Poet Yakov Polonsky: luv luv biography, creativity, paj huam thiab nthuav tseeb

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Tsis nco nco tus kws sau paj huam Ya. P. Polonsky (1819-1898) tsim ntau yam hauj lwm tsis yog nyob rau hauv nqe xwb tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv prose. Txawm li cas los xij, kev hlub tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv nws txoj haujlwm romantic. Tus kws sau paj lug yog neeg txawv teb chaws rau txhua yam nrov, tab sis tsis indifferent rau txoj hmoo ntawm lub Motherland. Nws tus kheej feem ntau muaj nuj nqis rau "Tswb" hauv nws qhov chaw.

Niam teb me me

Nyob hauv Ryazan uas ntsiag to, hauv lub nroog me me, hmo ntuj 6-7, 1819, tus menyuam yug los, uas ob lub lis piam tom qab ntawd tau hu ua Yakov thaum ua kev cai raus dej. Nws cov phauj tau nyob ntawm lub pob nrog tus tswv xeev-tus thawj coj, tab sis, tau kawm tias lawv tus viv ncaus tau daws kev nyab xeeb hauv kev yug menyuam, lawv tau tso lub pob los ua kev zoo siab. Polonsky tsev neeg thaum ub, tau tawm hauv tebchaws Poland mus rau qhov kev pabcuam ntawm Ivan the Terrible. Polonskys muaj lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab, tiv thaiv keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm lub hnub qub nrog rau horns, lub kaus mom hlau nrog peacock feathers thiab ib lub hlis hluas. Leej txiv ntawm tus kws sau paj huam yav tom ntej tsis tuaj yeem tau txais kev kawm zoo, tab sis nws kawm nyeem thiab sau, thiab nws cov ntawv sau tau zoo nkauj. Nws yog ib tug neeg ua haujlwm me me, thiab ib tsev neeg loj tau thov nyiaj ntau rau nws. Yakov yog tus tub hlob, thiab nrog rau nws muajrau tus menyuam. Nyob rau hauv lub kawg yug, nws niam, Natalya Yakovlevna, tuag. Tus me nyuam tu siab rau nws txoj kev tuag, thiab nws zoo li tias nws niam tau raug faus ciaj sia. Raws li ib tug me nyuam, Yakov Polonsky feem ntau muaj kev npau suav phem heev. Nws ntshai. Kev xav tau pib ua haujlwm, cov duab poetic tshwm sim. Tus tij laug qhia zaj dab neeg uas nws tsim rau cov me nyuam yaus thiab pib sau paj huam los ntawm txhua tus.

After high school

YYakov Polonsky kawm tiav los ntawm Ryazan gymnasium hauv 1838. Los ntawm lub sijhawm no, leej txiv tau tawg tag los ntawm kev tuag ntawm nws tus poj niam uas nws hlub thiab, tom qab ua haujlwm peb xyoos hauv Caucasus, rov qab mus rau nws lub nroog. Nws tsis cuam tshuam txog tej yam ntawm cov menyuam yaus. Tab sis Yakhauj muaj ib qho xwm txheej uas nws tus kheej suav hais tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv nws lub neej. Xyoo 1837, Tsarevich Alexander Nikolaevich tuaj xyuas Ryazan, nrog V. A. Zhukovsky. Young Yakov Polonsky nthuav tawm ib qho ntawm nws cov creation rau lub tsev hais plaub ntawm yav tom ntej huab tais. Lub rooj sib tham no txuas tag nrho cov kev xav ntawm tus tub hluas nrog kev sau ntawv. Los ntawm 1838 txog 1844, Yakov Polonsky kawm hauv Moscow University. Nws yog neeg pluag heev, vim tsev neeg puas tsuaj tag, thiab koj tsuas tso siab rau koj tus kheej lub zog xwb. Lawv yuav tsum tau xauj tsev nyob hauv slums, khwv tau nyiaj los ntawm kev qhia ntawv thiab kev qhia tshwj xeeb. Muaj hnub uas tsis muaj dab tsi noj. Kuv yuav tsum tau ua nrog tshuaj yej thiab yob.

