Piano forerunners: keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag, thawj cov twj paj nruag keyboard, ntau yam, ntsuas qauv, theem ntawm kev loj hlob, niaj hnub saib thiab suab

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Thawj yam uas los rau hauv siab thaum nug cov suab paj nruag uas koj paub yog piano. Qhov tseeb, qhov kev tsim cov keyboard no yog ib qho classic hauv kev kos duab ntawm suab paj nruag. Nws yog nrog kev pab los ntawm nws uas kawm txog suab paj nruag thiab solfeggio.

Tab sis tam sim ntawd nws puas tshwm sim hauv daim ntawv uas peb paub, thiab yog tias tsis yog, lub suab paj nruag dab tsi yog tus thawj coj ntawm piano?

Txog qhov pib: monochord

Tus thawj thiab nto moo tshaj plaws progenitor ntawm lub piano yog lub monochord instrument. Nws yog feem ntau hu ua ib pawg plucked hlua, txawm li cas los xij, lub hom phiaj uas nws tau siv zoo li ib qho ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub cuab yeej keyboard yav tom ntej.

Tus thawj ntawm lub piano nqa nws keeb kwm rov qab mus rau Greek qub txeeg qub teg (6th caug xyoo BC). Cov neeg tsim muaj xws li Pythagoras.

Definition:

Monochord yog lub suab paj nruag invention, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev teeb tsa lub sijhawm los ntawm kev kho qee qhov ntevqhov chaw zoo siab los ntawm plucking ib txoj hlua

Nws yog:

• ntawm puag;
• ob sills;
• txav chaw;
• ib txoj hlua ncab.

Rau qhov kev nkag siab zoo dua, cov cim qhia qhov ntsuas ntawm txoj hlua sib faib tuaj yeem siv rau tus thawj coj ntawm lub piano.

Teeb meem: Lub monochord tau ua ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev kawm txog suab paj nruag txoj kev xav txij li thaum ub thiab mus txog ciam teb ntawm Baroque. Nws yog ib phau ntawv qhia txog kev paub nyeem ntawv theem pib (solfeggio) thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws rau kev paub suab paj nruag.

Cov lus qhia ntxaws ntxiv txog kev siv cov cuab yeej no, tsom mus rau cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Pythagoras, tuaj yeem pom hauv Euclid's "Division of the Canon". Tus sau ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog ib haiv neeg ntawm Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws, qhov chaw nws kawm txog kev ua lej.

Thaum lub sijhawm xyaum ntawm lub monochord, Pythagoras muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas seb lub suab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam li cas ntawm txoj hlua. Raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev tsim kho no, polychords nrog ntau cov hlua kuj tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg nyiam.

Txoj kev ntawm kev rho tawm suab sib txawv: plucking, ntaus, siv mandolins (xaiv). Txawm li cas los xij, ib kauj ruam loj hauv kev txhim kho cov cuab yeej thiab tus thawj coj ntawm lub piano yog kev tsim cov keyboard mechanism.

Clavicord

Lub clavichord yog ib qho ntawm cov cuab yeej qub tshaj plaws uas tshwm sim los ntawm monochord. Lub sijhawm tiag tiag ntawm kev tsim tsis yog hnub tim txog tam sim no. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj pov thawj ntawm thawj qhov muaj sia nyob clavichord, hnub tsim khoom uas poob rau 1543. Invented los ntawm DominicPisan. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm cov cuab yeej hnub rov qab mus rau 1396.

Yog hais tias lub monochord yog tag nrho rau cov pab pawg ntawm cov hlua plucked, ces lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug keyboard stringed instrument twb muaj nws keeb kwm nyob rau hauv lub clavichord.

Kev tsim kho

Tsim cov vintage keyboard thiab forerunner ntawm piano:

• cap;
• kev cai tuners;
• tangents - hlau rods nrog lub tiaj tiaj;
• strings;
• keys.

Qhov loj ntawm clavichord tuaj yeem yog qhov ntim ntawm phau ntawv thiab ncav cuag lub cev ntev ntawm 1.5 meters.

