Iamb is Iamb, trochee, amphibrach

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Hauv kab lus no peb yuav qhia koj txog iambic, nrog rau luv luv txog lwm qhov ntau thiab tsawg. Cia peb xub txhais cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas yuav siv rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem.

Rhythm yog lub suab qauv uas ib kab paj huam muaj. Qhov no yog lub general ordering ntawm poetic hais lus. Meter yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sib dhos. Qhov no yog ib qho kev hloov pauv ntawm cov lus tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab ntxhov siab (qhov chaw tsis muaj zog thiab muaj zog) hauv ib zaj paj huam, cov tswv yim dav dav ntawm nws lub suab suab.

Loj yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo ntawm lub koom haum suab paj nruag; qhov no yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lub 'meter' peb twb tau piav qhia. Piv txwv li, iambic tuaj yeem suav nrog kev xaiv los ntawm ib-taw mus rau kaum ob-ko taw, nrog rau dawb. Peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov loj me hauv cov lus piav qhia los ntawm tus lej ntawm cov lus, hauv tonic - los ntawm kev suav cov lej ntawm cov kev ntxhov siab, thiab hauv cov lus-tonic thiab metric - los ntawm tus lej nres thiab ntsuas (iamb, trochaic, amphibrach, thiab lwm yam).

Etymology ntawm lo lus "iamb"

Thov teb cov lus nug txog lub hauv paus ntawm lub ntsiab lus uas peb xav tau. Lo lus "iamb" yog lus Greek thaum ublub npe suab paj nruag. Nws txhais tau hais tias nyob rau hauv ancient metrics ib tug ob-lub suab, yooj yim, peb-dimensional ko taw (luv + ntev lus). Nyob rau hauv syllabo-tonic versification (Lavxias teb sab, piv txwv li) - qhov no yog ib tug unstressed + stressed suab. Kuj hu ua iambic nqe, uas muaj iambic meters.

Lub etymology tsis yog raws nraim tsim. Iambiic chants, raws li koj paub, yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev tshwj xeeb fertility festivals uas tau tuav nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm Demeter.

lo lus no tau txuam nrog lub npe ntawm Yamba, tus qhev ntawm Keley, tus vaj Eleusinian. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, tus hluas nkauj txaus siab rau Demeter nrog cov paj huam tsis zoo, uas tau saib tsis taus txhua qhov chaw rau nws tus ntxhais Persephone. Nws tseem muaj peev xwm hais tias lub npe Yamba yog ib lo lus ntawm lo lus qub uas muaj lub ntsiab lus phem.

Iamb in antiquity

Nyob rau hauv cov paj huam ntawm ancient sij hawm, feem ntau hom iambs yog trimeter thiab senarius. Senarius suav nrog rau iambic ko taw. Hom thib ob, trimeter, kuj muaj rau iambic taw, uas tau muab faib ua khub (ob txhais taw tau hu ua dipodia). Ob lub suab lus nyob rau hauv ancient versification yuav hloov los ntawm ib tug hnyav, thiab vice versa, ib tug hnyav yuav tsum tau hloov los ntawm ob lub teeb. Hauv kev xyaum tiag tiag, los ntawm qhov chaw no, ntau yam paj huam iambic tau yug los. Cov paj huam uas sau rau hauv qhov loj me no zoo li cov lus zoo tib yam ntau dua li lwm tus thiab yog li ntawd tau siv feem ntau tsis yog hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab, tab sis hauv kev ua yeeb yam thiab cov nkauj (hauv comedies, xwm txheej, dab neeg).

Hauv Greek metric, iambic yog ob lub suab lus ko taw suav nroglos ntawm thawj lub suab thiab lub thib ob ntev. Cov suab paj nruag ntawm cov Greeks thaum ub tsis tau hais txog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, thiab yog li qhov kev sib dhos yog nce mus (uas yog, iambic) lossis nqis (uas yog, choreic).

Iamb and trochee

Iambic thiab trochee ntawm cov metrics thaum ub tau ua ke nyob rau hauv lub npe dav dav nrog iambic atherosclerosis ntawm lub hauv paus uas iamb tau ntau dua (thiab tseem tshwm sim) dua li trochee.

Lub trochee kuj yog lo lus Greek thaum ub, muab los ntawm lo lus "dancing", thiab kuj txhais tau tias "loj", "choir foot". Hauv syllabic-tonic nqe lus, feem ntau yog plaub-ko taw thiab rau-ko taw, thiab txij li thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, tsib-ko taw trochaic kuj tau siv.

Ob qho tib si iambic thiab trochee sawv cev rau cov ntsuas disyllabic. Hauv chorea, qhov kev ntxhov siab tau muab tso rau ntawm thawj lub suab, hauv iambic - thib ob.

Tri-syllable poetic meters

Peb tau suav tias yog ob lub suab ntau thiab tsawg. Tam sim no cia peb hais ob peb lo lus hais txog trisyllabic sawv daws yuav. Lub amphibrach muaj peb ko taw, nrog rau kev ntxhov siab ntawm lub suab thib ob. Qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov lus piav qhia hauv tsev yog plaub-ko taw (los ntawm qhov pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th), nrog rau peb-ko taw (pib los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th). Lub dactyl kuj yog lub ntsuas peb lub suab, tab sis nrog lub suab ntawm thawj zaug, thiab lub anapaest ntawm qhov kawg ntawm peb.

