Sonata-symphony voj voog: yam ntxwv ntawm hom, qauv, hom thiab tus naj npawb ntawm qhov chaw

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Sonata-symphonic voj voog yog ib daim ntawv nyuaj uas muaj ntau yam. Nws tau ntev tau paub, thiab tseem muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev sau nkauj ua haujlwm rau hnub no. Cov hom ntawm sonata-symphonic voj voog yog siv los sau sonatas, instrumental ensembles (quartet, trio, quintet) thiab concertos, as well as symphonies. Qhov tsim ntawm niaj hnub saib ntawm daim ntawv no tau tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, thiab lub hauv paus txawm ua ntej.

Cov qauv ntawm lub voj voog classical sonata-symphony tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm tsim cov kws sau ntawv xws li V. A. Mozart thiab J. Haydn. Cais, Beethoven yuav tsum tau muab cais tawm, vim nws tau los ua tus tsim ntawm lub suab paj nruag, sau 104 daim suab paj nruag hauv hom ntawv no. Tag nrho cov tshuab raj no yog nyob rau hauv tsev kawm Viennese. Thiab tam sim no koj yuav tsum paub seb yam dab tsi muaj daim ntawv ntawm lub voj voog sonata-symphonic.

Nyiaj

Cov suab paj nruag zoo li no nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub voj voog belongs rau ib hom hauv qab no:

• Symphony.
• Sonata.
• Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws.
• Instrumental Ensemble.

Classical sonata-symphony voj voog

Features:

1. Homophonic - harmonic warehouse (qhov no txhais tau hais tias ib lub suab yog ib lub suab, thaum lwm tus echo, mloog nws. Lo lus no feem ntau yog tawm tsam polyphony - polyphony).
2. Cov ntsiab lus hauv txhua ntu yog qhov sib txawv (tsis suav cov ntawv qub).
3. Kev txhim kho kev sib koom ua ke.
4. Txhua qhov chaw muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus kheej, daim ntawv thiab nrawm (tempo).
5. Txhua ntu yog hloov los ntawm qhov sib txawv.

Kev tsim kho

Thiab tam sim no nws tsim nyog nyob hauv kev nthuav dav ntxiv ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub voj voog sonata-symphony.

Ua ntej tshaj, txhua qhov hauv nws muaj qee qhov tseem ceeb, lub siab xav thiab lub sijhawm. Yog li, muaj pes tsawg lub zog nyob rau hauv lub voj voog sonata-symphony? Qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv tsis yog kev sib tsoo thiab yog qhov tseem ceeb. Kev faib tawm ntawm M. G. Aranovsky, kws kho suab paj nruag Lavxias, muab cov lus txib hauv qab no:

• 1 part "Tus txiv neej ua haujlwm";
• 2 part "Tus txiv neej xav txog";
• 3 part "Tus txiv neej ua si";
• 4 part "Txiv neej neeg"

Sonata form

Raws li tau hais los saum no, feem ntau tsuas yog ib feem (feem ntau yog thawj) yog tsim los ntawm sonata - lub suab paj nruag siab tshaj plaws, raws li cov kws ntaus nkauj feem ntau, vim tias nws tso cai rau tus sau piav txog cov xwm txheej hauv lub neej nyuaj, xwm txheej. Yog tias peb tham txog qhov twg ntawm lub voj voog sonata-symphony yog qhov txiav txim siab, ces feem ntau nws yuav yog qhov ncaj qha.sau ua sonata form.

Hais txog sonata, peb tuaj yeem kos ib qho piv txwv nrog cov yeeb yam. Cov no yog cov ntaub ntawv sau cia rau kev tsim ua yeeb yam. Nws yog tsim raws li hauv qab no:

• hlua (kev paub nrog cov cim, qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tsis sib haum xeeb);
• kev txhim kho (cov xwm txheej uas nthuav tawm ntau qhov kev xav ntawm tus cwj pwm, hloov lawv);
• denouement (kev daws teeb meem ntawm qhov tsis sib haum xeeb, qhov tshwm sim uas tus phab ej tuaj txog).

