Kev tsom xam ntawm ib daim suab paj nruag: piv txwv, theoretical foundations, tsom xam cov txheej txheem

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Lo lus "kev tshuaj ntsuam" hauv Greek txhais tau tias "decomposition", "dismemberment". Suab paj nruag - theoretical analysis of a work is a scientific study of music, which include:

1. Study of style and form.
2. Kev txiav txim siab cov lus suab paj nruag.
3. Kawm seb cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb npaum li cas rau kev nthuav tawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab kev sib raug zoo nrog ib leeg.

Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev tsom xam ntawm ib daim suab paj nruag yog ib txoj hauv kev los ntawm kev faib ib qho tag nrho rau hauv me me. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau kev tsom xam, muaj ib tug synthesis - ib tug txheej txheem uas muaj kev sib txuas ntawm ib tug neeg lub ntsiab rau hauv ib tug ntau. Ob lub ntsiab lus no muaj kev sib raug zoo rau ib leeg, vim tsuas yog lawv cov kev sib xyaw ua ke ua rau nkag siab tob txog qhov tshwm sim.

Qhov no kuj siv tau rau kev tsom xam ntawm ib daim suab paj nruag, uas thaum kawg yuav tsum coj mus rau qhov dav dav thiab nkag siab meej txog cov khoom.

Lub ntsiab lus

Muaj dav thiabnqaim siv lub sij hawm.

1. Kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua suab paj nruag, cov qauv:

• loj lossis me qauv;
• txoj cai ntawm kev ua haujlwm sib haum xeeb;
• tus qauv ntawm lub hauv paus metro-rhythmic rau ib qho tshwj xeeb;
• txoj cai ntawm kev sau nkauj ntawm ib daim nkauj tag nrho.

Nyob rau hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, kev tshuaj xyuas suab paj nruag yog ua ke nrog lub tswv yim ntawm "theoretical musicology".

2. Kev kawm ntawm ib chav tsev suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm ib qho haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Nov yog qhov nqaim tab sis txhais tau ntau dua.

Theoretical foundations

Nyob rau xyoo 19th, ntu suab paj nruag no tau tsim kho. Ntau tus kws kho suab paj nruag nrog lawv cov ntawv sau ua rau muaj kev txhim kho ntawm kev tsom xam ntawm cov suab paj nruag:

1. A. B. Marx “Ludwig Beethoven. Lub neej thiab kev tsim . Qhov no creation, sau nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj piv txwv ntawm ib tug monograph uas muaj xws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov suab paj nruas ua hauj lwm.

2. H. Riemann "Fugue Composition Manual", "Beethoven's Bow Quartets". Tus kws suab paj nruag German no tau tsim cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, daim ntawv thiab ntsuas. Raws li nws, nws nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem theoretical ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov suab paj nruag. Nws txoj kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev nce qib hauv cov suab paj nruag no.

3. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm G. Kretschmar "Guide to Concerts" tau pab txhim kho theoretical thiab zoo nkauj txoj kev tsom xam hauv Western European suab paj nruag.

4. A. Schweitzer hauv nws cov ntawv sau "I. S. Bach" xavsuab paj nruag tej hauj lwm ntawm composers nyob rau hauv peb yam kev tsom xam:

• theoretical;
• kev ua;
• zoo nkauj.

5. Nyob rau hauv nws peb-ntim monograph Beethoven, P. Becker soj ntsuam cov sonatas thiab symphonies ntawm tus loj tshaj composer nrog kev pab los ntawm lawv lub tswv yim poetic.

6. H. Leuchtentritt, "Kev Qhia Txog Kev Ua Yeeb Yam", "Kev Ntsuam Xyuas ntawm Chopin's Piano Works". Hauv kev ua haujlwm, cov kws sau ntawv ua tiav kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev tshawb fawb siab thiab theoretical theem ntawm kev tsom xam thiab cov yam ntxwv ua piv txwv nrog kev ntsuam xyuas zoo nkauj.

