Tseem muaj sia nyob nrog lub pob txha taub hau: lub npe ntawm cov kev taw qhia, cov cim, cov duab kos duab

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

"Lub neej tseem nrog lub pob txha taub hau lub npe yog dab tsi?" - Cov lus nug no yog nug los ntawm ob qho tib si nyiam kos duab thiab cov neeg ua yeeb yam tshiab. Thaum twg thawj zaug uas tseem muaj sia nyob tshwm sim, lawv txhais li cas thiab cov kws ua yeeb yam feem ntau siv cov pob txha taub hau hauv lawv cov ntawv sau? Nrhiav cov lus teb rau cov lus nug no thiab lwm yam lus nug ntxiv hauv kab lus.

Allegorical tseem lub neej vanitas

Tab sis tseem, lub neej tseem nrog lub pob txha lub npe hu li cas? Cov lus teb yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm lub sub title - vanitas, uas txhais los ntawm Latin txhais tau tias "vanity" los yog "vanity". Xws li cov duab kos tsis yog ib yam ntawm cov tseem muaj sia nyob, tab sis kuj yog ib qho ntawm qhov ntxov tshaj plaws, nrog rau cov duab zoo nkauj ntawm kev ua si thiab lwm yam tsiaj los ntawm kev yos hav zoov. Tab sis vim li cas lawv thiaj li tau txais lub npe zoo li no? Qhov tseeb yog tias lo lus "vanitas" tau rov ua dua ob peb zaug hauv ib lo lus uas tau muab los ntawm phau Vajlugkub txhais lus Latin:

Vajtswv txojlus hais tias, Vajntsujplig hais tias, qhov uas tsis muaj qabhau, txhua yam yog qhov tsis muaj qabhau!

"Vanitas vanitatum" - qhov no yog qhov nws txhais tau"Vanity". Thawj vanitas tsis yog cov duab kos duab ywj pheej - monochrome tseem muaj sia nyob nrog lub pob txha taub hau thiab taws tswm ciab yog ib txwm kos rau sab nraum qab ntawm Renaissance portraits. Qhov no qhia txog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm kev ua, hinting ntawm kev tuag ntawm tus neeg uas tau piav qhia, lwm sab ntawm lub neej. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias qhov tseem ceeb flowering ntawm vanitas raws li ib tug ywj siab subgenre tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub Baroque era, thawj cov tseem muaj sia nyob tau pom nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th, txuas ntxiv mus tshwm nyob rau hauv lub 19th thiab 20th centuries, thiab kuj muaj qee zaum siv niaj hnub no. Lub ntsiab lus allegorical uas puv nrog lub neej tseem nrog lub pob txha taub hau yuav tsis plam nws qhov tseeb.

Bartolomew Brain Senior

Ntawm kev tsim tawm saum toj no koj tuaj yeem pom lub neej tseem nrog lub pob txha taub hau thiab taws tswm ciab los ntawm 1524 hu ua "Vanity of Vanities", pleev xim los ntawm German tus kws kos duab Bartholomew (Bartolomeus) Brain the Elder. Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm vanitas yog piav nyob rau hauv no minimalist Renaissance painting. Raws li nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tom ntej paintings, qhov chaw ntawm daim duab yog lub pob txha taub hau, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cais lub puab tsaig sab laug yog xav paub. Ib tug tswm ciab extinguished symbolize ib tug ncaim mus. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm vanitas thaum ntxov yog ib daim ntawv nrog Latin kev coj ncaj ncees - qhov no yog cov kab lus "Txhua yam raug rhuav tshem los ntawm kev tuag, kev tuag yog qhov kawg ntawm txhua yam."

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias daim duab no yog ib qho ntawm thawj hom, yog li Bartholomeus Brain tuaj yeem raug hu ua ib tus txiv ntawm vanitas painting. Tam sim noCov duab khaws cia hauv Kröller-Müller Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Netherlands.

Jacob de Gein II

Thawj Dutch tseem muaj sia nyob nrog lub pob txha taub hau, kev yug me nyuam uas tuaj yeem pom saum toj no, kuj yog thawj lub neej rau Holland tag nrho. Nws tus kws sau ntawv yog tus kws kos duab Jacob de Hein II, nws tau pleev xim rau "Tseem Lub Neej Vanitas" hauv xyoo 1603. Daim duab no yog qhov txawv tshaj plaw hauv nws cov duab lub zog thiab xim qhov tob, qhov no yog yuav luag txhua lub neej tseem ceeb ntawm Dutch masters, suav nrog Rubens thiab Rembrandt, yuav zoo li. Ntawm no, lub pob txha taub hau tseem yog ib txwm muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw so.