Kev xyaum

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm: lub suab tau muab rho tawm siv tib lub tangents. Thaum tus yuam sij raug nias, tus pin ntaus txoj hlua zoo li rauj. Muaj ib txoj hlua rau txhua tus yuam sij (tsis zoo li lub piano, muaj txog peb txoj hlua ua haujlwm ntawm ib tus yuam sij ib zaug).

Qhov kev ua tau zoo tseem ceeb yog cov txheej txheem bebung - ib qho ntawm cov kev xaiv rau cov keyboard vibrato, kev tsim tawm ntawm qhov ua tau tsuas yog ntawm harpsichord.

Vim tias qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tsis zoo yog qhov tsis zoo, ob npaug lossis txawm tias peb npaug ntawm cov hlua rau txhua lub suab tau siv los ua kom ntim.

Lub suab ntim txawv ntawm thawj ob thiab ib nrab octaves mus rau plaub (hauv xyoo pua 16th), thiab tom qab ntawd nthuav cov ciam teb mus rau tsib octaves.

Cov cuab yeej keyboard no thiab cov neeg ua ntej ntawm lub piano feem ntau yog siv hauv tsev ua suab paj nruag, txawm li cas los xij, muaj kev xaiv nrog cov keyboards loj thiab pedals,cia cov organists los xyaum lawv.

Variations

Muaj ob hom ntawm clavichord: txuas thiab pub dawb.

1. Qhov kev sib txuas saib tau yooj yim txoj hlua teeb. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tangets nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm ob los yog peb tus yuam sij tuav tib txoj hlua, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw sib txawv. Qhov kev xaiv no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txo tau cov hlua, tab sis tib lub sijhawm txwv qhov muaj peev xwm ua si ntau daim ntawv tib lub sijhawm.

2. Daim ntawv pub dawb muaj cov txheej txheem ua tiav, qhov twg txhua tus yuam sij sib raug rau qee tus neeg txoj hlua.

Lub ntsuas tau txais nws lub sijhawm muaj koob meej nyob rau xyoo 17th-18th. Cov kws sau nkauj nrov xws li Bach thiab nws tus tub Carl, nrog rau Mozart thiab Ludwig van Beethoven, tau sau ntawv rau clavichord.

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, lub forerunner ntawm lub piano tau hloov tag nrho nws cov menyuam yaus.

Harpsichord: keeb kwm

Lub harpsichord, zoo li lub clavichord, yog ib txoj hlua keyboards, lub suab uas yog plucked.

Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm harpsichord hnub rov qab mus rau 1397 los ntawm Padua (Italian) qhov chaw. Thawj qhov kev sim piav qhia txog qhov ntsuas tau ua nyob rau xyoo 1425 hauv nroog Minden (Lub Tebchaws Yelemees) ntawm lub thaj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj.

Thawj qhov kev piav qhia yog vim Arno, ib haiv neeg ntawm Holland, uas tau piav qhia txog cov cuab yeej zoo li harpsichord hauv daim duab. Lub sijhawm ua haujlwm yog los ntawm 1445. Hmoov tsis zoo, txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj 15-xyoo pua harpsichords tau khaws cia.

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv uas tau nqis los rau hnub no,cov cuab yeej muaj me me luv ntim nrog lub cev loj heev. Feem ntau ntawm cov qauv tau ua nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev kawm Italian nroog Venice.

Cov ntawv sau npe tau zoo nkauj heev, lub cev yog ua los ntawm cov ntoo cypress. Qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm lub suab tau pom meej dua thiab ntse dua, uas txawv qhov harpsichord los ntawm cov lus piav qhia yav dhau los ntawm lub piano - clavichord.

Teem ib lub chaw loj rau kev tsim cov cuab yeej yog lub nroog loj thib ob ntawm Antwerp, nyob hauv Belgium. Qhov kev tsim khoom no tau coj los ntawm tsev neeg Ruckers, tom qab tsim tag nrho cov dynasty ntawm cov kws ua haujlwm. Lawv tus kheej ua haujlwm yog qhov txawv ntawm cov hlua elongated thiab lub cev hnyav.