Daim ntawv sonata, uas cov qauv ntawm lub voj voog sonata-symphony ncaj qha nyob ntawm, muaj xws li:

• exposures - nthuav qhia cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm ib daim nkauj;
• kev txhim kho - kev txhim kho ntawm cov ncauj lus uas twb paub lawm, lawv hloov pauv;
• reprises - rov qab los ntawm cov ntsiab lus qub hauv daim ntawv hloov kho.

Kev sib xyaw thiab daim ntawv thov sonata

Scope of use:

1. Thawj lub zog lossis qhov kawg ntawm concertos, sonatas thiab symphonies.
2. Symphonic daim los yog overture.
3. Choral pieces, txawm tias qhov no tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim.

Thiab tam sim no cia peb tshwj xeeb xav txog dab tsi ntawm daim ntawv sonata muaj.

• Kev tawm. Main party (txoj kab tseem ceeb, feem ntau sau rau hauv lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb). Binder (tsim los txuas lub ntsiab thiab sab hauv, kom ntseeg tau tias kev hloov ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb mus rau lwm qhov). Sab tog (lub ntsiab lus, uas yog tawm tsam rau lub ntsiab, feem ntau yog sau nyob rau hauv tus yuam sij ntawm qib tsib - lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntsiab tog rau loj thiab thib peb degree rau cov me); Thaum kawg (qhov kawg ntawm qhov kev nthuav qhia, feem ntau kho cov tonalitytog tog. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias qhov kawg thiab kev sib txuas ntawm qhov qeeb ntawm lub voj voog sonata-symphony tsis muaj kev ywj pheej, lawv ua raws li cov khoom siv suab paj nruag ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab theem nrab thiab tsis cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov suab paj nruag. tswv yim. Cov qauv no, thiab tsis yog txoj cai nruj, yuav txawv raws li qhov xav tau ntawm tus sau. Tseeb, rau ib tug composer, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhia lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus, thiab tsis txhob saib tag nrho cov tonal thiab moos qauv. Piv txwv li, qhov no cuam tshuam txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm V. A. Mozart (sonatas No. 11 thiab No. 14).
• Kev txhim kho. Hauv ntu no, kev ua haujlwm tuaj yeem txhim kho raws li ntau qhov xwm txheej. Siv tsuas yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab sab nraud kom ua tiav cov hom phiaj kev kos duab tsis yog ib txwm ua kom ua tau raws li txhua qhov kev coj ua suab paj nruag. J. Haydn (sonata No. 37), S. S. Prokofiev (symphony No. 1) tuaj yeem hais ua piv txwv ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag nrog kev txhim kho yooj yim. Qee zaum kev taw qhia hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm sonata daim ntawv ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Nws tswj kev ceev ntawm kev loj hlob (L. Beethoven, Symphony No. 5, Sonata No. 8; Franz Schubert, Symphony No. 8). Sonatas ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum muaj ib tug active kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob (S. S. Prokofiev, sonata No. 2; N. K. Medtner "Sonata-Fantasy"). Lub tswv yim ntawm tus kws sau ntawv tuaj yeem hais txog cov kev txhim kho hauv qab no: kev txhim kho yav tom ntej ntawm lub ntsiab thiab sab nrauv; tshwm sim ntawm lub ncauj lus tshiab; kev loj hlob ntawm qhov txuas thiab qhov kawg.
• Reprise. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm ntu no yog rov qab mus rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov nthuav tawm, hloov lub suab ntawm lub ntsiab lus thib ob mus rau qhov tseem ceeb, thiab tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb. Ntawm no, ib yam nkaus, deviations yog ua tau. Lub reprise tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv kev txhim kho ntawm qhov nruab nrab lossistshwm sim ntawm lub ncov ntawm lub climax. Piv txwv li, xws li hauv Symphony No. 4 los ntawm P. I. Tchaikovsky.