Lub vase sab laug qhia txog lub tulip, lub cim Dutch classic ntawm pov tseg thiab tsis muaj lub luag haujlwm, thaum lub vase sab xis yog nyob los ntawm tsuas yog ib lub qia qhuav xwb. Qhov no yog ib qho piv txwv hais tias ua ntej tuag, nplua nuj thiab pluag, hluas thiab laus yog sib npaug. Npib ntawm ntau yam denominations tawg nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub pob txha taub hau kuj allude rau squandering. Saum lub pob txha taub hau nyob rau hauv qhib muaj ib tug loj iav pob, nyob rau hauv lub chav tsev yog reflected - zoo li iav, nyob rau hauv vanitas xws li cov khoom txhais tau tias ib tug cuav duab ntawm kev muaj tiag, nyob rau hauv uas tib neeg lub cev tig tom qab nws tuag. Nws yog xav paub tias nyob rau hauv lub arch de Geyn nkag mus rau cov duab zoo nkauj ntawm ib tug luag Democritus thiab quaj Heraclitus, tus yam ntxwv ntawm ob lub Renaissance thiab lub Baroque. Cov duab no yog khaws cia rau hauv Metropolitan Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm New York.

Daim duab tseem ceeb ntawm tsab xov xwm tseem qhia txog cov duab kos los ntawm tus kws kos duab hu ua "Tseem lub neej vanitas", tsim nyob rau hauv1621. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb Baroque tseem muaj sia nyob, muaj ntau yam khoom cim, suav nrog ntau phau ntawv uas qhia txog kev kawm, laurel wreath, armor thiab mantle hinting ntawm lub zog thiab lub zog, nrog rau cov twj paj nruag thiab busts - tag nrho cov no yog yam. uas koj tsis tuaj yeem nqa nrog koj mus rau hauv lub ntxa, thiab yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv qhov chaw dua lub pob txha taub hau. Tus kws kos duab xav hais tias tsuas yog tus ntsuj plig muaj nuj nqis, thiab txhua yam yog fussy thiab ib ntus, vim hais tias txawm tus neeg lub cev pob txha yuav tsis nyob tom qab tuag.

Peter Klas

Peter Klass, lwm tus neeg pleev kob Dutch, kuj yog tus kiv cua loj ntawm pob txha taub hau tseem muaj sia nyob. Nws muaj ntau tshaj li ib puas qhov sib txawv vanitas paintings nyob rau hauv nws tus account, tej zaum nws redraws tib yam muaj pes tsawg leeg ob peb zaug, hloov ib co insignificant khoom los yog lub kaum sab xis ntawm lub teeb nyob rau hauv nws. Saum toj no koj tuaj yeem pom kev luam tawm ntawm cov duab hauv qab no:

• "Tseem muaj sia nyob nrog pob txha taub hau thiab Feather", 1628.
• "Vanitas", 1630th.
• "Tseem lub neej vanitas", 1630.
• "Vanitas tseem muaj sia nyob nrog phau ntawv, pob txha taub hau, roj teeb, iav thiab cwj mem", 1630th.

Peter Claesz lub pob txha taub hau tseem muaj sia nyob muaj ntau yam khoom ruaj khov. Yuav luag txhua lub sijhawm, qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog ua tiav los ntawm lub teeb roj lossis tswm ciab, plaub, lub hnab tshos saib, txiv ntseej thiab lub khob rov qab - feem ntau nrog cov qia. Raws li twb paub lawm, tswm ciab thiab teeb lub cim lub neej ploj mus, ib tug cwj mem, zoo li phau ntawv, - kev kawm. Lub xub ntiag ntawm lub moos qhia txog lub sijhawm hloov pauv ntawm lub sijhawm lossis lub neej nres, tsootxiv ntseej hais txog lub plhaub tawg ntawm lub cev, lub khob rov qab - hais txog kev tsim txom ntawm kev qaug cawv.

Feem ntau ntawm tus kws kos duab vanitas tseem muaj sia nyob yog nyob hauv Metropolitan Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm New York.

