Fayum portrait: masterpieces ntawm lub ntiaj teb painting

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm kev kawm faus neeg, ib tug neeg ncig tebchaws Italian nrhiav pom cov duab txawv txawv uas ua rau muaj kev poob siab tiag tiag ntawm cov neeg European - lawv txawv ntawm lwm tus.

Keeb kwm nrhiav pom

Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm mummies hauv 1887 nyob ze lub nroog Fayum, nyob hauv cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub, tau txais koob meej tiag tiag. Tom qab lub conquests ntawm A. Macedonian, cov Greeks thiab Loos kuj tau lawv qhov chaw nyob ntawd. Lub ntees tuag cult cuam tshuam nrog embalming ntawm cov neeg tuag tab tom hloov nws. Yog tias yav dhau los cov neeg Iyiv tau muab ntau lub qhov ncauj qhov ntswg rau ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm lub cev mummified nyob rau hauv lub sarcophagus, uas tsis yog cov duab tiag tiag ntawm cov neeg tuag, ces cov neeg ua yeeb yam hauv zos tau pleev xim rau peb-seem portraits nrog cov xim pleev xim rau ntawm cov ntoo uas tsis muaj zog, qee zaum ntawm cov ntaub pua plag uas yog. muab tso rau ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm.

Lub Fayum oasis, uas qhia txog qhov tsis paub txog ntawm kev muaj tswv yim ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam thaum ub, tau muab nws lub npe rau cov duab zoo nkauj ntawm cov neeg tuag, uas ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv kev coj noj coj ua tiag tiag thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Portraits, txiav mus rau qhov loj me, tau txuas nrog lub taub hau ntawm mummy: tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm cov ntaub qhwv dawb, zoo li los ntawm lub qhov rais, ntsiadaim duab tiag tiag ntawm tus neeg tuag.

paint techniques

Cov kws ua yeeb yam tau siv cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb encaustic, uas koom nrog kev siv cov xim ncaj qha rau tsob ntoo yam tsis muaj kev kho mob ua ntej. Lub Fayum portrait yog ib daim duab ntawm cov neeg tuag, uas tau siv nrog txhuam thiab rhuab hlau rods. Txoj haujlwm no tau ua haujlwm hnyav heev, yuav tsum muaj kev txawj tshwj xeeb, vim tsis tso cai rau kev kho hauv cov duab. Vim qhov kub thiab txias, ua tib zoo npaj cov xim pleev xim rau cov xim yaj, tsim ib qho chaw tsis sib xws thaum solidified, tsim kom muaj qhov ntim nyhuv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov craftsmen siv cov ntawv kub, hais txog keeb kwm yav dhau, wreaths ntawm lub taub hau los yog tej yam ntsiab lus ntawm cov khaub ncaws.

Lwm cov txheej txheem siv hauv kev pleev xim ntees tuag ntawm tib neeg yog tempera. Cov duab raws li cov xim sib xyaw nrog cov kua nplaum tsiaj tau pleev xim rau ntawm qhov chaw matte nrog txhuam nrog qhov sib txawv me ntsis ntawm lub teeb thiab duab ntxoov ntxoo. Cov kws tshawb fawb nco txog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov duab zoo li no: Fayum portraits ntawm Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws los ntawm cov duab qub qub yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws khaws cia, thiab lawv tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no yam tsis tau poob lawv cov xim ci thiab tsis ua rau kev hloov pauv ib ntus.

Roman art depicting tus tuag

Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab tias kev sau cov ritual portraits yog ib feem ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Roman faj tim teb chaws, tsuas yog cov dluab tsis tau los ua ib feem ntawm lub ntees tuag cult, thiab cov dluab ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv thiab cov huab tais tuag tau khaws cia rau hauv lub tshav puam hu ua atriums. Cov yam ntxwv stylistic zoo ib yam lipainting Fayum portraits, txawm li cas los xij, archaeologists tau tshawb pom ib feem me me ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Roman art, tab sis cov khoom qub qub ntawm lub ntiaj teb tha xim ntawm cov neeg Iyiv, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, tau nqis los rau cov xeeb ntxwv hauv cov xwm txheej zoo vim tsis yog cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb. thov pleev xim, tab sis kuj rau cov huab cua arid ntawm lub teb chaws.

Raws li tus duab kos duab

Cov duab portraits tsim ib txhiab xyoo dhau los, uas dhau los ua ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb hauv ntiaj teb kos duab, qhia rau cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv nyob hauv cov duab ntawm tib neeg. Cov duab tshwj xeeb ntawm cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm Hellenism thiab Roman lub hwj chim, tsis yog qhia txog tus neeg. Lub qhov muag tu siab loj, ntsia ntawm cov neeg soj ntsuam, zoo li lawv pom ib yam dab tsi uas dhau ntawm qhov muag ntawm cov neeg nyob.

Nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov duab tiag tiag, nyob rau sab nraud ntawm lub neej, cov canons ntawm cov duab kos duab pib tsim. Tab sis tsis txhob hnov qab tias cov no tseem yog ritual portraits, tsis yog npaj rau kev xav ntawm cov neeg nyob, tab sis lawv tau tsim tshwj xeeb rau kev faus, vim cov neeg Iyiv ib txwm muab qhov tseem ceeb heev rau lub neej tom qab.

Npauj npaim portrait as a forerunner of icon painting

yav tom ntej, Byzantine iconography yog cuam tshuam los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tswv qub uas pleev xim rau ntawm ntoo nrog cov xim pleev xim thiab siv cov phaj nyias ntawm cov nplooj kub. Kev saib ntawm ritual portraits, coj mus rau lwm lub ntiaj teb, maj mam tsiv mus rau kev cai dab qhuas kos duab ntawm Byzantium. Raws li cov style, nws yog kev cai los xav txog Fayum portrait raws li ib tug pro-icon, lub ntees tuag duab yog tu siab thiab yog npaj los khaws cia nyiam nta hauv nco.tus neeg ncaim mus. Ntawm lub cim, lub neej kov yeej kev tuag, thiab lub ntsej muag tig mus rau Vajtswv, thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tawm mus tsis yog nyob hauv kev sib cais, tab sis nyob rau hauv Paschal kev xyiv fab ntawm kev sib ntsib. Cov kws ua yeeb yam zoo li ua phooj ywg rau hauv tus ntsuj plig, nthuav tawm tsis yog lub sijhawm tam sim no, tab sis saib nws los ntawm qhov pom ntawm tus cwj pwm tsis txawj tuag, hloov pauv hauv qhov pom kev nyob mus ib txhis.

Los ntawm qhov tseeb portraits rau lub ntsej muag zoo tagnrho

Cov kws tshawb fawb tau ntseeg tias txhua daim duab tau sau los ntawm tus neeg muaj sia nyob, txij li kev nkag mus rau cov neeg tuag thiab ua haujlwm nrog lawv tau txwv nruj rau cov tswv ntawm Egypt. Yog li ntawd, lub ntees tuag portrait (Fayum) tau txiav txim ua ntej, pleev xim rau lub neej, nws dai nyob rau hauv lub tsev mus txog rau thaum ib tug neeg tuag. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau hais tias tej zaum yuav muaj lwm cov duab ntawm papyrus, los ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm tom qab tau tsim rau mummies.

Yog tias peb tham txog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus neeg tuag, ces nws yog qhov dag ntxias, tom qab tag nrho, cov no yog cov duab tsis muaj hnub nyoog ntawm qee cov duab zoo tagnrho, zoo li khov nyob mus ib txhis. Mummies paub, los ntawm lub ntees tuag portraits uas cov hluas lub ntsej muag ntsia, txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag cov neeg tuag nyob rau hauv ib tug siab hnub nyoog. Byzantine iconography txav los ntawm ib tug tiag tiag portrait mus rau ib tug zoo tagnrho thiab nyob mus ib txhis lub ntsej muag, ua raws li tej kev cai rau sau cov duab dawb huv.

Kev hloov pauv hloov pauv

Nws tsim nyog hais tias nrog kev txhim kho ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv, kev hloov pauv thoob ntiaj teb tau tshwm sim hauv cov duab ntawm Fayum portrait, cov duab ntawm tus neeg nkag siab hauv nws, thiab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntau thiab ntau dua yeej nyob hauv lub cev.. Cov creators ntawm Roman faj tim teb chaws xavCov kev hloov pauv hauv kev nkag siab ntawm lub ntiaj teb, qhia nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev ua tau zoo, nyiam yog muab rau ascetic contours es tsis ntim.

Lub Fayum portrait, uas dais tus cwj pwm cult, hloov stylistically, rov xav txog tib neeg cov duab. Christianity, tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 4th nyob rau hauv Egypt, nres kev xyaum ntawm embalming, thiab cov txheej txheem encaustic yog maj tsis nco qab lawm nrog rau cov ploj ntawm funerary dluab.

