Cloisonne enamel: master class. Cov txheej txheem Cloisonne
Cloisonne enamel: master class. Cov txheej txheem Cloisonne

Video: Cloisonne enamel: master class. Cov txheej txheem Cloisonne

Video: Cloisonne enamel: master class. Cov txheej txheem Cloisonne
Video: J'arrive zn detente #pourtoiiii #abonnetoiiii #challenge #transition 2024, Kaum ib hlis
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Lub npe nrov Ipatiev Chronicle qhia peb zaj dab neeg ntawm kev tsim zoo kawg nkaus ntawm Lavxias tus tswv jewelers uas kho lawv cov khoom nrog cov xim pleev xim - cov xim muaj xim vitreous hmoov tawv tawv tom qab tua, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws. Lub tshuab no tuaj rau Russia los ntawm Byzantium, qhov twg nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 6th. Niaj hnub no, lo lus ancient enamel tau tawm mus, muab txoj hauv kev rau lo lus siv tam sim no - kos duab enamel.

cloisonne cov enamel
cloisonne cov enamel

Dab tsi yog cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub?

Ua ntej pib kev sib tham txog dab tsi tsim cov txheej txheem kos duab hu ua "cloisonne enamel", cia peb nyob ntawm cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov khoom siv no siv los ntawm jewelers thiab craftsmen. Raws li tau hais los saum no, enamel yog cov hmoov tau los ntawm kev sib tsoo cov xim vitreous daim hlau.

Moistened nrog dej thiab tig mus rau hauv ib qho kev nruam pliable loj, muaj pes tsawg leeg yog siv rau cov hlwb ua rau saum npoo ntawm cov khoom. Cov kauj ruam tom ntej ntawm tus txheej txheem yog roasting. Nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug kiln los yogroj tshwj xeeb lossis roj av burner. Nyob rau hauv lub siab kub (ntawm 700 mus rau 900 ° C), lub vitreous loj hardens thiab yuav siv sij hawm nyob rau hauv nws txawv tsos.

Txoj kev ua haujlwm nrog enamel

Nyob ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov crushed vitreous loj, qhov kub thiab txias, thiab lub sij hawm ntawm firing, lub resulting enamel tej zaum yuav muaj ib tug txawv degree ntawm pob tshab los yog kiag li opaque - lag ntseg. Qhov no qhib qhov muaj tswv yim dav dav rau tus tswv, vim nws tso cai rau koj ua tiav ntau yam teebmeem.

cloisonné enamel tswv
cloisonné enamel tswv

Ntau hom kev siv hauv kev ua haujlwm zoo li no yog nplua nuj heev, thiab ib qho ntawm lawv yog cloisonné enamel. Cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub ua nrog nws siv tsis yog siv dav thiab suav tias yog cov neeg tseem ceeb. Yog vim li cas nyob rau hauv lub complexity ntawm lawv tsim thiab impossibility ntawm mechanizing cov txheej txheem ntau lawm. Txhua yam khoom yog ib qho haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm kev kos duab. Yog tias peb tseem xav txog tias cov hlau tsis zoo no feem ntau siv rau hauv kev ua haujlwm, ces lawv cov nqi siab thiab qhov muaj tsawg yuav pom tseeb.

Cloisonne ua li cas

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, ntawm kub, nyiaj los yog cupronickel (tsis tshua muaj tooj liab lossis hlau) nto, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib xyaw, cov duab ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej yog kos duab, thiab qee zaum txiav. Ces hlau partitions yog soldered raws nws cov npoo, lub thickness ntawm uas tsis tshua muaj tshaj ib millimeter. Cov kev faib tawm no, uas tau muab lub npe rau cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov txheej txheem enamel, tsim ob qho tib si kaw thiab qhib hlwb, uastau ntim nrog lwm cov kua thiab khov ntau ntau xim.