Lub sijhawm no, nws tau ntsib nrog A. Grigoriev thiab A. Fet, uas txaus siab rau lub peev xwm ntawm tus kws sau ntawv hluas. Kev tshoov siab, xyoo 1840 nws tau luam tawm zaj paj huam "Tus Dawb Huv Blagovesh suab nrov" hauv "Notes of the Fatherland" hauv xyoo 1840. Ib lub voj voognws cov neeg paub txog Moscow tau nthuav dav. Nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm ib tug xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm lub Decembrist, Nikolai Orlov, Yakov Polonsky ntsib xibfwb T. Granovsky, philosopher P. Chaadaev. Nyob ntawd, xyoo 1942, nws yuav ua phooj ywg nrog Ivan Turgenev rau lub neej, uas nws yuav tuav kev sib tham.

Gamma Collection

Xyoo 1844, Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadaev nquag sau nyiaj los ntawm kev tso npe rau kev tshaj tawm thawj phau ntawv ntawm tus kws sau ntawv hluas. Cov lyrics ntawm M. Lermontov tshuav ib tug imprint rau nws. Tab sis V. Belinsky feem ntau muab kev tshuaj xyuas zoo. Tus neeg thuam pom nyob rau hauv nqe lus "ib qho ntshiab ntawm paj huam." N. Gogol rov sau ib zaj paj huam rau nws tus kheej. V. A. Zhukovsky muab tus kws sau paj huam aspiring saib, qhia tias nws txaus siab rau nws lub peev xwm. Lev Sergeevich Pushkin tau nthuav qhia nws nrog ib qho khoom plig uas tsis muaj nqi tiag tiag - lub hnab ntawv uas tau koom nrog nws tus tij laug ci ntsa iab.

Odessa

Tom qab kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv thiab tsiv mus rau sab qab teb, lub neej thiab keeb kwm ntawm Yakov Polonsky tau sau nrog cov neeg paub txog Pushkin lub voj voog. Kev sib raug zoo thiab kev pom tseeb qhia txog tus kws sau paj huam thib ob, Paj Lug xyoo 1845. Txawm li cas los xij, V. Belinsky tsis pom ib txoj haujlwm ua tiav hauv nws.

Caucasus

Kev xav kom tau txais kev xav tshiab coj Yakov Petrovich mus rau Tiflis xyoo 1846. Nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm viceroy M. S. Vorontsova thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm "Transcaucasian Vestnik" raws li ib tug pab editor. Nws kuj tau luam tawm hauv nws. Ntawm kab txawv Caucasian cov ntaub ntawv, nws sim ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov tsoos ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm ballads thiab paj huam. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws siv tsawg dua qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv. Nyob rau hauv 1849, tus kws sau paj lug tau luam tawm cov sau "Sandazar". Tab sis nyob rau hauv 1851xyoo nws tuaj rau Russia vim nws kawm txog nws txiv tus mob hnyav.

Petersburg

Yog li, phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Yakov Polonsky qhia txog nws txoj kev rov qab los rau Russia, qhov chaw uas nws tau txais los ntawm cov neeg nyeem thiab sau ntawv. Tab sis nws tsis muaj kev noj qab nyob zoo. Nyob rau hauv 1857 nws raug yuam kom ua ib tug repeater. Hauv lub peev xwm no, nws nrog tsev neeg ntawm A. O. Smirnova-Rosset, uas muaj tus cwj pwm tsis ruaj khov thiab nyuaj, mus rau Switzerland. Tab sis hnub nyoog 38 xyoo tsis yog lub hnub nyoog thaum koj tuaj yeem tiv taus cov tswv ntiav ua haujlwm. Ob peb hlis tom qab, nws tawm txoj haujlwm no thiab mus xyuas Geneva, Rome, Paris.

Paj huam sib hlub

Nyob hauv lub nroog Fab Kis teb muaj "kev sib ntsib tuag", raws li tus kws sau paj huam hu ua, nrog rau nws tus poj niam yav tom ntej. Tus ntxhais no, Elena Ustyugskaya, tseem hluas, thiab cov neeg nyiam yuav tsum tau tos txog ib xyoos rau kev tshoob kos. Xyoo 1858 lawv tau sib yuav thiab mus rau St. Petersburg. Nws xaiv ib tug suav hais tias nyob rau hauv lub nobility nyob rau hauv nws yav tom ntej tus txiv. Alas, kev sib yuav luv luv.

