sculptors of the 20th-21st centuries

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua xeem, cov kab lig kev cai ntawm cov tswv Italian zoo tau txuas ntxiv los ntawm Giacomo Manza, uas tau los ua nto moo rau nws qhov kev tsim "Gate of Death", ua rau St. Peter's Cathedral hauv Rome. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tsim nyog hais txog cov masters xws li Jacques Lipchitz thiabOsip Zadkine, uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug surrealist style. Alberto Giacometti kuj yog nyob rau hauv qeb "Cov sculptors nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb", uas tsim cov hauj lwm "Walking Man" nyob rau hauv 1961, uas yog kwv yees ntawm Sotheby's ntawm 104.3 lab US dollars. Lwm cov sculptors ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th lig suav nrog Fernando Botero, Lynn Chadwick thiab Barry Flanagan.

nto moo sculptors ntawm Russia los ntawm 18th-19th centuries

Nws tsis yog qhov tsim nyog los tham txog kev kos duab duab puab nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv pre-Petrine era, vim nws tsuas tsis muaj nyob. Lub founding ntawm St. Petersburg ua rau peb xav txog kev kho kom zoo nkauj nws palaces thiab squares nrog sculptural compositions, raws li tau zoo raws li nyob rau hauv European lub teb chaws, yog li ntawd txawv teb chaws masters pib raug caw mus rau lub tsev hais plaub. Yog li ntawd, thawj tus paub "Lavxias teb sab" sculptors yog neeg txawv teb chaws. Piv txwv li, ob peb daim duab peb sab tau nqes los rau peb, nrum los ntawm leej txiv ntawm tus kws kos duab zoo nkauj yav tom ntej - K. B. Rastrelli.

Tom qab Catherine II nrhiav tau lub Academy of Arts, Russians pib kawm nyob rau ntawd thiab. Nyob rau hauv particular, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ntawm nws reign, xws li pioneers ntawm domestic kos duab puab li F. Shubin, M. Kozlovsky thiab F. Gordeev, uas tsim lub nto moo Samson, distinguished lawv tus kheej. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj ntau yam khoom plig craftsmen tshwm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19. Tshwj xeeb, nws yog lub sijhawm no uas cov kws kos duab nto moo Lavxias teb sab zoo li M. M. Antokolsky, tus sau lub cim rau Peter the Great hauv Peterhof, A. M. Opekushin, P. Velionsky, thiab I. N. Schroeder ua haujlwm..

kos duab duab puab ntawm Soviet thiab post-Soviet lub sij hawm

Ib tugQhov zoo tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm ntawm cov duab puab ntawm thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, ntawm chav kawm, yog lub nto moo monument ntawm Vera Mukhina "Tus neeg ua hauj lwm thiab Collective ua liaj ua teb poj niam" - ib tug paub txog masterpiece ntawm socialist realism. Tsis muaj tsawg nthuav yog cov hauj lwm ntawm E. Vutechich, uas tsim lub "Warrior-Liberator" rau Berlin Treptow Park thiab lub ntiaj teb no-nto moo pej thuam "Motherland", thiab M. Anikushin, tus sau ntawm lub monuments rau AP Chekhov thiab A. Pushkin, uas tau teeb tsa hauv Leningrad xyoo 1957.

Raws li leej twg yog tus kws kos duab nto moo tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm tom qab-Soviet, tej zaum, Ernst Neizvestny, uas tau pib nws txoj haujlwm rov qab rau lub sijhawm Soviet, raug yuam kom tsiv teb tsaws chaw rau Tebchaws Meskas, thiab nws feem ntau. Cov hauj lwm tseem ceeb - "Lub ntsej muag ntawm Kev Tu Siab" rau Magadan memorial rau cov neeg raug tsim txom ntawm Stalinist - tsim nyob rau hauv 1996. Lwm tus tswv ntawm cov duab puab, uas tau txais kev lees paub thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo tsis ntev los no, yog M. Shemyakin, ntawm cov uas nws ua haujlwm ntau daim duab "Cov menyuam yaus - Cov neeg raug tsim txom ntawm cov neeg laus" tsim nyog tau hais tshwj xeeb.