Polonsky Yakov Petrovich: biography thiab creativity

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv Lavxias ntawm xyoo pua 19th muaj cov kws sau paj huam thiab cov neeg sau ntawv uas nws txoj haujlwm tsis tseem ceeb li kev koom tes ntawm titans zoo li Pushkin, Gogol lossis Nekrasov rau Lavxias cov ntawv nyeem. Tab sis yog tsis muaj lawv, peb cov ntaub ntawv yuav tau poob nws multicoloredness thiab versatility, qhov dav thiab qhov tob ntawm kev xav ntawm lub ntiaj teb Lavxias teb sab, kev txawj ntse thiab kev ua tiav ntawm txoj kev kawm ntawm lub complex ntawm peb cov neeg.

Ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tswv ntawm cov lus no yog nyob ntawm tus kws sau paj huam thiab tus kws sau ntawv tshiab Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich tau los ua lub cim ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv Lavxias teb sab uas nyob thaum pib thiab thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19.

Ib haiv neeg ntawm Ryazan

Kuv cov hluav taws hauv huab cua ci, Sparks tawm ntawm ya…

Tus sau cov kab no los ntawm ib zaj nkauj uas tau ntev los ua ib zaj nkauj pej xeem tau yug los hauv nruab nrab ntawm Russia, hauv xeev Ryazan. Leej niam ntawm yav tom ntej kws sau paj lug, Natalya Yakovlevna, los ntawm cov laus Kaftyrev tsev neeg, thiab nws txiv yog ib tug neeg pluag nobleman uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Ryazan Governor-General Pyotr Grigoryevich. Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich, yug thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1819, yog tus hlob ntawm lawv xya tus menyuam.

Thaum Yakhauj muaj 13 xyoos, nws niam tuag, thiab nws txiv, tau raug tsa los ua nom ua tswv, tawm mus rau Yerivan, tso cov menyuam nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm nws tus poj niam cov txheeb ze. Los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, Yakov Petrovich Polonsky twb tau mus rau Thawj Txiv Neej Gymnasium ntawm Ryazan, uas yog ib qho ntawm cov chaw ntawm kev coj noj coj ua hauv lub nroog.

Ntsib nrog Zhukovsky

Rhyming nyob rau hauv lub xyoo thaum lub genius ntawm Pushkin nyob rau hauv lub zenith ntawm koob meej yog ib qho chaw. Ntawm cov neeg uas txawv los ntawm ib tug meej penchant rau poetic creativity, thaum uas qhia tau hais tias txawv tshaj plaw lub peev xwm, yog cov tub ntxhais kawm theem siab Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich, uas nws biography yog tag nrho ntawm cov rooj sib tham tseem ceeb thiab acquaintance nrog cov zoo tshaj plaws sau ntawv ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, feem ntau nco qab lub rooj sib tham, uas muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau nws xaiv ntawm kev sau ntawv.

In 1837 yav tom ntej Emperor Alexander II tau mus xyuas Ryazan. Los ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm Tsarevich nyob rau hauv lub phab ntsa ntawm gymnasium, Polonsky, sawv cev ntawm tus thawj coj, tau sau ib tug poetic txais tos nyob rau hauv ob nqe lus, ib tug ntawm cov uas yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm lub hu nkauj rau lub suab paj nruag "Vajtswv cawm Tsar!", Uas tau los ua tus nom anthem ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws tsuas yog 4 xyoo ua ntej. Nyob rau yav tsaus ntuj, tom qab muaj kev vam meej nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov qub txeeg qub teg, tus thawj coj ntawm gymnasium tau teem ib lub rooj txais tos uas cov tub ntxhais hluas kws sau paj lug tau ntsib tus sau ntawm cov ntawv nyeem ntawm zaj nkauj tshiab, Vasily Andreyevich Zhukovsky.

Ntuj sau paj huam, tus cob qhia thiab cov phooj ywg zoo ntawm tus yawmPushkin txaus siab rau Polonsky cov paj huam. Yakov Petrovich, hnub tom qab Alexander tawm mus, txawm tau txais ib tug kub saib sawv cev rau yav tom ntej tsar. Zhukovsky txoj kev qhuas txhawb nqa Polonsky lub siab xav muab nws lub neej rau kev sau ntawv.