Adrien van Utrecht

Saum toj no koj tuaj yeem pom kev luam tawm ntawm cov duab "Vanity of Vanities" los ntawm Adrian van Utrecht, uas tus kws kos duab Belgian pleev xim rau xyoo 1640. Lwm lub npe rau lub canvas yog "Tseem Lub Neej Nrog Lub Pob Txha thiab Pob Txha". Tag nrho cov cim qhia nyob rau hauv no vanitas yog nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev los yog lwm yam kev cob cog rua nrog vanity thiab khib, feem ntau yog poj niam. Ib pob paj ntawm tulips thiab roses, nrog rau lub plhaub loj loj hais txog kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab kev ntshaw, ntau yam ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, nyiaj npib thiab ob hom champagne tsom iav - hais txog kev khib nyiab, cov yeeb nkab haus luam yeeb qhia txog kev xav tau thiab kev hlub rau kev lom zem. Tam sim no, "Vanity of Vanities" yog nyob rau hauv tus kheej sau.

Harmen van Steenwijk

Tsis tsawg dua Pieter Claesz, tus neeg pleev kob Dutch Harven van Steenwijk nyiam piav txog lub neej tseem nrog pob txha taub hau. Saum toj no yog luam tawm ntawm cov duab hauv qab no:

• "Tseem lub neej vanitas", circa 1640.
• "Allegory ntawm bustle ntawm tib neeg lub neej", circa 1640.
• "Tseem txoj sia", circa 1640.
• "Tseem muaj sia nyob ntawm lub pob zeb sculpted, pob txha taub hau, roj teeb thiab lwm yam khoom ntawm lub pob zeb ledge", circa 1650.

Tab sis, tsis zoo li kev ua haujlwm ntawm Pieter Claesz, van Steenwijk tsis uasau cov phiaj xwm monotonous - yuav luag txhua lub sijhawm lawv tau sau nrog ntau yam kev ntseeg, sau rau hauv lub teeb thiab xim sib txawv, thiab txawm tias txoj hauj lwm ntawm pob txha taub hau yog ib txwm txawv. Ntawm cov duab kos duab, qhov zoo sib xws tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv thawj ob - lawv koom ua ke los ntawm cov duab ntawm rab ntaj, lub plhaub thiab cov ntaub liab kim. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si, lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub zog thiab lub zog ua ntej kev tuag, nrog rau ib tug hint ntawm depravity (plhaub) txhais tau tias. Tab sis nyob rau hauv thawj daim duab koj tuaj yeem pom cov kav dej thiab lub raj mis - kev tsim txom ntawm potions thiab kev lom zem sai sai. Ntawm qhov thib ob - ntau yam khoom siv tooj liab, uas hais txog kev khaws cia, stinginess, uas tus kws kos duab kuj tsis pom zoo.

Daim duab thib peb yog qhov sib txawv kiag li - nws yog tsim los ntawm cov xim ci, muaj cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo siav, lub raj nplaim, cov phau ntawv, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib txuas lus. Tag nrho cov no, feem ntau yuav, qhia txog qhov tseeb tias txawm tias cov tub ntxhais hluas cov lus paj huam tuaj yeem poob (txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab txiv duaj yog nws cov cim). Nyob rau hauv lub xeem canvas, cov kav dej thiab riam phom tau piav qhia dua, tab sis nws yog qhov nthuav nrog ntau qhov txawv txav ntawm busts, sculptures thiab portraits. Feem ntau, txhua yam no hais txog tib neeg kev nco, uas ua tsaug rau ntau yam kev nco txog tus neeg tuag.

Simon Renard de Saint-André

Fab Kis tus kws kos duab Simon Renard de Saint-Andre kuj yog tus tswv ntawm hom ntawv no. Saum toj no koj tuaj yeem pom cov ntawv luam ntawm cov duab hauv qab no:

• "Vanitas", 1650.
• "Tseem txoj sia", circa 1650.
• "Tseem lub neej vanitas", xyoo tsis paub.
• "Tseem txoj sia", circa 1660.
• "Tseem lub neej vanitas", circa 1660.

Zoo li Harmen van Steenwijk, Saint-André muaj ntau haiv neeg nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws lub neej tseem ceeb. Cov paintings txawv nyob rau hauv lub teeb, xim thiab cim. Cov npuas xab npum tuaj yeem txawv los ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsis tau hais txog yav dhau los. Qhov no yog ib qho kev siv rau cov lus Latin "tus txiv neej yog xab npum npuas", hinting ntawm kev hloov pauv thiab tsis muaj zog ntawm lub neej. Tsis tas li ntawd, yuav luag ib txwm nyob hauv vanitas Saint-Andre tsis yog tsuas yog cov cuab yeej suab paj nruag xwb, tab sis kuj sau ntawv, uas hais txog kev ua neej nyob thiab kev kos duab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li cas hauv nws, uas tuaj yeem ua rau nco txog tus neeg txawj ntse tom qab nws tuag. Cov paj tawg tau dhau los ua haujlwm ntawm tus neeg pleev kob no ib hom kev hloov pauv rau lub tswm ciab uas ploj lawm.