7. A. Lorenz "Secrets of form in Wagner." Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus kws sau ntawv ua ib qho kev tshawb fawb raws li kev soj ntsuam ntxaws ntxaws ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab los ntawm German composer R. Wagner. Tsim cov hom tshiab thiab ntu ntawm kev tsom xam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag: kev sib txuas theem thiab cov qauv suab paj nruag.

8. Qhov piv txwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev txhim kho kev tsom xam hauv ib daim suab paj nruag yog cov haujlwm ntawm Fabkis tus kws suab paj nruag thiab pej xeem cov duab R. Rolland. Cov no suav nrog txoj haujlwm Beethoven. Lub sijhawm muaj tswv yim zoo heev. Rolland txheeb xyuas cov suab paj nruag ntawm ntau yam hauv cov neeg sau ua haujlwm: symphonies, sonatas thiab operas. Tsim nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb analytical txoj kev, uas yog raws li poetic, sau ntawv piv txwv thiab koom haum. Txoj kev no dhau mus dhau qhov txwv nruj ntawm kev xav suab paj nruag hauv kev pom zoo ntawm kev nkag siab dawb ntawm cov ntsiab lus semantic ntawm cov khoom kos duab.

Cov txheej txheem zoo li no tom qab ntawd yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev txhim kho kev tsom xam ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag hauv USSR thiab sab hnub poob.

Russian musicology

In XIXxyoo pua, nrog rau cov kev xav tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev xav, muaj kev txhim kho loj heev hauv kev ua suab paj nruag thiab hauv kev tshuaj xyuas suab paj nruag tshwj xeeb.

Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag thiab cov neeg thuam tau coj lawv lub dag zog los lees paub qhov kev tshawb fawb: qee lub tswv yim tau hais tawm hauv txhua daim nkauj, qee qhov kev xav thiab kev xav tau raug xa mus. Nov yog txhua yam kev kos duab ua rau.

A. D. Ulybyshev

Ib tus thawj los ua pov thawj nws tus kheej yog thawj tus kws sau nkauj Lavxias thiab tus neeg ua haujlwm AD Ulybyshev. Ua tsaug rau nws cov hauj lwm "Beethoven, Nws cov neeg thuam thiab cov neeg txhais lus", "Ib tug Tshiab Biography ntawm Mozart", nws tau tso lub cim tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev xav tseem ceeb.

Ob qho tib si ntawm cov ntawv sau no suav nrog kev tshuaj xyuas nrog cov kev ntsuam xyuas tseem ceeb thiab zoo nkauj ntawm ntau cov suab paj nruag.

B. F. Odoevsky

Tsis yog tus kws tshaj lij, tus kws sau ntawv Lavxias tig mus rau kev kos duab hauv tsev. Nws cov haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab kev sau xov xwm tau sau nrog kev tshuaj xyuas zoo nkauj ntawm ntau yam haujlwm - feem ntau yog operas sau los ntawm M. I. Glinka.

A. N. Serov

Tus kws sau ntawv thiab cov neeg thuam tau ua rau tus qauv ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas thematic hauv Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag. Nws sau ntawv "Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ib tug motive nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov opera "Lub neej rau lub Tsar" muaj cov piv txwv ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawv nyeem, nrog rau kev pab los ntawm cov A. N. Serov kawm tsim lub zaum kawg hu nkauj, nws cov ntsiab lus. Nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm nws tsim, raws li tus sau, lus dag lub maturation ntawm lub ntsiab patriotic lub tswv yim ntawm lub opera.

Article “Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev overture"Leonora"" muaj kev kawm txog kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov overture thiab opera los ntawm L. Beethoven.

Lwm tus neeg Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag thiab cov neeg thuam kuj paub. Piv txwv li, B. L. Yavorsky, uas tau tsim txoj kev xav ntawm modal atherosclerosis thiab qhia ntau lub tswv yim tshiab rau hauv kev tsom xam.

Type of analysis

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev tshuaj xyuas yog tsim cov qauv ntawm kev txhim kho kev ua haujlwm. Tom qab tag nrho, suab paj nruag yog ib ntus tshwm sim, xav txog cov xwm txheej uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob.

Types of analysis of a piece of music:

1. Themed.

suab paj nruag lub ntsiab lus yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov duab kos duab embodiment. Hom kev tshuaj ntsuam no yog kev sib piv, kev kawm ntawm cov ncauj lus thiab tag nrho kev txhim kho thematic.