Txoj kev ua yeeb yam portraits

Raws li cov cai tsis hais ntawm kev piav qhia cov duab ritual, cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no uas qhia txog lub ntees tuag portraits ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tau sau tseg:

• Lub teeb ci nyob saum toj, sab ntawm lub ntsej muag mus rau sab xis ntawm tus saib yog nyob hauv duab ntxoov ntxoo.
• head tig 3/4, tsis muaj duab ncaj qha.
• Kev saib yog taw rau cov neeg soj ntsuam, thiab tsis mus rau hauv lub qhov muag ntawm tus saib.
• ntsej muag tsis pom kev, qhov muag dav dav tu siab.
• Cov keeb kwm ntawm cov duab yog khoom: lub teeb lossis kub.
• Asymmetry ntawm sab laug thiab sab xis ntawm lub ntsej muag (cov ces kaum ntawm daim di ncauj, pob muag, pob ntseg sib txawv hauv cov ces kaum thiab tau piav qhia ntawm ntau qib). Nws ntseeg tau tias qhov kev hloov tshiab no hauv kev kos duab yog kev sim qhia qhov kev xav ntawm cov duab kos.

Txij thaum lub ntees tuag portrait (Fayum) tau pleev xim rau lub neej ntawm ib tug neeg thiab, tej zaum, nyob rau hauv nws lub tsev tau ntev, yuav luag tag nrho cov pleev xim rau nws tshwm sim raws li cov hluas. Tom qab kev tuag, daim duab tau muab tso rau hauv cov ntaub qhwv ntawm mummy, thiab ua tib zoo muab tso rau ntawm lub taub hau. Lub wreath ntawm kub tau siv los ntawm ib tug stencil, symbolizing txoj sia nyob mus ib txhis.

Npauj npaim portraits as a reflection of fashion trends

Cov duab pam tuag yog qhov chaw kos duab tiag tiag, tsim kom muaj qhov chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm kev koom tes ntawm txhua tus neeg saib hauv kev kos duab zoo nkauj, muab kev zoo nkauj zoo nkauj. Los ntawm Fayum portraits ib qho yooj yim taug qab Hellenistic zam ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Cov txiv neej tau piav qhia hauv cov khaub ncaws hnav, thiab cov poj niam hauv lub tsho liab, dawb lossis ntsuab. Cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub sib raug rau ib lub sijhawm, ib yam li cov plaub hau. Nws tau ntseeg tias huab tais tsev neeg tau tsim ib qho tshwj xeeb style, inventing txoj kev tshiab ntawm styling plaub hau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov poj niam, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub xeev los ntawm lub peev, zam mus txog heev maj mam.

Museum masterpieces ntawm ntiaj teb kos duab

Cov kws tshawb fawb suav tsis pub ntau tshaj 900 Fayum portraits, uas ua rau muaj kev xav tsis thoob thiab tau dhau los ua ib pawg neeg ywj pheej hauv kev kos duab. Nws zoo nkaus li tias txawm tias ib lub chaw kos duab me me yuav npau suav ntawm kev muaj cov khoom muaj nqis thaum ub los ntawm kev faus neeg ntawm cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub. Cov duab zoo li no tam sim no kim heev ntawm ntau qhov kev sib tw, thiab kev txaus siab ntawm cov neeg sau khoom ntiag tug hauv kev ua yeeb yam yog nce txhua xyoo. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tsis txhob hais txog ntau tus fakes thiab luam, tab sis txawj ua canvases nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm funerary dluab tsis ua raws li cov kev cai ntawm depicting ib tug posthumous duab.

Qee yam haujlwm tshwj xeeb uas tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no tam sim no khaws cia hauv cov khoom khaws cia hauv ntiaj teb loj, suav nrog Pushkin. Hauv chavntawm kev kos duab thaum ub, txhua tus neeg nyiam hauv kab lis kev cai thiab kev kos duab yuav tuaj yeem pom Fayum portraits, zoo kawg li ntawm qhov tob ntawm kev hloov ntawm cov duab. Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej Pushkin hauv Moscow khaws ntau dua 20 lub ntees tuag dluab, uas txawm tias cov neeg txawv tebchaws tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem qhuas. Cov portrait nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm ib tug tub hluas qhia txog ib tug txiv neej zoo nraug tiag tiag nrog lub siab tawv thiab qhov muag kub zoo li coals. Nws tag nrho cov tsos qhia ib tug kub temperament thiab wayward tus cwj pwm, thiab kev sib xyaw ntawm contrasting xim zoo li yuav ua rau kom muaj kev nruj nreem.

Egyptian kos duab yuav nyob mus ib txhis yog qhov khoom muaj nqis tiag tiag ntawm txhua lub sijhawm thiab tib neeg, thiab Fayum portraits, uas nws qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kos duab yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, raug suav tias yog qhov tseeb ntawm kev kos duab. Lawv tuaj yeem raug hu ua lub rooj vag uas qhib txoj hauv kev tshiab ntawm kev muaj tswv yim rau cov tswv yav tom ntej, qhia hauv kev tsim lub cim Byzantine.