Keeb kwm ntawm cov iav stained hauv Russia thiab ntiaj teb. Kev kos duab ntawm stained iav

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Lo lus "stained glass" yog txhais los ntawm Latin li "glass". Nws yog suav hais tias yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau refined thiab tshwj xeeb hom kev kos duab, nplua nuj nyob rau hauv nws cov keeb kwm thiab kev ua tau zoo cov txheej txheem. Zaj keeb kwm luv luv ntawm cov iav stained yuav qhia rau cov neeg nyeem hauv kab lus.

Yam yuavtsum tau kawm uantej rau lub qhov rais stained

Xibhwb, qhia zaj dab neeg ntawm stained iav rau menyuam yaus hauv chav kawm, pib nrog lub hauv paus ua rau nws tshwm sim. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm thawj kev vam meej yog txuam nrog ntau qhov kev tshawb pom. Thaum ntawd lub khob ntawd pib mined. Sij hawm dhau mus, lawv tau kawm ua kom muaj xim thiab siv nws los kho ntau yam khoom. Txhua kab lis kev cai muaj nws tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev siv cov iav xws li:

• Cov Sumerians tau kho lub ru tsev ntawm lawv lub tuam tsev.
• Cov neeg Iyiv lub khob iav hauv qhov kauv thiab ua cov hlab ntsha xim tawm ntawm nws.
• Cov neeg Loos thiab Greeks yog cov kws tshaj lij hauv kev tsim cov vases qub thiab cov goblets nrog cov duab kos thiab ntau yam ornaments.

Txhua qhov kev tshawb pom no rov qab mus rau qhov pib ntawm xyoo txhiab xyoo BC. Tsuas yog tom qab lwm txhiab xyoo, cov neeg Syrians tau kawm yuav ua li cas tshuab iav, uas ua rau cov keeb kwm ntawm kev loj hlobiav stained.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm thawj lub qhov rais stained

Nyob hauv keeb kwm, lub ntsej muag ntawm cov iav tsis muaj cim los ntawm hnub tim. Tab sis nws yog paub tias nyob rau hauv lub Christian era, cov xim iav yog thawj zaug siv los ua cov duab yooj yim. Nws tau fastened nrog putty rau boards los yog dai kom zoo nkauj qhov rais. Thiab nrog lub advent ntawm thawj lub tuam tsev, Byzantine stained-iav qhov rais tau tsim. Laudatory paj huam thiab cov lus piav qhia ntawm iav compositions tau nrov nrog cov kws sau paj huam plaub thiab tsib caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv cov hnub ntawd, cov qhov rais stains tau muab lub ntsiab lus los saum ntuj los, thiab qhov kaj uas hla ntawm lawv tau muab piv nrog tus plig dawb huv.

keeb kwm kev tsim kho

Hmoov tsis zoo, cov qhov rais stained uas muaj hnub nyoog tshaj li kaum xyoo hauv qhov zoo tsis tau mus txog peb lub sijhawm. Lawv tuaj yeem raug txiav txim los ntawm cov seem seem thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kws sau paj huam. Tab sis yav tom ntej, hom kev kos duab no tau nthuav dav thiab nthuav dav thoob plaws txhua lub tebchaws. Cia peb saib yav dhau los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov iav stained, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov qauv thiab cov txheej txheem hauv txhua lub sijhawm.

Romanesque stained glass windows

Keeb kwm ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov iav stained qhia tias Romanesque tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo pua kaum ib thiab muaj feem cuam tshuam rau lwm xyoo pua. Nws yog lawv uas tau los ua thawj lub qhov rais classic stained-iav, uas daim duab tau ua los ntawm cov iav xim thiab cov hlau profile.

Txheej ntawm Roman stained iav:

• tsis yog txhua tus tuaj yeem them tau rau lawv vim tus nqi siab, vim tias cov txheej txheem ntawm melting thiab tshuab iav yog qhov nyuaj heev thiab siv sijhawm ntev;
• muaj cais cov kws ua haujlwm rau cov iav nyias nyiasthiab cov kws tshaj lij hauv cov duab kos duab ncaj qha, uas nce qhov zoo ntawm Romanesque stained iav qhov rais;
• nws tau siv ntau tshaj li ib puas daim sib txawv los ua ib lub vaj huam sib luag, txhua tus muaj nws tus kheej cov duab thiab xim;
• stained iav qhov rais ntawm lub sijhawm no yog qhov tsis xws luag xws li muaj npuas, tsis xwm yeem, scuffs, tab sis qhov no tsis ua rau lawv cov tsos zoo li, tab sis ua rau lawv tshwj xeeb thiab ntxim nyiam ntawm lawv tus kheej.