Moscow University

Nyob rau hauv 1838 nws tau los ua ib tug tub kawm ntawv ntawm txoj cai kws qhia ntawv ntawm Moscow University. Cov neeg kawm ib txwm tau sau tseg qhov kev sib raug zoo zoo, kev nyiam sab hauv thiab sab nrauv uas txawv Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich sai sai ua acquaintance ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws cov duab nyob rau hauv science, kab lis kev cai thiab kos duab. Ntau tus neeg paub txog Moscow ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv lub sijhawm dhau los ua phooj ywg tiag tiag rau nws lub neej. Ntawm lawv yog cov kws sau paj huam Afanasy Fet thiab Apollon Grigoriev, historians Sergei Solovyov thiab Konstantin Kavelin, kws sau ntawv Alexei Pisemsky thiab Mikhail Pogodin, Decembrist Nikolai Orlov, philosopher thiab publicist Pyotr Chaadaev, zoo actor Mikhail Shchepkin.

Nyob rau hauv cov xyoo ntawd, kev sib raug zoo ntawm Polonsky thiab Ivan Turgenev tau yug los, uas muaj txiaj ntsig rau ib leeg lub peev xwm tau ntau xyoo. Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov phooj ywg, Polonsky thawj qhov kev tshaj tawm tau tshwm sim - hauv phau ntawv xov xwm Domestic Notes (1840) thiab hauv daim ntawv sau paj huam Gamma (1844).

Txawm hais tias qhov kev sim thawj zaug ntawm tus kws sau ntawv hluas tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm cov neeg thuam, tshwj xeeb yog Belinsky, nws txoj kev cia siab yuav ua neej nyob los ntawm kev sau ntawv tau hloov mus ua npau suav tsis tseeb. Polonsky cov tub ntxhais kawm xyoo dhau los hauv kev txom nyem thiab kev xav tau, nws raug yuam kom khwv tau nyiaj ntxiv los ntawm kev qhia tshwj xeeb thiab kev qhia ntawv. Yog vim li cas thaummuaj lub sijhawm kom tau txais ib qho chaw hauv chaw ua haujlwm ntawm Caucasian tus tswv xeev suav Vorontsov, Polonsky tawm hauv Moscow, nyuam qhuav kawm tiav nws lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab.

Nyob rau hauv txoj kev

Txij li xyoo 1844, nws nyob thawj zaug hauv Odessa, tom qab ntawd tsiv mus rau Tiflis. Lub sijhawm no, nws tau ntsib Pushkin tus tij laug Lev Sergeevich, koom tes hauv cov ntawv xov xwm "Transcaucasian Bulletin". Nws cov ntawv sau paj huam tau luam tawm - "Sazandar" (1849) thiab "Overal Poems" (1851). Muaj ib qho tshwj xeeb tsw nyob rau hauv cov paj huam ntawm lub sij hawm, tshwm sim los ntawm tus kws sau paj lug paub txog cov kev lis kev cai ntawm highlanders, nrog rau keeb kwm ntawm Russia txoj kev tawm tsam rau kev lees paub nyob rau yav qab teb ciam teb.

Polonsky lub peev xwm txawv tshaj plaw rau kev ua yeeb yam tau pom thaum nws kawm ntawm Ryazan gymnasium, yog li ntawd, tau txais kev tshoov siab los ntawm cov toj roob hauv pes tshwj xeeb ntawm Caucasus thiab ib puag ncig, nws kos thiab pleev xim ntau heev. Txoj kev mob siab no nrog tus kws sau paj huam thoob plaws nws lub neej.

Xyoo 1851, Yakov Petrovich mus rau lub peev, St. Petersburg, qhov chaw uas nws nthuav lub voj voog ntawm nws cov neeg paub sau ntawv thiab ua haujlwm hnyav rau cov paj huam tshiab. Xyoo 1855, lwm phau ntawv sau tau luam tawm, nws cov paj huam tau txaus siab luam tawm los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm zoo tshaj plaws - Sovremennik thiab Domestic Notes, tab sis cov nqi tsis tuaj yeem muab txawm tias muaj kev sib haum xeeb. Nws dhau los ua tus kws qhia ntawv hauv tsev ntawm tus tub ntawm St. Petersburg tus tswv xeev Smirnov. Xyoo 1857, tsev neeg ntawm ib tug neeg ua haujlwm siab tau mus rau Baden-Baden, thiab Polonsky mus txawv tebchaws nrog lawv. Yakov Petrovich mus ntau heev nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, yuav siv sij hawm kos duab los ntawm Fabkis ntxias,ntsib ntau tus kws sau ntawv Lavxias thiab txawv teb chaws thiab cov kws kos duab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Alexandre Dumas.

