Rembrandt's etchings: luv luv biography ntawm tus kws kos duab, ua haujlwm nto moo

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (yug Lub Xya Hli 15, 1606, Leiden, Netherlands - tuag Lub Kaum Hli 4, 1669, Amsterdam) yog Dutch Baroque painter thiab printmaker, yog ib tus tswv loj tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm kos duab, nrog rau qhov tshwj xeeb. muaj peev xwm sawv cev rau tib neeg hauv lawv txoj kev xav ntau yam thiab ua yeeb yam guises. Thaum pib ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, tus kws kos duab nyiam portraits. Txawm hais tias nws txuas ntxiv kos thiab kos lawv thoob plaws nws txoj haujlwm, nws tig mus rau hom ntawv no tsawg dua thiab tsawg dua lub sijhawm.

Biography

Nws yog cuaj tus menyuam ntawm Harmen Gerritson van Rijn thiab Neltgena Willemsdochter van Zeitbroek. Nws tsev neeg muaj nyiaj heev. Nws txiv yog ib tug miller thiab nws niam yog ib tug neeg ua mov ci tus ntxhais. Raws li ib tug me nyuam, nws tau mus kawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv Latin thiab tau kawm hauv University of Leiden, txawm hais tias, raws li kev kawm niaj hnub no, nws tau nyiam rau kev pleev xim. Tsis ntev nws los ua ib tug tub kawm ntawm Jacob van Swanenburg, nrogleej twg siv peb xyoos. Tom qab ib tug luv luv tab sis tseem ceeb apprenticeship ntawm rau lub hlis nrog renowned artist Pieter Lastman nyob rau hauv Amsterdam, nws qhib ib tug studio nyob rau hauv Leiden, uas nws tau koom nrog cov phooj ywg thiab cov npoj yaig Jan Lievens. Xyoo 1627, Rembrandt pib txais cov tub ntxhais kawm.

Hauv xyoo 1629, ua tsaug rau kev pab ntawm Constantine Huygens, tus kws kos duab tau txais kev txiav txim tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Hague. Tub fuabtais Frederik Hendrik yuav nws cov duab mus txog 1646.

Thaum kawg ntawm 1631, Rembrandt tau tsiv mus rau Amsterdam, thiab xyoo 1634 nws tau sib yuav Saskia van Uylenburgh. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo nws tau los ua tus tswv xeev ntawm Amsterdam thiab ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub zos guild ntawm ntxias. Nws muaj tsib tug tub kawm ntawv. Ntawm tag nrho cov me nyuam ntawm Rembrandt, tsuas yog tus me nyuam thib plaub xwb, tus tub Titus, uas yug hauv 1641. Ib xyoos tom qab, nws tus poj niam tuag.

Rembrandt nyob dhau nws txoj kev, yuav khoom kos duab, luam tawm thiab tsis tshua muaj. Yog li ntawd, kom tsis txhob muaj kev lag luam hauv xyoo 1656, nws raug yuam kom muag feem ntau ntawm nws cov duab kos thiab sau cov khoom qub.

Rembrandt tau muaj sia nyob nws tus tub, uas tuag xyoo 1668, tawm hauv ib tug ntxhais hluas. Tus kws kos duab nws tus kheej tau tuag ib xyoos tom qab, thaum Lub Kaum Hli 4, 1669, hauv Amsterdam, thiab raug faus rau hauv qhov ntxa uas tsis muaj cim ntawm Westerkerk.

Rau ntau, qhov tseeb no yuav zoo li xav tsis thoob, tab sis nws yog Rembrandt's engravings thiab etchings, thiab tsis yog nws paintings, uas coj nws lub koob meej thaum nws lub neej. Rau cov neeg European ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, luam ntawv, etching lossis woodcuts tau zoo li cov duab niaj hnub. Ntxiv nrog rau cov ntawv luam tawm nws tus kheej, lawv yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib txuas lus loj. XVII xyoo pua. Cov tshuab luam ntawv thiab cov kws ua yeeb yaj kiab lawv tus kheej tuaj yeem tsim ntau cov ntawv luam tawm. Cov hauj lwm ua los ntawm Rembrandt nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem etching coj daim ntawv ntawm cov ntawv yooj yim, lwm tus los ua cov duab kos hauv phau ntawv. Qee cov duab luam tawm los ntawm cov khoom ntiag tug uas tsis muaj rau pej xeem.

Yog li, Rembrandt tig etching rau hauv cov cuab yeej hloov tau yooj yim ntawm nws daim duab. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws txoj haujlwm muaj ntau yam: biblical scenes, toj roob hauv pes, portraits - tag nrho cov uas nws pom haum rau etching. Raws li zoo nrog cov cuab yeej raws li nws tau nrog cov txheej txheem, Rembrandt qee zaum txawm siv lub V-shaped engraver hauv nws cov etchings, muab nws nrog precision etching koob thiab thicker drypoint koob rau richer nraaj teebmeem. Rembrandt qhov khoom plig zoo kawg nkaus li tus neeg pleev kob yog kom muaj kev nkag siab ntawm tus kheej nrog kev saib xyuas kom meej.

txheej txheem engraving

Nyob rau hauv kos duab ntawm etching, Rembrandt pom zoo ingenuity.