Romanesque Stained Glass Technique:

• pib nrog, tus tswv coj ib tug ntoo nto thiab piav qhia txog daim duab ntawm nws yav tom ntej masterpiece rau nws;
• ces cov iav raug xaiv rau txhua lub caij ntawm daim duab (raws li cov duab thiab qhov loj me);
• cov khoom seem uas xav tau tau pleev xim rau cov xim ntuj, tom qab ntawd lawv raug rho tawm haujlwm hauv qhov cub kom kho tus qauv;
• suab mosaic rau hauv ib daim duab tag nrho tau ua tiav nrog kev pab los ntawm nqaim hlua khi;
• vim lub qhov rais nyob rau hnub ntawd loj (kwv yees li rau metres), kom muaj zog thiab ruaj khov, ib qho loj loj tau ua los ntawm ntau lub vaj huam sib luag me.

Romanesque Masterpieces:

• lub taub hau ntawm Tswv Yexus los ntawm Weissembourg Abbey Alsace;
• kev sau ntawm plaub tus yaj saub Phau Qub hauv Augsburg Cathedral;
• Kev nce qib ntawm Tswv Yexus hauv Augsburg Cathedral;
• "Crucifixion and Resurrection" on cathedral windows in Poitiers;
• peb lub qhov rais stained iav ntawm Vaj Qhia Trinity hauv Chartres Cathedral.

Gothic stained glass windows

Keeb kwm ntawm cov iav stained (Gothic) hnub rov qab mus rau 1144. Abbot Sergius thaum lub sij hawmtsim lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv Saint-Denis puv lub qhov rais nrog ob peb ntsug medallions. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm Romanesque style nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog hais tias txhua medallion qhia lub sij hawm tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv keeb kwm.

Gothic stained iav nta:

• nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj pib nce qhov rais rau lawv kho kom zoo nkauj hauv Gothic style;
• xws li architecture sai tau muaj koob meej thiab tau tsim nyob rau hauv tebchaws Askiv thiab Fabkis;
• iav qhov rais yav dhau los ua rau lub tuam tsev ua rau lub tuam tsev muaj kev ntxhov siab cuam tshuam nrog kev phem, thiab tib lub sijhawm muaj kev ntseeg loj heev, nyob rau hauv ntau qhov kaj; qhov piv txwv no tau los ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab nqa lub ntsiab lus mystical;
• dhau sijhawm, cov xim nplua nuj ntawm liab thiab xiav tau maj mam hloov nrog cov sib dua, kom ntau li ntau tau dhau mus rau hauv;
• hom qhib qhov rais tau hloov pauv;
• hauv Fab Kis lawv tau tsim cov txheej txheem teeb pom kev zoo tshiab - grisaille, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov uas yog lub teeb, ci ntsa iab-iav qhov rais tau muab tso rau hauv cov chav tsaus nti, tso lub teeb rau hauv lawv; dhau sij hawm, tus naj npawb ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm cov style no tau dhau los ua ntau dua.

Lub qhov rais nto moo tshaj plaws, ua nyob rau hauv classic Gothic style, yog nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Chartres. Nws yog nyob rau hauv nws hais tias nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus taug qab kev sib haum xeeb ntawm lub majestic qhov rais, gloomy architecture thiab sab hauv lub tswv yim ntawm chav tsev. Qhov txaus ntshai ntawm ntau cov rays mus rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj thiab gloom muab ib tug stunning thiab bewitching nyhuv - qhov no yog tag nrho cov ntxim nyiam ntawm Gothic. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub tsev teev ntuj no muaj nws tus kheej peculiarity, uas tom qab ntawd kis thoob plaws ntiaj teb -cov no yog qhov rais raws li lub tswv yim ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig Latin. Lawv sawv cev rau lub neej ntawm nkauj xwb. Thiab lub qhov rais roses piav txog Tswv Yexus thiab nkauj xwb Mary.

Renaissance stained glass windows

Ib nthwv dej tshiab hauv kab lis kev cai, suav nrog kev tsim vaj tsev, tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov xwm txheej phem xws li kev ua tsov rog thiab kab mob plague. Twb yog xyoo kaum tsib, tib neeg tau tso tseg lub tsev teev ntuj thawj zaug thiab hloov mus rau txoj kev ua neej nyob ntiaj teb. Qhov no cuam tshuam rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm cov iav stained.

Renaissance stained iav nta:

• ntau yam txheej txheem iav ntau ntxiv tau tshwm sim;
• yog qhov kev tsim kho ntawm cov nyiaj mordant, uas tau nce qib ntawm cov duab tsim;
• xim tau thov ncaj qha rau iav, uas ua rau nws tuaj yeem tau txais ntau qhov ntxoov ntxoo txawv txawv;
• duab zoo dua thiab ci dua;
• Fabkis thiab Ltalis yog lub chaw tseem ceeb rau iav stained;
• medallions, tsis tshaj peb caug centimeters, tau los ua zam, lawv tau dhau los ua cov cim ntawm lub sijhawm no.