Txij li xyoo 1590, harpsichords tau tsim nrog ob lub keyboards (manuals).

Nyob rau xyoo pua 17th, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Fabkis, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Askiv ua raws li lawv cov thawj coj Flemish, qee qhov ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no. Cov qauv no yog tsim los ntawm walnut.

Xyoo 1690, kev ua haujlwm ntawm Ruckers tau txuas ntxiv los ntawm cov npoj yaig Fabkis, kev tsim cov tsev neeg Blanche tau ua tiav tshwj xeeb.

Tsev neeg ntawm Kirkman thiab Shudi raug suav hais tias yog tus kws tshaj lij Askiv nto moo. Lawv txoj haujlwm tau lees paub los ntawm nws cov plywood-them ntoo qhib lub cev thiab lub suab dav ntawm cov twj paj nruag uas ci ntsa iab timbre.

Nyob hauv lub nroog German thiab harpsichord-ua qhov chaw ntawm Hamburg, harpsichords nrog peb phau ntawv tau tsim.

Tus thawj ntawm lub piano niaj hnub khaws nws txoj haujlwm solo mus txog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, kom txog rau thaum cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab cov twj paj nruag siab dua tau hloov pauv thawj zaug hauvib nrab xyoo ntawm tib lub xyoo.

Hauv xyoo 1809, lub tuam txhab Kirkman tsim tus qauv kawg, thiab ib xyoos tom qab ntawd tus harpsichord thaum kawg tau poob rau hauv kev tsis siv.

Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ib ntus, lub cuab yeej rov tsim dua tshiab, tus instigator uas yog tus tswv ntawm cov cuab yeej Arnold Dolmech. Nws tsim thawj lub cuab yeej thaum tig ntawm 19th-20th centuries hauv London (1896). Tom qab kev sim ua tiav, Arnold qhib kev cob qhia hauv Fabkis (Paris) thiab Boston (USA).

Pib txij xyoo 1912, ib lub sijhawm ntawm kev zoo nkauj sib txawv ntawm harpsichord tau yug los. Ntawm qhov pib ntawm pianist Wanda Landowska, Pleyel Rhiav qhib kev tsim cov cuab yeej kev hais kwv txhiaj nrog cov hlau loj loj. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv no yog nyob rau hauv lub piano qauv ntawm cov keyboard thiab pedals.

Hmoov tsis zoo, nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, kev zam rau kev hais kwv txhiaj khoom dhau mus. Boston craftsmen Hubbard thiab Dowd yog thawj zaug pib ua replicas ntawm vintage piano forerunners dua.

Kev tsim kho

Nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv qub, cov cuab yeej tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov duab plaub. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, nws tau modernized rau hauv daim duab geometric ntawm daim duab peb sab nrog lub pterygoid thiab oblong pib. Cov hlua tau muab tso rau kab rov tav thiab sib npaug rau cov keyboard.

Kev saib xyuas txaus tau them rau qhov pom ntawm qhov ntsuas: lub cev tiav nrog carvings, kos duab thiab inlays (kho kom zoo nkauj nrog cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov khoom qub).

Cov ntsiab lus hauv qab no tau tshwm sim:

• cas;
• deca;
• cap;
• steg;
• socket;
• tuning pegs;
• keyboard.

Register peev xwm

Lub suab ntawm lub harpsichord yog heev paub: ringing, ntse thiab txawm ci ntsa iab, tab sis lub forerunner ntawm lub piano raws li ib tug ntaus suab paj nruag tsis melodiousness. Qhov no yog vim qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj zog thiab txo qis ntawm lub suab nrov. Hauv qhov no, ntau cov ntawv sau npe tau tsim uas tuaj yeem hloov pauv siv cov txheej txheem phau ntawv (levers), thaj chaw lawv nyob ntawm thaj tsam ntawm cov keyboard. Kev hloov pauv rau ob txhais ceg thiab hauv caug tau nyob ib puag ncig txij li xyoo 1750s.