Tseem muaj cov suab paj nruag hauv sonata daim ntawv uas tsis xaus nrog kev rov ua dua, tab sis muaj kev txav ntxiv hu ua "coda". Qhov no yog qhov kawg seem uas suab tom qab rerise. Pab ntxiv lossis nthuav cov qauv ntawm ib daim ntawv. Tej zaum nws yuav muaj cov ntsiab lus dav dav lossis tsuas yog ib qho xwb, uas tus kws sau nkauj tau ua thawj qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev ua yeeb yam (I. Brahms, Rhapsody hauv B minor; WA Mozart, Sonata No. 14).

Thaum soj ntsuam daim ntawv sonata, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab cov yuam sij uas lawv tau sau. Thiab tseem sim txheeb xyuas cov qauv hauv cov tsos ntawm cov tog neeg thiab lub tswv yim ntawm lawv cov kev sib cuam tshuam hauv kev ua haujlwm.

Nws yog qhov nthuav kom nco ntsoov tias daim ntawv sonata feem ntau yog tsim rau ib qho cuab yeej solo.

Symphony thiab Symphony Orchestra

Thaum xub thawj, lo lus "symphony" txhais tau hais tias txhua lub suab sib txuas. Tom qab ntawd, lo lus no tau hloov mus rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm "overture" - kev taw qhia rau ib qho kev ua yeeb yam, mus rau ib qho chaw orchestral.

Tsuas yog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, symphony tau hloov mus ua ib qho kev hais kwv txhiaj ywj pheej hauv plaub ntu, npaj los ua yeeb yam los ntawm symphony orchestra. Los ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus, symphony feem ntau pleev xim rau daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Txhua qhov chaw muaj lawv tus kheej cov duab, lub ntsiab lus semantic, nrog rau daim ntawv thiab tempo. Feem ntau, txhua qhov chaw tuaj yeem ua tus yam ntxwv zoo li no:

1. Ntu no yog qhov xwm txheej tshaj plaws uas tshwm sim hauv tib neeg lub neej. Sau nyob rau hauv sonata daim ntawvntawm lub nrawm nrawm. Thawj qhov kev txav ntawm kev ua haujlwm symphonic feem ntau hu ua "sonata allegro".
2. Nws sawv cev rau tus neeg nyob ib leeg nrog nws tus kheej, nws nkag siab tob rau hauv nws tus kheej, xav txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub neej, lub suab paj nruag digression hauv lub tswv yim dav dav ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag. Tus yam ntxwv los ntawm qeeb tempo hauv peb feem lossis variation daim ntawv.
3. Hauv qhov sib piv rau ntu thib ob, nws tsis qhia qhov kev paub sab hauv ntawm tus phab ej, tab sis lub neej nyob ib puag ncig nws. Txhawm rau piav qhia nws pom tseeb, cov kws sau ntawv feem ntau siv lub minuet, thiab tom qab ntawd ib daim ntawv xws li scherzo tshwm sim, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev txav mus los hauv daim ntawv peb ntu nrog trio hauv nruab nrab ntawm ntu.
4. Zaj kawg, qhov kawg. Nws summarizes cov ntsiab lus semantic ntawm tag nrho symphony. Feem ntau, composers pib nws ntawm pej xeem motifs ntawm lub nrawm nrawm. Qhov no yog qhov txawv ntawm sonata daim ntawv, rondo lossis rondo sonata.

Tau kawg, txhua tus kws sau nkauj muaj nws lub zeem muag ntawm daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb, uas ua rau kev ua suab paj nruag tshwj xeeb. Hais luv luv txog lub voj voog sonata-symphony, txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj nws tus kheej hom thiab nta.

Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws.

Raws li tau hais los saum toj no, symphonies yog sau tsuas yog rau kev ua yeeb yam los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke loj. Xws li ib tug orchestra hu ua "symphony". Nws suav nrog 4 pawg ntawm cov cuab yeej:

• Drums (timpani, cymbals). Cov pab pawg coob tshaj plaws, siv los tsim kev ua haujlwm thoob ntiaj teb, nce sonority.
• Woodwinds (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon).
• Cua (trumpet, tuba,trombone, horn). Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov txheej txheem "tutti", uas yog, ua si ua ke, lawv ntxiv cov suab paj nruag nrog lawv lub suab muaj zog.
• hlua-hloov (violin, viola, cello, ob bass). Cov cuab yeej ntawm pab pawg no feem ntau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb, coj lub ntsiab lus.