Ntxiv rau, nws yuav pab txiav txim siab hom keeb kwm ntawm txhua lub ncauj lus, txij li txhua hom ntawv sib txawv txhais tau hais tias tus kheej ntau yam ntawm kev nthuav qhia. Los ntawm kev txiav txim siab yam dab tsi hauv qab, koj tuaj yeem nkag siab ntau dua cov ntsiab lus semantic ntawm txoj haujlwm.

2. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm tus kheej cov ntsiab lus uas tau siv hauv txoj haujlwm no:

• meter;
• rhythm;
• lad;
• timbre;
• dynamics;

3. Harmonic tsom xam ntawm ib daim suab paj nruag (piv txwv thiab cov lus piav qhia ntxaws ntxiv yuav muab hauv qab no).

4. Polyphonic.

Qhov kev pom no txhais tau tias:

• xav txog cov suab paj nruag zoo li ib txoj hauv kev nthuav qhia;
• tsom xam ntawm cov suab paj nruag - pawg sib koom ua ke yooj yim tshaj plaws, uas muaj cov kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev kos duabtxhais tau tias kev qhia.

5. Ua.

6. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm daim ntawv sau. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv kev tshawb nrhiav rau hom thiab daim ntawv, nrog rau kev kawm ntawm kev sib piv ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab kev loj hlob.

7. nyuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov piv txwv ntawm kev tsom xam ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag hu ua holistic. Nws yog tsim los ntawm kev tsom xam ntawm daim ntawv ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab yog ua ke nrog kev soj ntsuam ntawm tag nrho cov Cheebtsam, lawv kev sib raug zoo thiab kev loj hlob raws li ib tug tag nrho. Lub hom phiaj siab tshaj plaws ntawm hom kev tshuaj ntsuam no yog kev kawm txog kev ua haujlwm raws li kev sib raug zoo-ideological phenomenon, ua ke nrog tag nrho cov keeb kwm kev sib txuas. Nws yog nyob rau verge ntawm txoj kev xav thiab keeb kwm ntawm musicology.

Txawm hais tias qhov kev tshuaj xyuas zoo li cas, nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom paub txog keeb kwm, stylistic thiab hom ua ntej.

Txhua hom kev tshuaj xyuas cuam tshuam nrog ib ntus, tsim kev paub daws teeb meem, cais cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb los ntawm lwm tus. Qhov no yuav tsum tau ua txhawm rau ua qhov kev tshawb fawb lub hom phiaj.

Vim li cas peb thiaj xav tau suab paj nruag?

Nws tuaj yeem ua haujlwm sib txawv. Piv txwv li:

1. Kev kawm ntawm tus kheej cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm, cov lus suab paj nruag yog siv hauv phau ntawv kawm thiab kev ua haujlwm theoretical. Hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb, xws li cov khoom ntawm cov suab paj nruag thiab cov qauv ntawm cov ntawv sau tau raug rau kev tsom xam.
2. Cov ntsiab lus los ntawm cov piv txwv suab paj nruag tuaj yeem ua pov thawj thaum nthuav qhia cov teeb meem kev xav dav dav (txoj kev txiav tawm) lossis coj cov neeg saib mus rau qhov kev txiav txim siab dav dav(Inductive method).
3. Raws li ib feem ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb monographic mob siab rau tus kws sau ntawv tshwj xeeb. Qhov no cuam tshuam rau daim ntawv compressed ntawm ib tug holistic tsom xam ntawm ib tug suab paj nruas ua hauj lwm raws li ib txoj kev npaj nrog piv txwv, uas yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm thiab stylistic.