Ua ntej nws, cov txheej txheem tau siv ntau dua thaum tus kws kos duab ua haujlwm ncaj qha rau ntawm lub phaj hlau, feem ntau yog tooj liab. Los tsim cov duab, nws mob siab rau carved kab rau hauv nws nto nrog nyias, diagonally taw tes steel chisel. Cov hlau ntau ntxiv nyob ze ntawm qhov furrow tau ua tib zoo ntxuav tawm. Tom qab ntawd lub phaj tau npog nrog cov xim thiab luam tawm los ntawm nws. Cov txiaj ntsig pom ntawm qhov engraving yog zoo huv si, tsis tu ncua kab.

Specific Rembrandt thev naus laus zis

Thaum siv lwm txoj hauv kev, lub phaj tau npog nrog cov txheej tiv thaiv ntawm cov cob. Cestus kws kos duab kos nws daim duab nrog ib rab koob rau hauv cov resin thiab muab tso rau hauv lub phaj rau hauv ib da dej ntawm cov kua qaub, uas corroded cov hlau nyob qhov twg cov txheej tiv thaiv raug tshem tawm. Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov kua qaub ua rau cov tsos ntawm cov kab tsis sib xws, vibrating kab. Txawm li cas los xij, Rembrandt suav tias qhov no tsis yog qhov tsis zoo, tab sis yog qhov kev sib tw.

tooj liab phaj yog yooj yim hloov thiab kho. Cov kab tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev sib tsoo lossis polishing, lossis ntxiv raws li xav tau. Thaum etching, lub phaj tsuas yog npog nrog ib txheej tshiab ntawm resin thiab tshiab khawb yog ua rau nws. Tus kws kos duab qee zaum xav tau ntau xyoo los ua kom tiav cov haujlwm kom nws txaus siab rau nws. Qee lub sij hawm nws muag cov ntawv luam tawm uas ua rau ntau theem ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Feem ntau muaj plaub lossis tsib lub xeev sib txawv ntawm tib etching. Qee lub sij hawm qhov kev hloov pauv me me, thiab qee zaum lawv yog radical.

Tus yam ntxwv ntawm Rembrandt's portraits thiab toj roob hauv pes, kev ua yeeb yam hauv tsev thiab kev cai dab qhuas raug tua nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm etching yog lub siab tawv thiab tshiab ntawm cov tswv yim kos duab.

yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm

Rembrandt cov ntawv sau ntxov tshaj plaws tuaj yeem sau hnub tim rau xyoo 1626, thaum nws muaj 20 xyoo. Ntau qhov kev piav qhia tseem muaj sia nyob, xws li So ntawm Lub Dav Hlau mus rau tim lyiv teb chaws, qhia nws qhov tsis paub. Nws tsis xav ua kom nws cov ntawv luam zoo li tus engraving, tab sis siv ib qho dawb, scribbling stroke. Cov txheej tiv thaiv ntawm nws daim hlau yog mos, tso cai rau nws txav mus rau rab koob nrog fluidity ntawm chalk lossis cwj mem ntawm daim ntawv.

Kev nkag siab ntawm tib neeg muaj nyob hauvRembrandt yog qhov tseeb heev hauv ib pawg me me ntawm cov neeg thov khawv thiab cov neeg tawm tsam uas tau ua nyob rau xyoo 1620s. Lawv raug cuam tshuam los ntawm ob qho tib si cov ntsiab lus thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Rembrandt, tus Fabkis kos npe Jacques Callot.

Ob lossis peb xyoos tom qab nws thawj zaug ua haujlwm, Rembrandt tau los ua tus kws kos duab. Lub portrait ntawm nws niam, hnub tim 1628, yog ib qho kev tshawb pom zoo heev ntawm tus cwj pwm los ntawm 22-xyoo-laus tus kws kos duab, ua rau hauv ib lub network ntawm cov kab zoo heev uas ntes kev ua si ntawm lub teeb, duab ntxoov ntxoo thiab huab cua, nrog kev txawj ntse zoo tshaj plaws. uas ntawm Callot lossis ib qho Dutch etching. Rembrandt tas li honed nws cov txheej txheem, raws li tau pom meej nyob rau hauv ib tug tom qab portrait ntawm nws niam ua nyob rau hauv 1631. Txawm li cas los xij, zoo li hauv txhua txoj haujlwm ntawm tus kws kos duab hauv nws lub xyoo Leiden, kev noj qab haus huv tshwm sim ib sab ntawm kev ua siab loj, txawm tias rudeness.

Npaj kos

Nyob hauv nws txoj haujlwm, tus kws kos duab tau ua ntau ntau, txawm tias ntau pua daim ntawv luam ntawm ntau ntawm nws 290 daim phiaj (tus lej yog kwv yees). Qhov loj tshaj plaws Rembrandt etchings yog 53 x 45 cm, ntau ntawm lawv yog daim ntawv loj loj los yog me dua.

Tsawg kawg 79 ntawm Rembrandt cov phiaj xwm qub tseem muaj sia nyob. Lawv yog cov hlau nyias nyias, qhov tuab tshaj plaws tsuas yog ib-nees nkaum-tsib ntawm ib nti. Ntau yam ntawm lawv tau hnav los yog raug puas tsuaj los ntawm kev rov ua dua tom qab hnub.

Tej zaum qhov nto moo tshaj plaws los ntawm Rembrandt yog Faust, Peb Hla, Pancake Maker, Zeb, Peb Ntoo, Tswv Yexus,Kho Tus Mob” (los yog “Ib Nplooj Ntawm Ib Txhis Guilders”).