Lavxias tus kws kes duab vajtse A. D. Zakharov: biography thiab tej hauj lwm

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Andreyan Dmitrievich Zakharov, uas tau mob siab rau ntau xyoo ntawm nws lub neej los tsim cov duab ntawm St. Petersburg, paub thoob plaws ntiaj teb ua tus sau ntawm Admir alty lub tsev. Nws qhov tseem ceeb rau Lavxias teb sab architecture tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees ntau dhau, nws txiav txim siab txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev.

A. D. Zakharov, tus kws kes duab vajtse, yug thaum Lub Yim Hli 8, 1761 hauv St. Petersburg hauv tsev neeg ntawm tus thawj coj saib xyuas, tus thawj coj. Nws txiv, Dmitry Ivanovich Zakharov, tau txais ib tug heev me me nyiaj hli, tab sis nws muaj peev xwm tsa tau ob tug tub uas yog kev txaus siab ntawm lub Fatherland. Tus tub hlob, Yakov Dmitrievich Zakharov, tau los ua ib tug kws qhia ntawv, xib fwb ntawm chemistry thiab mechanics. Tus yau tshaj plaws - Andreyan Dmitrievich Zakharov - los ua ib tug zoo kawg nkaus architect. Txij thaum yau, leej txiv tau coj kev ua siab loj thiab xav paub hauv nws cov tub. Nws ua tib zoo saib cov me nyuam muaj peev xwm thiab pom tau lawv tej txuj ci. Andreyan raug xa mus rau ib lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Academy of Arts thaum muaj hnub nyoog 6 xyoo. Hauv chav kawm, tsis ntev nws dhau los ua ib tus tub ntxhais kawm zoo tshaj plaws. Tus tub yeej nws thawj qhov kev kawm tau txais txiaj ntsig ob xyoos tom qabphau ntawv.

Nrhiav tus hu

Tom qab kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, AD Zakharov nkag mus rau hauv chav kawm architectural ntawm Academy of Arts. Tus tub hluas lub peev xwm pab nws sai sai ua tiav kev kawm, cov kws qhia ntawv tau sau tseg nws lub zeem muag spatial. Nws kawm nrog cov masters zoo: A. F. Kokorinova, Yus M. Felten, I. E. Starov. Andrey Dmitrievich Zakharov ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev tsim vaj tsev thiab hauv xyoo 1782 nws tau kawm tiav los ntawm Academy. Nws yog tsim "hauv chav kawm 14 ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam" thiab tau txais khoom plig.

Zoo kawm ntawv

Lub sijhawm kawm xyoo, Andrey Zakharov tau sau tag nrho cov khoom plig los ntawm Academy. Ib tug debut ua hauj lwm ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej kws kes duab vajtse - qhov project "Lub teb chaws lub tsev" - tau txais ib tug me me nyiaj puav pheej ntawm lub Academy. Qhov no yog qhov khoom plig siab tshaj plaws rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv qib siab. Nyob rau hauv 1780, nws twb tau txais ib tug loj nyiaj npib, thiab thaum tiav nws cov kev tshawb fawb, ib tug kub puav pheej rau lub project "Foxal" ("Lub tsev ntawm Library") thiab mus rau Paris "kom tau txais kev vam meej ntxiv nyob rau hauv architecture." Lub sijhawm no, AD Zakharov tau nyiam los ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm classicism, siv zog ua kom muaj tswv yim tshiab hauv cov khoom.

Xyoo 1782, Andreyan, nrog rau peb tus tub kawm ntawv, tuaj rau Paris. Ntawm no lawv pib mus kawm chav kawm kos duab lub neej. Zakharov kawm nrog tus thawj Fabkis kws kes duab vajtse J. F. Chalgrin, thiab tseem muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tshaj lij hauv Paris, C. Ledoux, uas nws lub zog loj thiab zoo tagnrho hauv cov haujlwm yooj yim nyiam cov tub ntxhais kawm los ntawm Russia. Schalgren, tus sau ntawm nto mooArc de Triomphe nyob rau hauv Paris, yog lub brightest sawv cev ntawm Fabkis classicism, ib tug innovator thiab ib tug advanced architect, nws cov tswv yim organically muab tso rau hauv av npaj nyob rau hauv lub Academy rau views ntawm A. Zakharov. Lub sijhawm no, nws lub tswv yim zoo nkauj tab tom tsim thiab tus sau txoj kev yog maturing, uas tseem tsis tau siv rau hauv cov qauv.