Nyob ntawm tus qauv, cov npe hauv qab no tau txawv:

• yim-foot - matched suab paj nruag notation;
• lute - los ntawm yim phaus, thaum hloov cov hlua uas tau muffled siv lub tshuab tshwj xeeb ua los ntawm tawv lossis hnov;
• plaub-ko taw - suab nrov dua octave;
• kaum rau taw - suab qis qis dua.

Ntaus

Qhov ntau ntawm harpsichord (ib qho cuab yeej nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub piano) nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th yog peb octaves. Ib puas xyoo tom qab, qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm lub suab tau nthuav mus rau plaub octave units. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, qhov ntau tau ncav cuag nws qhov siab tshaj plaws - tsib octaves.

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm harpsichords muaj ob lub keyboards (phau ntawv), ob (8-ko taw) lossis ib qho (4-ko taw) cov hlua, uas tuaj yeem siv rau ib lub sijhawm uas siv cov ntawv sau npe tsim. Lub copula mechanism kuj tshwm sim, muab lub sijhawmsiv cov npe ntawm cov keyboard thib ob thaum ua si thawj tus.

Variations

Lub clavicorn thiab harpsichord tsis yog cov twj paj nruag nkaus xwb thiab cov neeg ua ntej ntawm piano. Muaj cov qauv me me nrog ib txoj hlua teeb thiab plaub octaves.

1. Spinet - cov hlua tau nthuav dav ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis.



2. Claviceterium - muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm cithara, txij li kev teeb tsa ntawm lub cev thiab cov hlua yog ntsug.
3. Virginel - phau ntawv yog nyob rau sab laug ntawm qhov chaw, thiab cov hlua tau txuas rau ntawm cov yuam sij.
4. Muselar - phau ntawv twb tau mus rau sab xis ntawm lub hauv paus, cov hlua tseem nyob ib sab.

Present

Thaum lub sijhawm tig ntawm 18th thiab 19th centuries, cov suab paj nruag pib hnov zoo heev qhov tsis muaj kev qhia hauv cov keyboard version, uas yuav tsis ua rau lub suab qis dua rau lub violin.

Lub piano nws tus kheej tau tsim los ntawm Bartolomeo Cristofori, tus tswv los ntawm Ltalis. Nyob rau hauv 1709, nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug mechanism uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug rauj, thiab tom qab 2 xyoo kev paub ntawm kev ua ub no tau piav nyob rau hauv ib tug Venetian magazine los ntawm tus kws kos duab critic Scipio Maffei, uas muab lub cuab tam lub npe "pianoforte". Hauv kev txhais lus tag nrho, nws suab zoo li no: "Ib qho cuab yeej keyboard ua si softly thiab nrov."

Kev ua haujlwm thawj zaug sau rau piano yog nyob rau xyoo 1732, ib tug sonata los ntawm Ludovic Giustini.

Piano ntau yam

Ntau tus neeg tau hnov txog cov cuab yeej hauv qabyawg piano thiab piano, tab sis tseem muaj kev tsis meej pem txog lawv qhov sib txawv.

• Piano - ib qho me me ntawm lub piano, qhov twg cov hlua thiab lub suab paj nruag tau teeb tsa vertically.



• Royale - daim ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm lub piano, lub cev uas yog tis-puab. Cov hlua, soundboard thiab mechanics yog teem rau kab rov tav.

Tus piano grand muaj qhov zoo dua ntawm lub suab: lub cav ntoo yog nplua nuj dua thiab qhov ntau ntawm cov dynamics yog ib puas npaug wider.

yam ntxwv

Rau lub suab nyob hauv qab sau npe, ib txoj hlua ua haujlwm, rau tus so (nruab nrab thiab siab) ib khub lossis triple hlua pawg.

Qhov ntau yog los ntawm A subcontraoctave mus rau thib tsib octave, rau tag nrho ntawm 88 semitones lossis, yooj yim dua, cov yuam sij.

Result

Keeb kwm ntawm lub piano thiab nws cov thawj coj rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm qub thaum ub. Txhua qhov cuab yeej tom ntej yog ib kauj ruam mus rau ib daim ntawv zoo meej dua, yam tsis muaj suab paj nruag tam sim no.