Tom qab cov enamel hardens thaum lub sij hawm tua, cov khoom yog av thiab polished. Qhov no yog ua nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txoj kev uas nto ntawm lub partitions thiab enamel tsim ib tug dav hlau. Cov txheej txheem ntawm cloisonné enamel yog qhov nyuaj ntau dua los ntawm qhov tseeb tias, thaum lub sij hawm tua, cov khoom txheej shrinks thiab ua qis dua lub septum. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau rov ua kom cov hlwb thiab rov tua cov khoom. Nyob ntawm ntau yam kev qhia thiab kev ua yeeb yam ntawm tus kws sau ntawv, kev tua hluav taws tuaj yeem rov ua dua los ntawm tsib mus rau ib puas zaug.

Cloisonne enamel kho kom zoo nkauj
Cloisonne enamel kho kom zoo nkauj

Cov khoom tshwj xeeb thiab cov khoom siv

Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias qhov tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv enamel thaum raug kub hnyiab txiav txim siab qhov originality thiab uniqueness ntawm txhua yam khoom. Nws yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo ib yam ob zaug, yog li txhua daim ua siv cov txheej txheem no tshwj xeeb.

Cloisonne enamel tsis yog tib txoj kev enamel hauv kev kos duab thiab khoom siv tes ua. Nrog rau nws, lub npe hu ua excavation kuj yog siv dav. Nws txawv ntawm phab ntsa muab faib nyob rau hauv hais tias nws tsis yog lub hlwb tsim los ntawm soldered partitions uas tau sau nrog ib tug vitreous muaj pes tsawg leeg, tab sis tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ua recesses, cov duab uas sib haum mus rau cov kab ntawm cov qauv. Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub ntau lawm, stamped los yog cam khwb cia blanks feem ntau yog siv rau lub hom phiaj no. Hauv tib txoj kev lag luam, kev coj ua ntawm cloisonné enamel kuj tseem siv los tsim cov khoom siv.

Stained glass windows effect

Cloisonne enamel muaj ntau yam ntxiv. Nws yog hu ua stained iav los yog qhov rais enamel. Cov txheej txheem no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nws tsis siv lub hauv paus hlau. Nws tau txais nws lub npe vim qhov tseeb tias cov khoom tsim los ntawm nws lub hauv paus zoo li cov iav qhov rais hauv qhov tsos. Lawv yog pob tshab kiag li, thiab lub teeb, nkag mus rau hauv lub vitreous loj, tsim lub illusion ntawm cov xim stained iav framed los ntawm hlau.

cloisonné enamel txheej txheem
cloisonné enamel txheej txheem

Cov khoom ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem no zoo nkauj heev. Cov thav duab hlau ntim nrog cov enamel zoo li zoo lace ua los ntawm kub, nyiaj los yog tooj liab. Nws yog tsim los ntawm sawing los yog mounting thiab tom qab soldering ntawm qhov chaw ua los ntawm hlau twisted nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj kev. Coloured enamel sau qhov khoob ntawm qhov muab faib ua qhov kev piav qhia tsis zoo ntawm lub teeb.

imitation cloisonne enamel
imitation cloisonne enamel

Suav enamel kab lig kev cai

Suav enamel nyob ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev kos duab thiab khoom siv tes ua. Cloisonne enamel, hu ua clausane, tsis yog ib qho kev tsim ntawm Suav lawv tus kheej, tab sis tuaj rau lawv los ntawm Fabkis, tab sis tau txais kev txhim kho tshwj xeeb, vim muaj kev coj noj coj ua hauv zej zog. Los ntawm nws thawj qhov chaw, nws tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm lub npe, uas los ntawm cov lus Fabkis distorted Cloison - "muab faib". Ua ntej hom txheej txheem enamel no tshwm sim hauv Suav teb, nws qhov kev khawb av tau siv nyob ntawd.