thawj kauj ruam hauv txoj haujlwm

Nyob rau hauv 1786 AD Zakharov rov qab mus rau Russia, tag nrho ntawm kev npaj thiab kev cia siab rau yav tom ntej. Nws tau tso siab rau kev qhia nws cov kev txawj ntse hauv qhov project ntawm kev ua tiav lub tsev ntawm Academy of Arts, tau ntau xyoo nws yuav tsum tau coj kev kho, ua tiav thiab hloov kho lub tsev, qhov kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo thiab lub nra hnyav heev rau tus kws tsim vaj tsev. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1790 nws muaj peev xwm hloov cov xwm txheej ntawm kev txhim kho Academy mus rau lwm tus kws kes duab vajtse. Zakharov ua raws li kev txiav txim me me, piv txwv li, qhov project ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv hauv lub zos Lyubuchi. Thawj qhov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tus kws tsim vaj tsev tau tshwm sim hauv 1791, qhov no yog kev kho kom zoo nkauj rau lub sijhawm kawg ntawm kev sib haum xeeb nrog Turkey. Nyob rau hauv qhov project, Zakharov tau ua pov thawj nws tus kheej tsis yog tsuas yog ib tug kws tshaj lij, tab sis kuj yog ib tug patriot. Nyob rau hauv nws txoj hauj lwm, nws embodied lub tswv yim ntawm lub greatness ntawm Russia thiab kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv lub feat ntawm Suvorov nyob rau hauv lub capture ntawm Ishmael.

Kev qhia ua haujlwm

Andreyan Dmitrievich Zakharov, uas nws biography yog inextricably txuas nrog St. Petersburg, tam sim ntawd thaum nws rov qab mus rau nws lub teb chaws, nws los rau nws haiv neeg Academy nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv 1787 nws tau cuv npe ua ib tug kws tshaj lij, nyob rau hauv 1792 nws tiv thaiv qhov project thiab los uaAcademy xibfwb. Zakharov tsis tawm nws txoj haujlwm pedagogical mus txog thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej. Nws tau los ua ib tug kws qhia txuj ci, dhau xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm nws muaj peev xwm ua tau haujlwm zoo, thiab tsim tau ntau tus tub ntxhais kawm tsim nyog. Tshwj xeeb, A. N. Voronikhin, nws cov tub ntxhais kawm yog tus kws tshaj lij Lavxias teb sab AI. Melnikov.

Gatchina Architect

Xyoo 1799, Andrey Dmitrievich Zakharov, uas nws txoj haujlwm thiab cov haujlwm tau pom los ntawm cov thawj coj siab tshaj plaws hauv lub tebchaws. Pavel thawj tsa nws ua tus thawj kws kes duab vajtse Gatchina, thaum tuav lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus xibfwb ntawm Academy. Ntawm no nws tsim tej yaam num rau ntau lub tsev thiab cov qauv. Thaum xub thawj nws pib ua haujlwm ntawm qhov project ntawm lub tuam tsev, tab sis kev tuag ntawm Povlauj tsis tso cai rau txoj haujlwm no ua tiav. Nyob rau hauv nws, Zakharov xav embody lub Novgorod-Pskov kab lig kev cai ntawm lub tuam tsev architecture. Nyob rau hauv nws kev coj noj coj ua, lub tsev teev ntuj Lutheran tab tom ua hauv Gatchina, uas tsis tau muaj sia nyob mus txog niaj hnub no. Nws kuj tsim ob lub choj: Gorbaty thiab Lviny, tswj kom tiav ob lub pavilions: "Aviary" thiab "Farm". Thawj tus tsim, tab sis tus thib ob tau nres los ntawm Paul txoj kev tuag.

Tam sim no, Zakharov koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov haujlwm tshawb fawb "Lavxias teb sab Architecture", uas muab sijhawm rau nws los txiav txim siab nthuav dav cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub tebchaws kev coj noj coj ua thiab mus ncig thoob tebchaws. Thaum lub sij hawm no, nws nkag siab tob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm Lavxias teb sab architecture, paub qhov tshwj xeeb thiab lub zog ntawm Lavxias teb sab toj roob hauv pes thiab npaj txhij los tsim tej yaam num loj.

Ua haujlwmhla lub ntsej muag ntawm Vasilyevsky Island

A. D. Zakharov tsim nyob rau hauv nws cov txuj ci, nws harmoniously ua ke ib tug txawj ntse architect thiab ib tug zoo heev tswv yim builder. Nws raug caw los ua tus kws tshaj lij hauv txhua qhov haujlwm loj uas tau ua nyob rau hauv St. Yog li nws ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tsim cov phiaj xwm Exchange. Nyob rau hauv 1804, tus kws kes duab vajtse tsim ib qhov project rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub embankment ntawm Vasilyevsky Island nrog lub restructuring ntawm lub tsev ntawm lub Academy of Arts. Nyob rau hauv nws, tus kws kes duab vajtse xav kom embody cov kev cai zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Fabkis architecture nrog arches thiab colonnades. Qhov project tau txais kev ntsuam xyuas siab heev los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov npoj yaig, tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem ua raws li txoj kev npaj, cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov duab kos tsis tau khaws cia. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Andrey Dmitrievich tau ua haujlwm rau txoj kev txhim kho rau Nizhny Novgorod Fair, tsim ib qhov project rau lub rooj cob qhia rau lub Academy of Arts.