Plan

1. Kev tshuaj xyuas ua ntej. Xws li:

a) kev soj ntsuam ntawm hom ntawv (peb ntu, sonata, thiab lwm yam);

b) teeb tsa lub tswv yim digital ntawm daim ntawv hauv cov ntsiab lus dav dav, tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus, tab sis nrog lub npe ntawm cov ncauj lus tseem ceeb lossis ntu thiab lawv qhov chaw nyob;

c) kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm ib daim nkauj raws li kev npaj nrog piv txwv ntawm txhua qhov tseem ceeb;

d) txhais cov haujlwm ntawm txhua ntu hauv daim ntawv (nruab nrab, lub sijhawm, thiab lwm yam);

e) txoj kev kawm txog cov ntsiab lus twg tau txais kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb rau kev txhim kho, lawv txhim kho li cas (rov ua dua, sib piv, sib txawv, thiab lwm yam);

e) tshawb nrhiav cov lus teb rau cov lus nug, qhov twg yog qhov kawg (yog tias muaj), nws ua tiav li cas;

g) kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov ntsiab lus thematic, nws qhov sib xws lossis qhov sib txawv; Dab tsi yog nws tus cwj pwm, los ntawm qhov txhais tau tias nws ua tiav;

h) kawm txog cov qauv tonal thiab cadences nrog lawv cov kev sib raug zoo, kaw lossis qhib;

i) txhais hom kev nthuav qhia;

k) kos cov duab qhia ntxaws ntxaws nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv, lub sijhawm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev suav thiab crushing, qhov ntev ntawm qhov ua pa (ntev lossis luv), cov khoom ntawm proportions.

2. Sib piv cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb hauv:

• tempo uniformity los yogsib piv;
• altitude profile hauv cov ntsiab lus dav dav, qhov sib piv ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws nrog lub tswv yim dynamic;
• tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev faib ua feem ntau;
• thematic subordination, uniformity thiab contrast;
• tonal subordination;
• yam ntxwv ntawm tag nrho, qib ntawm cov qauv ntawm daim ntawv, hauv cov hauv paus ntawm nws cov qauv.

Hmoob tsom xam ntawm ib daim nkauj

Raws li tau hais los saum no, hom kev tshuaj ntsuam no yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.

Yuav kom nkag siab yuav ua li cas txheeb xyuas cov suab paj nruag (siv piv txwv), koj yuav tsum muaj qee yam kev txawj thiab peev xwm. Namely:

• nkag siab thiab muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb dav dav ib nqe lus tshwj xeeb raws li kev xav ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab kev sib haum xeeb;
• muaj peev xwm los txuas cov khoom ntawm lub tsev khaws khoom sib haum xeeb nrog cov suab paj nruag thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus neeg ua haujlwm lossis tus kws sau nkauj;
• piav qhia tseeb ntawm txhua qhov sib haum xeeb: chord, cadence, suab coj.

Kev Ntsuas Kev Ua Haujlwm

hom kev tshuaj ntsuam no suav nrog:

1. Xav paub txog tus sau thiab daim nkauj.
2. Style sawv cev.
3. Kev txhais cov ntsiab lus kos duab thiab tus cwj pwm, duab thiab koom haum.

Strokes, kev ua si cov tswv yim thiab txhais tau tias ntawm kev hais lus kuj yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov piv txwv saum toj no ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntawm ib daim suab paj nruag.

Vocal music

Suab paj nruag ua haujlwm hauv suab paj nruag yuav tsum muaj kev tshuaj xyuas tshwj xeeb, uastxawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv instrumental. Yuav ua li cas yog lub suab paj nruag-theoretical tsom xam ntawm ib tug choral ua hauj lwm txawv? Ib qho piv txwv yog qhia hauv qab no. Cov ntaub ntawv suab paj nruag xav tau lawv tus kheej txoj kev tsom xam, txawv ntawm txoj hauv kev rau cov ntaub ntawv ntsuas.

Yuav tsum tau:

1. Xaiv hom ntawv sau thiab cov suab paj nruag nws tus kheej.
2. Tshawb nrhiav cov ntsiab lus nthuav dav thiab cov duab ntawm cov nkauj hu nkauj thiab instrumental accompaniment and literary text.
3. Kawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov lus qub hauv stanzas thiab restructured kab hauv suab paj nruag.
4. Kev txiav txim siab lub suab paj nruag thiab kev sib dhos, saib cov kev cai ntawm kev hloov pauv (alternating rhymes) thiab squareness (tsis yog square).
5. Draw xaus.