Nyob hauv Beijing Palace Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv ntau yamtej hauj lwm ntawm kos duab thiab crafts yog nthuav tawm, cov uas suav enamel stands. Cloisonne enamel yog sawv cev los ntawm Xuande thiab Jingtai lub sij hawm wares los ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th. Qhov no tsis yog coincidence, txij li thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub Ming Dynasty, uas hais txog cov nom tswv, yog suav hais tias yog lub sij hawm ntawm lub loj tshaj flowering ntawm lub cheeb tsam ntawm kos duab. Raws li lawv tus kheej thev naus laus zis, nrog rau cov uas tau qiv los ntawm Tebchaws Europe, Suav cov kws ua haujlwm dai kom zoo nkauj lub rooj thiab hauv pem teb vases, khob, khoom qab zib tais, thiab ntau lub teeb nrog kev xav txawv txawv.

Suav enamel cloisonne enamel
Suav enamel cloisonne enamel

Artistic enamel los ntawm Georgia

Georgian cloisonné enamel kuj tau txais kev hwm los ntawm cov neeg sau thiab tsuas yog cov neeg nyiam kos duab. Nws cov qauv paub ntxov tshaj plaws hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 9th, thiab lawv tau tsim los siv tib lub tshuab uas siv niaj hnub no. Kev kos duab ntawm Georgia, uas yog qhov txawv ntawm nws cov xim qub thiab lub zog tsis muaj zog, tau embodied ntau European thiab Eastern kab lig kev cai. Tias yog vim li cas cloisonne enamel, thev naus laus zis uas tuaj rau cov khoom no los ntawm Western Europe, yog li organically haum rau nws. Ntawm no nws tsis yog tsuas yog txawj ntse xwb, tab sis kuj tseem txhim kho ntxiv, ua tsaug uas muaj ntau yam masterpieces ntawm lub teb chaws Georgian tsev kawm ntawv tau tshwm sim.

Georgian cloisonné enamel
Georgian cloisonné enamel

Enamel yav dhau los thiab niaj hnub no

Nws paub tias cov tswv ntawm cloisonne enamel ntawm ntau pua xyoo dhau los siv lwm cov khoom dua li lawv cov thwjtim niaj hnub kom tau txais cov khoom xyaw uas lawv xav tau. ATIb qho ntawm cov zaub mov qub hais tias kev npaj cov enamel xav tau ib feem ntawm cov xuab zeb ntshiab quartz, ib feem ntawm boric acid thiab ob feem ntawm cov hlau lead liab. Txhawm rau muab cov xim uas xav tau, ntau cov xim tau siv rau hauv daim ntawv oxides ntawm cadmium, cob alt lossis tooj liab.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, cov txheej txheem enamel tau dhau los ntawm nws cov kev siv ib txwm siv thiab, ntxiv rau kev kos duab thiab khoom siv tes ua, tau pib siv txhua qhov chaw uas yuav tsum tau ua kom ruaj khov thiab muaj tshuaj lom neeg. Technical enamels tshwm. Raws li, thev naus laus zis ntawm lawv qhov kev npaj tau hloov pauv.

Cloisonne enamel: master class

Thaum kawg ntawm tsab xov xwm, peb muab cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog yuav ua li cas ua ib lub vaj huam sib luag ntawm koj tus kheej, ua siv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev faib cov enamel. Cov chav kawm zoo no yuav tso cai rau txhua tus sim lawv txhais tes ntawm kev tsim cov txuj ci thiab khoom siv tes ua.

Ua ntej tshaj plaws, koj yuav tsum tau nqa lub phaj tooj liab uas haum qhov loj thiab tuab thiab muab tso rau nws kom txog thaum nws tig liab, thiab tom qab ntawd txias hauv dej. Qhov no yuav muab cov khoom softness thiab tiv thaiv nws los ntawm deformation thaum lub sij hawm ntxiv firing ntawm enamel nws tus kheej. Tom qab ntawd, lub phaj yog wiped thiab ua tib zoo ntxuav nrog sandpaper. Ib qho zoo kawg nkaus du yuav tsum tsis txhob ua tiav, vim tias me ntsis roughness yuav ua rau muaj kev sib txuas zoo ntawm cov hlau nrog cov enamel.