Francis Gijsbrechts

Lub neej tseem nrog pob txha taub hau ntawm Dutchman Francis Gijsbrechts kuj txawv los ntawm ntau yam khoom siv. Saum toj no koj tuaj yeem pom kev luam tawm ntawm nws cov duab kos hu ua "Vanitas" 1660, tsis paub thiab 1676. Nws yog qhov pom tau los ntawm lawv tias Gijsbrechts 'pob txha taub hau tsis yog qhov chaw ntawm cov phiaj xwm, tab sis tsuas yog ib feem ntawm nws, feem ntau yog raws li phau ntawv lossis lwm yam khoom. Nrog rau ntau yam zoo li no, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob nrhiav cov ntsiab lus sib cais hauv txhua qhov ntawm lawv - tag nrho ua ke lawv tus kheej lub neej uas muaj ntau dhau, tab sis tseem ua rau tuag.

Qhov nthuav tshaj plaws yog daim duab thib peb uas piav txog lub neej tseem nrog lub pob txha taub hau ntawm lub easel thiab nrog lub palette - yog li tus kws kos duab xav hais tias nwsthiab nws tus kheej yeej tsis hnov qab txog kev tuag, thiab tsis yog qhia lwm tus xwb.

Philippe de Champagne

Txawm hais tias "Tseem Lub Neej Nrog Lub Pob Txha" los ntawm Fabkis tus neeg pleev kob Philippe de Champagne tau pleev xim rau hauv nruab nrab-1670s, nws hais txog cov neeg saib rau cov haujlwm ua ntej ntawm vanitas, yam ntxwv ntawm Renaissance, hauv qhov zoo tshaj plaws Cov kev cai ntawm Bartholomeus Brain the Elder. Cov duab zoo sib xws rau qhov nthuav dav me tshaj plaws, thiab tag nrho cov cim twb paub lawm - lub pob txha taub hau nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, nruj me ntsis nyob rau hauv nruab nrab, hu kom tsis nco qab txog lub vanity ntawm vanities, lub tulip tshiab hais lus tsis muaj dab tsi, thiab lub hourglass hais lus. inexorability ntawm lub sij hawm. Koj tuaj yeem pom cov duab hauv Fabkis Tessa Tsev khaws puav pheej.

Jurian van Streck

Thiab, Dutchman Jurian van Streck tsis tau ncaim ntawm lub neej tseem ceeb nrog lub pob txha taub hau los ntawm Baroque era thaum tsim nws cov duab kos rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm vanitas hauv 1680. Lub pob txha taub hau tsis nyob hauv qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm no - ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tag nrho cov xim ntawm cov neeg saib yog nyiam los ntawm cov plaub loj loj uas sawv hauv nruab nrab thiab qhia meej faib cov ntaub hauv ib nrab. Tsis tas li ntawm no yog cov tub rog kaus mom hlau, daggers thiab phau ntawv nrog Sophocles 'ua si "Electra". Feem ntau, nws yog qhov kev ua si uas yog tus yuam sij rau kev nkag siab tus kws kos duab lub tswv yim - feathers tej zaum lub cim qhia txog qhov tsis pom kev tsis pom kev, kev xav ntawm tus kheej txoj cai, thiab lub kaus mom hlau thiab daggers personify tua neeg thiab kua zaub ntsuab. Ib qho kev nthuav qhia yog lub ci liab poj niam portrait ntawm ib txoj phuam qhwv caj dab, uas tus saib ua ntej ntawm tag nrho yuav siv sij hawm rau ib tug shapeless ntshav stain.

Paul Cezanne

Vanitas tau tawm ntawm kev zam los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, thiab tsis tshua muaj neeg nyob rau xyoo 18th. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv rov qab los nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, reborn nyob rau hauv lub painting ntawm lub Impressionists, Post-Impressionists thiab Expressionists. Paul Cezanne, tus naas ej Fabkis tus kws kos duab tom qab impressionist, tau los ua ib tus thawj txhawb siab ntawm tseem muaj sia nyob nrog lub pob txha taub hau. Saum toj no yog luam tawm ntawm nws txoj haujlwm:

• "Vanitas", 1866.
• "Peb Lub taub hau", 1895.
• "Tseem muaj sia nyob nrog lub pob txha taub hau", 1898.
• "Pyramid of Skulls", 1900.