Piv txwv ntawm Renaissance stained iav:

• windows ntawm Florence Cathedral, tsim los ntawm Italian masters;
• qhov rais ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Königsfelden;
• stained iav qhov rais hauv Besserer Chapel hauv Ulm Minster.

High Renaissance Stained Glass

Txog rau lub xyoo pua kaum rau, cov tswv tau ua cov iav iav raws li cov txheej txheem classic, kom txog rau thaum cov tswv xws li Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo tshwm sim. Lawv yog cov uas muaj kev cuam tshuam loj tshaj plaws.ntawm ntiaj teb kab lis kev cai, suav nrog keeb kwm ntawm stained iav kos duab hauv Russia.

High Renaissance stained iav nta:

• vim feem ntau cov iav stains masters yog Italians, lawv tau los ua tus sau cov qauv tshiab;
• kos duab ntawm lub sijhawm no ua ke qhov tseeb, cov ntsiab lus ntawm European kho kom zoo nkauj thiab cov ntaub ntawv loj;
• txheej txheem txheej txheem iav tshiab tau tsim, ua kom nws pob tshab thiab huv dua;
• ntxiv rau nyiaj, lawv kuj tau tsim liab pickling;
• masters pib muab qhov kev nyiam rau kev daws xim, es tsis yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov ntawv thiab qhov kev xav ntawm daim duab;
• qhov qhib qhov rai nthuav dav ntxiv thiab mus txog qhov loj heev.

Piv txwv ntawm High Renaissance stained iav qhov rais:

• tsob ntoo ntawm Jesse hauv Beauvais;
• qhov rais loj ntawm Brussels Cathedral;
• "Kev ntiab tawm ntawm Iliodor los ntawm Tuam Tsev" hauv lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Gouda.

Lub xyoo pua kaum yog suav tias yog qhov kawg hauv lub hnub qub ntawm cov iav xim nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov thev naus laus zis los ua cov tsom iav thiab kos duab tau pib nce sai heev. Lub xyoo pua 20th muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau kev tsim cov iav stained.

keeb kwm ntawm stained iav hauv Russia

Russian stained iav tsis muaj nyob kom txog rau thaum xyoo pua kaum cuaj. Tsuas yog cov neeg nplua nuj tuaj yeem txaus siab rau cov txuj ci uas coj los ntawm txawv teb chaws. Qhov tseeb yog tias cov tsev teev ntuj hauv tsev thiab cov tsev teev ntuj tsis tau muab cov qhov rais stained iav, thiab kab lis kev cai tag nrho tsis xav tau cov duab zoo li no. Lawv tshwm sim thiab kov yeej tam sim ntawdmuaj koob meej ua tsaug rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm European masters.

History of stained glass in Russia:

• XVII caug xyoo - thawj qhov pom ntawm cov iav qhov rais;
• XVIII caug xyoo - stagnation nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob vim unprofitability;
• pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th - maj mam nkag mus rau cov duab kos los ntawm cov iav xim rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai;
• nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th - kev siv cov iav stained iav; tus huab tais thiab lwm tus neeg nplua nuj tau txais yuav European zam thiab pib siv lawv los kho lawv cov vaj tse; ces cov iav qhov rais tshwm nyob rau hauv pawg ntseeg;
• kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th - ntau lub rooj cob qhia kos duab tau tsim, nrog rau cov chav kawm pleev xim thiab tsev kawm ntawv;
• thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th - stained iav kos duab tsis kam vim yog kev ploj ntawm Art Nouveau, thiab tom qab ntawd vim muaj kev tshwm sim ntawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II;
• nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th - qhov kev txhawb siab ntawm cov iav iav los ntawm Soviet kab lis kev cai, cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb tau tshwm sim uas txawv ntawm cov duab yav dhau los hauv lawv qhov originality thiab tsis meej.

Ntawm Russian stained glass windows:

• decoration with stained-glass windows of the Church of St. Alexander Nevsky;
• chapel in Tsarskoye Selo;
• Russian Geographical Society hauv St. Petersburg;
• "Lub Ascension ntawm Tswv Yexus" hauv St. Isaac's Cathedral.

Stained glass: keeb kwm thiab niaj hnub

Tau tshuaj xyuas kom meej txog keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov iav stained nyob rau ntau lub sijhawm, Kuv xav tig mus rau kev kos duab niaj hnub. Stained iav qhov rais ntawm peb lub sij hawm muaj nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav muab chav tsev style thiab ib tug tshwj xeeb chic. Ntau yam txuj ciglassmaking, kev txhim kho ntawm kev tsim thiab kev zam tau dhau los ua lub sijhawm tseem ceeb hauv kev tshwm sim ntawm hom tshiab ntawm daim duab no.