Lub neej ntiag tug

Xyoo 1858, Polonsky rov qab mus rau St. Petersburg nrog nws tus poj niam hluas, Elena Vasilievna Ustyugskaya, uas nws tau ntsib hauv Paris. Ob xyoos tom ntej no tau dhau los ua ib qho kev nyuaj siab tshaj plaws hauv lub neej rau Yakov Petrovich. Ua ntej, nws tau txais kev raug mob hnyav, los ntawm qhov tshwm sim uas nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm mus tas li ntawm nws lub neej, txav tsuas yog nrog kev pab ntawm crutches. Ces Polonsky tus poj niam tau mob typhus thiab tuag, thiab ob peb hlis tom qab ntawd lawv tus tub yug los kuj tuag.

Txawm hais tias tus kheej ua yeeb yam, tus kws sau ntawv ua haujlwm nyuaj thiab muaj txiaj ntsig, hauv txhua hom - los ntawm cov paj huam me me, opera librettos mus rau cov phau ntawv loj loj ntawm cov ntsiab lus kos duab - nws cov kev sim nyiam tshaj plaws hauv cov ntawv sau cia thiab sau ntawv xov xwm tseem nyob.

Kev sib yuav thib ob hauv xyoo 1866 Polonsky ua ke nrog Josephine Antonovna Rulman, uas tau los ua leej niam ntawm lawv peb tus menyuam. Nws nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej lub peev xwm ntawm ib tug sculptor thiab nquag koom nyob rau hauv lub artistic lub neej ntawm Lavxias teb sab peev. Cov ntawv nyeem thiab muaj tswv yim yav tsaus ntuj tau pib muaj nyob rau hauv lub tsev Polonsky, uas cov kws sau ntawv nto moo tshaj plaws thiab cov kws ua yeeb yam ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd koom nrog. Cov yav tsaus ntuj no txuas ntxiv rau qee lub sijhawm tom qab tus kws sau paj huam tuag, uas ua raws lub Kaum Hli 30, 1898.

Leej twg

Cov keeb kwm ntawm Yakov Petrovich yog qhov zoo thiab raug ntsuas tsis sib xws. Cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb ntawm Polonsky cov paj huam yog nws cov suab paj nruag hloov maj mam,Keeb kwm nyob rau hauv romanticism, enriched los ntawm cov ntse heev ntawm Pushkin. Nws tsis yog coincidence uas nws tau suav hais tias yog ib tug ncaj ncees successor rau cov kab lig kev cai ntawm lub zoo kws sau paj lug; nws tsis yog tsis muaj dab tsi uas nto moo composers - Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, Rachmaninov thiab ntau lwm tus - feem ntau siv cov paj huam ntawm Yakov Petrovich nyob rau hauv lawv romances. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txawm tias qhov tseeb connoisseurs ntawm Polonsky qhov khoom plig poetic ntseeg tias tsis muaj ntau qhov kev ua tiav zoo tshaj plaws hauv nws txoj haujlwm.

Nyob rau hauv peb lub xeem xyoo pua 19th, Lavxias teb sab xav tau muab faib ua ob lub camp - "Westerners" thiab "Slavophiles". Ib tug ntawm cov neeg uas tsis nrhiav kev cog lus meej rau ib tog twg yog Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich (qhov tseeb nthuav txog nws qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog Tolstoy tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nws cov neeg kawm ntawv) qhia ntau yam kev xav txog Russia loj hlob rau hauv European kab lis kev cai, thaum pom zoo nrog nws tus phooj ywg, pom tseeb "Westernizer" Ivan Turgenev.

Nws nyob hauv lub neej ntawm tus kws sau ntawv Lavxias, tag nrho ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab cov tswv yim, tau txais koob hmoov los ntawm Pushkin lub sijhawm thiab tseem tshuav tus kws sau paj huam thaum lub hnub qub ntawm Blok tau nce. Qhov taw qhia hauv qhov kev nkag siab no yog cov metamorphoses ntawm cov tsos uas Polonsky tau ua. Yakov Petrovich, uas nws daim duab nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua twb technically zoo meej, tshwm nyob rau hauv tsis ntev los no portraits raws li ib tug tiag tiag yawg suab, paub txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev mus.