Ntawm thawj daim ntaub koj tuaj yeem pom qhov kev coj ua ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam baroque - xim, cov khoom sib xws thiab cov yam ntxwv zoo sib xws. Peb lwm yam haujlwm tau sau tom qab thawj zaug, nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thiab qhov no yog qhov pom tau. Lawv xav tias tus kws kos duab nws tus kheej style, tab sis tsis muaj kev sib txuas rau vanitas ntawm Renaissance thiab Baroque. "Tseem Lub neej nrog lub pob txha taub hau" los ntawm Cezanne yog zoo li ib tug tub ntxhais kawm raug tsim tawm ntawm lub neej tseem ceeb, uas nws txhob txwm txiav txim siab txav deb ntawm cov canons ntawm subtext tau txais hauv vanitas.

Vincent van Gogh

Tab sis cov hauj lwm ntawm tus nto moo Dutch impressionist Vincent van Gogh tsis tuaj yeem hu ua vanitas hauv kev nkag siab tag nrho, vim tsis muaj dab tsi ntawm lawv tsuas yog pob txha taub hau. Txawm li cas los xij, cov no tseem muaj sia nyob, vim tias pob txha taub hau yog ib yam khoom tsis muaj sia, thiab tsis tuaj yeem muaj portrait. Saum toj no yog luam tawm ntawm cov duab hauv qab no los ntawm tus tswv:

• "Lub pob txha taub hau nrog cov luam yeeb kub",1886
• "Skull in profile", 1887.
• "Skull", 1887.

Thawj txoj haujlwm tau sau los ntawm tus kws kos duab thaum nws kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv kos duab - van Gogh npau taws rau qhov kev txiav txim siab tsis zoo rau cov duab ntawm tib neeg ua ntej lub hauv paus ntawm lub cev tau ua tiav. Tias yog vim li cas nws thiaj txiav txim siab ua kom lub cev kos duab los ntawm kev ntxig ib lub luam yeeb rau hauv nws cov hniav. Tom qab ntawd, van Gogh txawm li cas los xij ua tiav ob txoj kev kawm tseem muaj sia nyob nrog lub pob txha taub hau - ib qho hauv profile thiab lwm lub ntsej muag.

Pablo Picasso

Tus naas ej Spanish Pablo Picasso kuj nyiam sau ntawv vanitas. Txawm hais tias nws paintings yog ua nyob rau hauv ib tug symbolic expressionist yam, lawv tseem classic tseem muaj sia nyob nrog lub pob txha taub hau, nyob rau hauv lub zoo tshaj plaws zajlus kab lig kev cai. Saum toj no koj tuaj yeem pom kev luam tawm ntawm Picasso cov duab:

• " pob txha taub hau, hiav txwv urchins thiab teeb", 1943.
• "Tseem muaj sia nyob nrog pob txha taub hau thiab jug", 1943.
• "Black pitcher and skull", 1946.
• "Vanitas. pob txha taub hau, phau ntawv thiab roj roj teeb", 1946.

Koj tuaj yeem pom cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov lus piav qhia - lub teeb roj av (tsis yog roj lossis tswm ciab), phau ntawv, tais diav. Txawm hais tias tus kws kos duab tus qauv qub, txawm tias nyob hauv cov xim ci, nws muaj peev xwm nthuav tawm lub tswv yim zoo li no tseem muaj sia nyob.

Study work

Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th mus rau niaj hnub no, lub neej tseem nrog lub pob txha taub hau ua rau hauv cwj mem tau suav nrog hauv cov ntawv qhia kev kos duab thiab kos duab - ob qho tib si hauv tsev kawm qib siab thiab hauv tsev kawm kos duab. Tam sim ntawd tom qab tus tub ntxhais kawm masters tus cwj mem kos duabpob txha taub hau los ntawm qhov xwm txheej, ua raws li chiaroscuro, nws raug caw kom nkag mus rau hauv lub neej tseem ceeb - raws li txoj cai, nrog tswm ciab, phau ntawv thiab qee yam khoom siv. Thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd, cov kws ua yeeb yam pib pib ua yeeb yam vanitas hauv cov xim.

Coj txawv txawv li nws zoo li, tab sis tseem muaj sia nyob nrog lub pob txha taub hau tseem ceeb heev rau cov duab kos duab. Thiab, raws li cov neeg pleev kob zoo tib yam, cov kws yees duab thaij duab thaum lawv kawm yuav tsum tsim kom muaj lub neej zoo sib xws thiab thaij duab kev cob qhia. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov haujlwm no yog kev tsim cov xim, ze li sai tau rau cov duab ntawm Baroque era, nrog rau kev nplua nuj ntawm ntau yam khoom cim nyob ib puag ncig lub pob txha taub hau.