Iamb hauv Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv

Thawj qhov hais txog nws hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm peb lub tebchaws, peb pom hauv phau ntawv luam tawm xyoo 1619 los ntawm M. Smotrytsky hu ua "Cov Lus Qhia …". Txawm li cas los xij, raws li lo lus poetic uas hais txog ib qho kev ntsuas poetic, iambic pib tshwm hauv peb lub teb chaws nkaus xwb. Tom qab lub theoretical ua hauj lwm ua los ntawm V. Trediakovsky. Tsis muaj paj huam los ntawm Lavxias teb sab syllabists sau nyob rau hauv no loj. Nyob rau hauv Russia, thawj iambic paj huam tau tsim los ntawm Trediakovsky.

No iambic yog tetrameter. Tom qab ntawd cov kev lig kev cai ntawm kev siv loj tau txuas ntxiv mus. Piv txwv li, Lomonosov tsim ib tug ode uas iambic yog siv - paj huam rau kev ntes ntawm Khotin, ib tug Turkish fortress.

Iambic tetrameter

Txog hnub no, ntawm tag nrho cov iambic meters hauv Lavxias teb sab paj huam, qhov nyiam tshaj plaws yog qhov tetrameter. Kwv yees li ntawm 80-85 feem pua ntawm cov paj huam ntawm cov kws sau paj huam tau sau los ntawm nws. Cov 'meter' ntawm nqe no tau txais qhov nrov tshaj plaws tsis yog ntau vim yog lub peev xwm ntawm lub suab nrov, uas tau hloov mus rau kev hais lus paj huam hauv Lavxias, tab sis vim yog kev tsim kev lig kev cai ntawm nws cov txheej txheem siv los ntawm thawj tus kws sau paj huam - V. Petrov, M. Lomonosov, G. Derzhavin, thiab tom qab me ntsis, thiab A. Pushkin thiab E. Baratynsky (saib duab).

Iambic rau-taw kuj tau nrov nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th thiab thaum ntxov 19th, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev sib tw zoo nkauj. Nws yog tsawg txais nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lyrics, tab sis nyob rau hauv ua yeeb yam plays nws yog lub canonical loj ntawm nqe lus (nrog rau qhov tsis muaj lus sib dhos). Cov kev zam yog "Woe from Wit" los ntawm Griboedov, nrog rau cov yeeb yam "Masquerade", sau los ntawm M. Lermontov, uas yog sau nyob rau hauv dawb nqe lus. Qhov loj ntawm iambic ntawm Futurists, uas yog qhov tsawg heev ntawm lawv, yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm ntau homophonic.txav, nrog rau minted phonemes. Lub iambic pentameter yog siv nyob rau hauv cov paj huam uas muaj ib daim ntawv, xws li lub octave, sonnet, thiab lwm yam. Lub trimeter yog heev tsawg (feem ntau ntawm cov kws sau paj lug nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawm lub thib peb ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th). Txoj kev xav ntawm iambic tetrameter yog qhov tsim tawm tshaj plaws hauv cov ntawv sau paj huam. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm G. Shengeli, B. Tomashevsky, A. Bely.

Puas muaj ob-ko taw thiab ib-ko taw iambs hauv syllabo-tonic versification?

Ob-taw thiab ib-ko taw iambs tsis muaj nyob, vim tias lawv yog qhov ua tsis tau zoo: qhov kev xav ntawm ob-taw lossis ib-ko taw yog tsim los ntawm cov lus luv luv. Piv txwv li, tus kws sau paj huam V. Bryusov tau txiav txim siab nws zaj paj huam ua yuam kev ib-ko taw iambs.

Iamb yog ib qho amphibrach. Qhov no tshwm sim, tej zaum, vim yog qhov tseeb tias yog cov nqe lus no tau sau ua ke cais raws li cov cim ntawm cov lus sib dhos, ces koj tau txais qhov pom kev zoo ib yam li ib-ko taw iambic.

Multisted iambic

Iambic rau-taw feem ntau yog qhov thib ob rau-ko taw nrog monosyllabic anacrusis.

Ntau-ko taw tau tsim los ntawm Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin.

Nws tuaj yeem sib cav tias iambic pentameter tsis muaj nyob ua ntej nws. Paj huam (iambic) "Gavriliad" yog thawj txoj haujlwm sau los ntawm nws. Alexander Sergeevich tau nruj heev nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau txhua yam uas muaj feem xyuam rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm lo lus cog lus rau nqe. Nws yog qhov xav paub tias cov neeg niaj hnub hais txog Cantemir nrog kev qhuas meej vim raunqe lus, nws coj cov lus hais ntawm nws lub sijhawm tam sim no.

Analogues rau iambic meter hauv pej xeem paj huam

Txawm hais tias qhov loj ntawm iambic tau nkag mus rau hauv Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv ua tsaug rau kev hloov kho ntawm Trediakovsky thiab Lomonosov, cov paj huam pej xeem tau tsim, tsis hais txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm phau ntawv lossis sab hnub poob, qhov ntau thiab tsawg, ntawm cov uas muaj nyob ze rau iambic. tetrameter ntsuas. Nws yog hu ua thib ob plaub plaub. Ib zaj paj huam sau los ntawm Nekrasov hu ua "Leej twg nyob zoo nyob rau hauv Russia" tau sau nrog nqe no.