Niaj hnub nimno hom iav stained:

• Sandblasted stained-iav qhov rais yog iav muaj pes tsawg leeg ua hauv cov txheej txheem sandblasting thiab txuas los ntawm ib lub ntsiab lus. Nws yog tsim los ntawm tag nrho cov nto, feem ntau nyob rau hauv ib tug xim.
• Mosaic stained iav - muaj cov khoom ntawm kwv yees li qhov loj me, zoo li mosaic. Yuav ua tau tom qab los yog lub ntsiab duab.
• Ib lub qhov rais iav yog ib daim duab tsim los ntawm cov iav ntawm cov duab uas xav tau thiab xim, feem ntau tsis tas yuav ntxiv.
• Fusing - cov iav los ntawm qhov sib xyaw ua ke yog sintered ua ke hauv txoj haujlwm npaj. Hom no kuj suav nrog kev embedding ntawm tus kheej txawv teb chaws rau hauv daim duab tiav.
• Filled stained-glass windows - muaj iav nrog cov duab ntawm cov duab npaj siv rau nws. Txhua qhov nthuav dav muaj cov xim tshwj xeeb lossis cov kua roj vanish.
• Lub qhov rais etched stained-iav yog ib txheej ntawm cov iav uas siv cov txheej txheem etching thiab interconnected los ntawm ib lub ntsiab lus.
• Stained-iav qhov rais - yog ua los ntawm cov iav xim, tsau rau hauv ib lub thav duab txhuas thiab soldered ntawm cov pob qij txha. Cov txheej txheem qub tshaj plaws uas tau nqis los ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog.
• Facet stained-iav qhov rais - thaum sib sau ua ke, lawv siv iav los ntawm lub ntsej muag uas tau muab tshem tawm yav dhau los. Lwm qhov kev xaiv yog siv av thiab polished iav.
• Ua ke cov iav qhov rais - cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke uas ib txhij suav nrog ntau hom stained-iav qhov rais. Cov txheej txheem no pab kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo, ua komoriginal masterpieces tiag tiag.

Tiffany stained iav

Lewis Tiffany tau los ua tus tsim ntawm nws tus kheej style thiab txheej txheem ntawm stained iav, uas tau nrov thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Nws tau ua haujlwm ntev heev ntawm kev xaiv cov ntaub ntawv, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, ntawm txoj kev kho iav, txij li cov txheej txheem medieval tsis haum nws txhua. Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim los ntawm cov hauj lwm no, tag nrho eclipsed soldering stained iav. Yog li cov txheej txheem no txawv ntawm lwm tus li cas thiab yog vim li cas hauv keeb kwm ntawm Tiffany stained iav yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov muaj koob npe tshaj plaws, cia peb saib kom zoo dua.

Tiffany style nta:

1. xim. Kev ci ntsa iab yeej ib txwm yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau Lewis Tiffany thaum ua haujlwm nrog iav stained. Nws sim ua kom tiav ntau npaum li saturation thiab originality li sai tau nyob rau hauv cov xim siv. Qee lub sij hawm tus tswv sib xyaw suab nrov, thiab qee zaus nws muab ib qho (lossis ob peb) iav rau saum lwm tus.
2. Khoom. Qhov zoo yog dab tsi yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm cov iav qhov rais no. Ua ntej pib ua cov qhov rais stained iav, lawv ib txwm tau kuaj xyuas nruj, lawv yuav tsum tsis muaj qhov tsis xws luag thiab zoo tib yam.
3. Muaj tiag. Tus tswv tej hauj lwm zoo kawg nkaus, complex, tag nrho ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab xim uas lawv feem ntau muab piv nrog painting.
4. Technology. Cov iav tau txuas rau ib leeg los ntawm kev siv daim kab xev tooj liab. Txij li thaum nws tau dav dua lub iav nws tus kheej, daim kab xev tau khoov raws ntug, ntawm kaum ntawm cuaj caum degrees. Cov khoom tiav tau txuas nrog cov tin thiab siv nrog patina.
5. Tus nqi siab. Tej hauj lwm no kim heev thiab tsuas muaj nyob rau hauv private collections, lus Askiv thiab American cathedrals thiab museums.

Tsis ntev ua ntej kev tuag ntawm Lewis (1933), nws lub tuam txhab raug kaw, tab sis Tiffany cov txheej txheem tseem suav tias yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws, thiab kev ua haujlwm tau suav tias yog ib qho txuj ci ntawm kev kos duab.