Qee zaum lawv siv los ua cov twj paj nruag solo, tab sis ntau zaus lawv ncha cov hlua, ntxiv rau nws.

Yog tias tsim nyog, cais cov twj paj nruag ntxiv rau cov khoom siv: harp, organ, piano, celesta, harpsichord. Ib lub suab paj nruag me me tuaj yeem suav nrog tsis pub ntau tshaj 50 tus neeg ua si, thaum lub suab paj nruag loj tuaj yeem suav nrog txog 110 tus kws ntaus nkauj.

Small symphony orchestras feem ntau yuav pom nyob rau hauv cov nroog me, vim lawv siv tsis tau los ua feem ntau ntawm cov suab paj nruag classic. Ntau zaus lawv ua suab paj nruag chamber thiab suab paj nruag ntawm lub sijhawm thaum ntxov, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov khoom siv me me.

Qhia qhov loj ntawm lub suab paj nruag, lub tswv yim ntawm "ob npaug" thiab "triple" feem ntau siv. Lub npe no yog los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov twj siv cua siv (pairs ntawm flutes, oboes, horns, thiab lwm yam). Alto flute, piccolo, horn trumpets, bass tubas, chimbasso ntxiv rau plaub thiab tsib muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Lwm cov duab

Dhau li ntawm qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm ib feem ntawm lub voj voog sonata-symphony los ntawm lub suab paj nruag symphony, symphonies tuaj yeem sau rau cua, hlua, chamber orchestra. Ntxiv mus, lawv tuaj yeem ntxiv cov nkauj hu nkauj lossis ib feem.

Dhau li ntawm symphony, muaj lwm yam ntawm hom ntawv. Piv txwv li, ib tug symphony yog ib tug concerto, uas yog yus muaj los ntawm kev ua hauj lwm ntawm ib tug orchestra nrog ib tug solo instrument. Thiab yog hais tias tus naj npawb ntawm solos nce (los ntawm 2 mus rau 9 nyob rau hauv sib txawv), ces xws li ib tug subgenre yog hu ua "concert symphony".

Txhua yam no zoo ib yam hauv cov qauv.

Kuj hu ua symphony ua haujlwm rau kev hu nkauj (choral symphony) thiab cov twj paj nruag (piv txwv li, lub cev lossis piano).

Symphony tuaj yeem hloov mus ua lwm yam, sib xyaw ua haujlwm nrog kev pab ntawm lwm hom suab paj nruag. Namely:

• symphony - fantasy;
• symphony-suite:
• symphony - paj huam;
• symphony - cantata.

3-ntu daim ntawv

Yuav ua li cas hom yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug sonata-symphonic voj voog? Lawv kuj suav nrog daim ntawv peb ntu. Qhov no ntau yam, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib ua ob peb hom:

• Yooj yim. Daim ntawv tripartite yooj yim muaj ob peb ntu: a - b - a. a yog thawj ntu uas qhia lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub sijhawm. b - ntu nruab nrab, nyob rau hauv uas txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntsiab lus los yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tshiab zoo ib yam li nws yuav siv qhov chaw. c yog qhov thib peb txav, suab paj nruag uas rov ua thawj ntu. Qhov kev rov ua dua no yuav yog qhov tseeb, luv luv, lossis hloov kho.
• Complex peb-thooj daim ntawv: A - B - A. A - yog tsim nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv yooj yim, uas muaj peev xwm muaj ib los yog ob feem (ab los yog aba). B - qhov nruab nrab yog trio. A yog ib qho kev rov tsim dua uas tuaj yeem rov ua dua thawj ntu, hloov pauv lossisdynamic.