Lawv txoj kev zoo siab tsuas muaj ob xyoos xwb. Thaum xub thawj, nws twb overshadowed los ntawm lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Yakov Petrovich los ntawm lub droshky. Nws ua phem rau nws ob txhais ceg, uas tsis tau muab nws so rau tag nrho nws lub neej, thiab nws raug yuam kom siv ib tug crutches. Ces tus tub muaj rau hli tuag, thiab ob peb hlis tom qab, nws tus poj niam. Nov yog luv luv biography ntawm Yakov Polonsky hais txog nws thawj kev sib yuav. Tus kws sau paj huam xav tau yuav tawm ntawm qhov tob ntawm nws tus ntsuj plig cov paj huam "Lub Seagull", "Kev npau taws ntawm kev tu siab", "Yog tias koj tsuas yog kev hlub…".

Second marriage

Nws tsis tuaj yeem muaj nyob ntawm tus nqi sau ntawv, thiab Yakov Petrovich pib ua haujlwm ntawm pawg thawj cojtxawv teb chaws censorship. 6 xyoo tom qab nws thawj kev sib yuav, nws poob rau hauv kev hlub nrog tus zoo nkauj Josephine Rulman.

Txoj kev sib hlub no xaus nrog kev txij nkawm uas tsim tau ob tug tub thiab ib tug ntxhais. Lub tsev sau ntawv thiab suab paj nruag yog tsim nyob rau hauv nws lub tsev, nyob rau hauv uas hnub Fridays cov intelligentsia ntawm St. Petersburg sau: paj huam, prose sau ntawv, composers, paintings, thuam. Lub neej kab lis kev cai ntawm lub peev yog seething ntawm no. Ntawm no, ib tug luv luv biography ntawm Yakov Polonsky nyob rau hauv peb kev nthuav qhia twb los txog rau thaum xaus. Nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm kev ua koob tsheej ntawm 50th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm nws cov kev ua ub no, Polonsky tau solemnly nthuav tawm nrog ib tug nyiaj wreath, thiab Grand Duke Konstantin Romanov muab ib zaj paj lug rau nws.

Kev Hlub rau Polonsky cov lus

Romantic, leej twg sim teb cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev nom kev tswv, txawm li cas los hauv peb lub siab yog txuam nrog kev sib hlub. Yakov Polonsky, uas nws cov paj huam tau hlub los ntawm ntau Lavxias teb sab composers, yog paub rau ntau, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, raws li cov lus "Kuv hluav taws ci nyob rau hauv pos huab." Ntawm no yog ib daim ntawv teev romances hauv nws cov lus, deb, deb tsis tiav:

Composer E. F. Qhia:

Nug: "Tshav ntuj tsw zoo li teb";

W altz "Ray of Hope";

Thov Vajtswv: “Peb Txiv! Mloog tus tub thov Vajtswv…”.

S. V. Rachmaninov:

Kev Sib Tham: "Nag hmo peb tau ntsib…";

Music: "Cov suab zoo li no ntab thiab loj tuaj…";

Dissonance: "Cia txoj hmoo yuav…".

A. G. Rubinstein:

Thought: "Kev tshaj tawm txoj moo zoo solemnly suab …";

Loss: "Thaum muaj kev sib cais …".

P. I. Tchaikovsky: Y

"Sab nraum qhov rais hauv qhov ntxoov ntxooflickering."

Los ntawm txoj kev, rau P. Tchaikovsky, Polonsky tau sau libretto ntawm lub Opera Cherevichki. Ntxiv nrog rau qee qhov kev sib hlub me me uas tau hais hauv tsab xov xwm no, ib tus tuaj yeem xa mus rau txoj haujlwm ntawm I. Bunin, uas tau muab ib kab los ntawm ib zaj paj huam los ntawm Y. Polonsky nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm ib zaj dab neeg, uas yog "Nyob rau hauv ib tug paub. txoj kev."

Polonsky tuag thaum muaj hnub nyoog 78, faus ze Ryazan. Thiab tam sim no nws tau rov faus rau hauv Ryazan Kremlin. Tag nrho cov paj huam ntawm Polonsky Yakov Petrovich pom cov lus teb zoo los ntawm nws cov neeg kawm thiab tiam tom ntej ntawm cov cim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm A. Blok.

Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm Soviet, tsis yog ib qho (!) Ua haujlwm rau nws lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm tau luam tawm. Tam sim no hauv Ryazan, cov neeg keeb kwm hauv nroog tau kho qhov xwm txheej no los ntawm kev tso cov ntawv sau, cov ntawv thiab cov phau ntawv uas rov qab los rau peb tus kws sau paj huam uas tsis nco qab uas tau tso tseg cov cuab yeej cuab tam muaj tswv yim zoo.