Kev lag luam ntawm lub neej yog Admir alty

A. D. Zakharov, ib tug kws kes duab vajtse Lavxias teb sab uas tau poob hauv keeb kwm raws li tus tsim ntawm ib lub tsev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv St. Petersburg - Admir alty. Nyob rau hauv 1805, nws tau raug xaiv los ua tus thawj kws kes duab vajtse ntawm Admin alty department, uas thaum lub sij hawm ntawd loj heev thiab xav tau ntau lub tsev. Zakharov tau tsim ntau yam haujlwm, tsis yog txhua tus tau ua tiav, qee cov qauv tsis tau khaws cia, tab sis qhov ntsuas ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau zoo heev. Nws tsim rau ntau lub nroog hauv tebchaws Russia: Kronstadt, St. Petersburg, Kherson, Revel, Arkhangelsk, muaj ntau yam haujlwm. Zakharov rhiab heev rau txhua qhov project thiab tsis tau tawm ntawm ib lub tsev tsis tiav, qee zaum tseem ceeb heev, los ntawm cov tsev ua haujlwm me mus rau lub tsev loj ntawm Admir alty hauv Arkhangelsk thiabAstrakhan. Nyob rau hauv cov dej num no, Zakharov lub peev xwm ua ib lub nroog npaj tau tshwm sim, nws txiav txim siab qhov tsos ntawm embankments ntawm ntau lub nroog Lavxias. Cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov tuam tsev ntawm Tsev Kho Mob Hiav Txwv Dub hauv Kherson, Cadet Corps hauv Nikolaev, txoj haujlwm ntawm txoj hlua cog hauv Arkhangelsk.

Thiab tsis tau, txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Zakharov lub neej yog qhov project ntawm lub tsev loj ntawm St. Petersburg Admir alty. Nws tau tsim ib lub tsev zoo nkauj, loj loj, qhov ntev ntawm nws lub façade yog 400 meters. Lub suab thiab symmetry ntawm lub façade decorated nrog sculptures zoo nkaus li majestic thiab loj. Ib tug pej thuam nrog ib tug spire thiab ib lub nkoj golden teeb tsa lub ntsug, uas tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub nroog toj roob hauv pes. Lub tsev tau dhau los ua tus pinnacle ntawm Zakharov txoj kev muaj tswv yim, txhua yam zoo meej hauv lub tsev no: los ntawm kev xav txog kev ua haujlwm rau lub ntsej muag majestic thiab sib haum xeeb.

Architect's work

Andreyan Dmitrievich Zakharov, uas nws cov duab ntawm cov tsev niaj hnub no adorn tag nrho cov phau ntawv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab architecture, tsim ntau tej yaam num ntawm ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg nyob rau hauv ntau lub nroog ntawm lub teb chaws. Cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog:

• Cathedral ntawm St. Andrew thawj zaug hu hauv Kronstadt;
• kev npaj ua haujlwm ib ntus kob hauv Admir alty ntawm St. Petersburg;
• Cathedral ntawm Dawb Huv Great Martyr Catherine hauv Yekaterinoslav;
• tsev kho mob Marine nyob rau sab Vyborg ntawm St. Petersburg;
• Alexander Nevsky Cathedral hauv Izhevsk;
• re-plan ntawm Main Rowing Chaw nres nkoj hauv St. Petersburg.

Ntau lub tsev Zakharov tsis tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no, tab sis nws cov keeb kwm yav dhau loskoob meej txaus siab los ntawm cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv.

Lub neej ntiag tug

Tus kws kos duab Andrey Dmitrievich Zakharov mob siab rau nws lub neej tag nrho rau nws txoj haujlwm uas nws hlub. Nws tau qhia ntau yam, ua haujlwm rau tej haujlwm, thiab tsis muaj sijhawm los npaj kev zoo siab rau tus kheej. Nws mob siab rau nws lub sijhawm dawb los kawm cov phau ntawv kho tshuab, kos duab, thev naus laus zis, thiab nyiam siv ntoo. Zakharov raug kev txom nyem los ntawm lub plawv nres, tab sis tsis muab ib qho tseem ceeb rau qhov no. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1811, nws mob heev thiab tuag rau lub Cuaj Hlis 8. Academy of Arts qhia nws txoj kev tu siab tshaj plaws ntawm nws txoj kev tawm mus tsis raws sijhawm. Hmoov tsis zoo, tus kws tsim vaj tsev zoo tsis tau tswj xyuas kom pom nws cov haujlwm loj ua tiav, ntau yam ntawm nws cov haujlwm tau ua ntej lawv lub sijhawm thiab tsis tau ua tiav.