Ua

Hloov lub voj voog sonata-symphonic tau tshwm sim hauv theem. Cov kws ntaus nkauj los ntawm Ltalis thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qhov no. Cov no suav nrog:

• Arcangelo Corelli.
• Antonio Vivaldia.
• Domenico Scarlatti. Nws concerti grossi, sonatas solo thiab trio maj mam tsim cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub voj voog sonata-symphony.

Dhau li ntawm lub tsev kawm Viennese, cov kws sau ntawv ntawm Mannheim tsev kawm ntawv tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb:

• Svyatoslav Richter.
• Karl Cannabich.
• Carl Philipp Stamitz.

Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov qauv ntawm lub voj voog sonata-symphonic tau ua raws li plaub ntu. Tom qab ntawd los ib yam tshiab ntawm classical orchestra.

Tag nrho cov sijhawm no tau npaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub voj voog sonata-symphonic classical hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm J. Haydn. Nws cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb yog nqa los ntawm cov laus sonata, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov yam ntxwv tshiab.

Haydn

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, 104 symphonies tau sau los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv no. Nws tsim thawj lub suab paj nruag ua haujlwm hauv hom ntawv no hauv xyoo 1759, thiab qhov kawg hauv xyoo 1795.

Kev hloov pauv ntawm Haydn's sonata-symphony voj voog tuaj yeem taug qab hauv nws txoj haujlwm muaj tswv yim. Pib nrog cov qauv ntawm txhua hnub thiab cov suab paj nruag, nws tau nce mus rau Paris thiab London symphonies.

Paris Symphonies

Nov yog lub voj voog ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog classical (pair) muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub orchestra. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev taw qhia qeeb ua raws li kev sib txawv.

Lub suab paj nruag ntawm J. Haydn tag nrho yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev nce hauv qhov sib piv, tus kheej ntawm cov ntsiab lus.

"6 Paris Symphonies" tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 80s ntawm XVIII caug xyoo. Feem ntau ntawm cov npe ntawm tus sau zaj nkauj no muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov xwm txheej uas lawv tau sau lossis ua tiav.

London Symphonies

Lub voj voog ntawm 12 txoj haujlwm raug suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov kev tsim ntau tshaj plaws ntawm tus kws sau nkauj no. Lub London symphonies muaj qhov tshwj xeeb muaj sia nyob thiab muaj kev zoo siab, lawv tsis muaj lub nra hnyav, vim hais tias lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tus sau yog nyiam cov neeg mloog zoo.

Paired orchestral muaj pes tsawg leeg sib npaug lub suab ntawm cov hlua thiab ntoo cua. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev sib haum xeeb thiab kev sib haum xeeb ntawm symphony. Haydn's symphonies yog tsom rau cov neeg mloog thiab tsim kom muaj kev qhib siab. Tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb hauv qhov no yog kev siv los ntawm tus kws sau nkauj thiab seev cev, nrog rau kev txhawb nqa txhua hnub, uas feem ntau qiv los ntawm pej xeem kos duab. Lawv txoj kev yooj yim, woven rau hauv ib txoj kab ke ntawm txoj kev loj hlob symphonic, tau txais cov tshiab dynamic thiab kev xav tau.

Cov kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm lub suab paj nruag, uas suav nrog tag nrho tsib pawg ntawm cov cuab yeej suab paj nruag, tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm symphonic ntawm J. Haydn nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab. Nyob rau hauv cov symphonies no, ntau haiv neeg ntawm lub neej tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv sib npaug. Qhov no siv rau cov lus piav qhia-philosophical xav txog, cov xwm txheej loj heev thiab cov xwm txheej lom zem, los piav qhia thiab hais luv luv.

Sonata-lub voj voog symphonic ntawm J. Haydn muaj 3, 4 lossis 5 ntu. Qee lub sij hawm tus neeg sau tau hloov pauv qhov kev npaj ib txwm ua ntawm qhov chaw txhawm rau tsim kom muaj lub siab xav tshwj xeeb. Lub sijhawm improvisational ntawm nws cov haujlwm ua rau nws yooj yim rau kev nkag siab txawm tias qhov loj tshaj thiab loj tshaj plaws instrumental hom.