Cloisonne enamel technology
Cloisonne enamel technology

Los ntawm daim duab mus rau kev teeb tsa ntawm cov partitions

kauj ruam tom ntej yog kos tus qauv ntawm lub phaj. Nws tuaj yeem yog koj tus kheej muaj pes tsawg leeg lossis hloov los ntawmcov ntaub ntawv siv cov ntawv tracing thiab cov ntawv carbon. Ua kom cov duab pom tseeb, lub phaj tuaj yeem ua ntej coated nrog dawb gouache. Thaum tus qauv tsim yog cim, nws yuav tsum tau khawb nrog ib tug steel scriber siv nyob rau hauv metalwork. Tom qab ntawd, lub phaj yog ntxuav kom huv si thiab ignited dua rau hluav taws.

Rau qhov tsim cov khoom faib, nws raug nquahu kom siv tooj liab hlau nrog lub cheeb ntawm kwv yees li 0.8 hli. Nws yog thawj zaug dhau los ntawm rollers los yog tsuas yog flattened nrog rauj. Lub resulting sawb yog glued nrog ib tug ntug rau lub phaj, raws nraim rov qab txoj kab ntawm daim duab. Rau txoj haujlwm no, feem ntau yog siv cov kua nplaum BF-6.

Rau qhov tsim cov panels, enamel yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hmoov loj. Ntawm kev muag khoom muaj nws ntau yam nrog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov nyiaj kub los yog nyiaj, uas muab cov khoom muag kim dua thiab zoo nkauj. Cov hmoov yog diluted nrog dej thiab lub resulting loj nyob rau hauv lub qhov khoob ntawm cov partitions. Rau lub hom phiaj no, nws yog qhov yooj yim los siv spatula thiab txhuam. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas cov enamel txheej yog sib npaug sib npaug ntawm qhov siab ntawm cov partitions.

kauj ruam tom ntej yuav xav tau lub qhov cub kom qhuav. Nyob rau hauv nws, cov khoom yog qhuav ntawm ib tug kub ntawm 60 ° C kom txog thaum cov dej kiag li evaporates los ntawm enamel sib tov. Thaum ua tiav cov txheej txheem no, lub phaj ntawm ib qho chaw ua los ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj cua sov yog muab tso rau hauv lub qhov cub muffle thiab raug rho tawm haujlwm. Yog tias nws muaj peev xwm tswj tau qhov kub thiab txias hauv qhov cub, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los coj nws mus txog 850 ° C, yog tias tsis yog, tom qab ntawd cov cua sov yuav tsum tau txuas ntxiv mus kom txog thaum cov khoom tiav lawm.glossy.

cloisonne enamel master chav kawm
cloisonne enamel master chav kawm

theem kawg ntawm kev ua haujlwm

Tom qab paub tseeb tias qhov kev tua hluav taws ua tiav, lub phaj tau muab tshem tawm ntawm qhov cub nrog lub qhov ntev ntev thiab muab tso rau ntawm cov hlau, nias los ntawm saum toj nrog lub tiaj tus thiab txawm tias qhov hnyav, qhov hnyav ntawm qhov yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg. kaum kg. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no, cov khoom cools down. Tom qab ntawd lub load raug tshem tawm thiab rab koob ntaub ntawv yog siv los ntxuav irregularities thiab tshem tawm scale.

Cloisonne enamel tsis yog cov txheej txheem yooj yim, thiab thawj zaug cov khoom zoo nkauj ntawm cov khoom yuav ua rau tsis txaus siab. Hauv qhov no, koj tuaj yeem ntxiv qhov xav tau ntawm cov enamel rau cov hlwb thiab rov ua dua, tab sis qhov no tuaj yeem ua tsis tau ntau tshaj plaub zaug, vim tias hom enamel no tau hloov pauv nrog ntau dua.

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