Woodcut - nws yog dab tsi hauv kev kos duab?

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Ntau tus neeg paub tias daim duab yog dab tsi, tab sis tsis yog txhua tus paub tias daim duab kos yog dab tsi. Tab sis ob qho tib si kos duab thiab engraving yog cov duab, cov lus qhia uas yog kab thiab mob stroke. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov sib txawv tseem muaj. Lub engraver cim cov duab ntawm ib tug tawv ntoo nto, tsim ib tug ntoo txiav. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus, los ntawm txoj kev, los ntawm Greek lexemes: "xylon" - "wood board" - thiab grapho - "Kuv kos". Tom qab ntawd qhov kev xav tau ua rau ntawm daim ntawv lossis lwm yam khoom siv. Peb tsab xov xwm yog hais txog daim ntawv kos duab qub no.

Ancient engraving technique

Yog li ntawd yog dab tsi woodcut? Los ntawm kev txhais, qhov no yog ib hom ntawv luam ntawv, uas yog ua los ntawm kev siv cov ntawv luam tawm, uas yog siv los ntawm kev tsim los ntawm carving. Woodcut printing yog ib hom kev siv kos duab uas muaj ntau yam kev siv. Piv rau frescoes thiab mosaics, nws suav hais tias yog ib daim duab hluas nkauj.

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus engraver thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim woodcuts pib nrog kev kos duab. Tus artist yog nws tus kheej tsim ib qho engraving rauntoo - ntoo txiav, los yog tig mus rau tus kws tshaj lij. Hauv paus, kev faib ua haujlwm tau yeej rau yuav luag plaub centuries: tus kws kos duab tsim daim duab, tus engraver tau tsim dua.

Woodcut Forerunners

Qee cov kws tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm ntawm cov duab kos duab ntseeg tias tus thawj coj tsis ncaj ntawm kev txiav ntoo yog stamping, uas yog qhov kev xav ncaj qha ntawm cov duab nyem. Nws tau tshwm sim thawj zaug hauv lub txaj ntawm tib neeg kev vam meej hauv Mesopotamia, hauv 3000 BC. e. Round seals rau nias rau hauv av nplaum yog pov thawj ntawm kev tsim cov ntawv luam tawm. Qhov no tau ua raws li lub sijhawm stencil hauv Egypt thaum ub.

Qhov kev coj ua ntawm cov duab luam tawm no tau rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev qhia ntawv hauv Suav teb, nyob ib puag ncig xyoo pua 2 CE. e. Raws li txoj cai, cov no yog cov tiaj tiaj tiaj imprinted rau ntawm daim ntawv moistened ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau. Los ntawm txhuam nws nrog txhuam tshwj xeeb lossis los ntawm tapping, qhov kev nyem no tau rov ua dua ntawm daim ntawv. Tom ntej no yog kev ua ntawm no imprinted nyem. Txoj kev luam ntawv kuj tau siv tom qab qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev txiav ntoo.

Hauv nws keeb kwm, cov txheej txheem luam ntawv ntxov tshaj plaws yog ntoo txiav. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau sab hnub tuaj. Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm hauv Suav teb muab cov ntaub ntawv hais tias luam ntawv nrog cov ntawv ntoo tau tsim nyob hauv lub tebchaws txij li xyoo pua 6th. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov ntxov tshaj plaws archaeological nrhiav - ib tug engraving uas tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no - hnub rov qab mus rau 868. Nws depicts lub Buddha surrounded los ntawm cov neeg ntseeg. Cov ntawv luam tawm tau pom nyob rau hauv Kauslim,imprinted nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 8th.

Kev ntseeg Vajtswv tau txais qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Nyij Pooj. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 741, tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub xeev tau txiav txim kom tsim ib lub tuam tsev ntawm lub tuam tsev nyob rau hauv txhua lub xeev. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, cov tuam tsev koom txoos tau tsim nyob hauv lub nroog Nara. Hauv ib qho ntawm lawv, hauv lub tuam tsev ntawm Horyuji, cov qauv qub tshaj plaws ntawm kev txiav ntoo tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no (xws li cov ntawv luam tawm). Thawj hnub, kev ntseeg ncaj ncees hauv keeb kwm ntawm Japanese luam ntawv yog xyoo 770. Xyoo no, muaj ib lab lub tsev me me 13.5 cm siab tau tsim los txhawm rau muab luam tawm cov ntawv sau rau hauv lawv txhua tus thiab txais tos lawv mus rau lawv lub tuam tsev. Cov no yog unstitched cais nplooj ntawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ob boards nrog hlua.

Ntoo txiav hauv Arab lub tebchaws thiab Western Europe

Kev kos los ntawm cov rooj ntoo tau tshwm sim hauv Arab lub teb chaws vim lawv nkag mus los ntawm cov teb chaws ntawm Far East. Nrog kev pab los ntawm woodcuts nyob rau hauv Egypt, cov phau ntawv nyob rau hauv Arabic tau luam tawm rov qab mus rau lub sij hawm ntawm lub 10th thiab 14th centuries. Tsis tas li ntawd hauv tebchaws Iziv, cov ntawv luam tawm tau siv los luam cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub, thiab qhov no kuj yog ntoo.

Kev sib kis sai ntawm kev txiav ntoo hauv Western Europe hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 15th. Nws yog zoo ib yam li cov txheej txheem los ntawm cov pob taws boards tau ua. Cov qauv ntawm cov laug cam tau khaws cia rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog ornaments thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm Italian ua haujlwm. Fragment of a printing phaj carved in France depicting a crucifix, hnub tim 1397.

The Early Renaissance muab ntoo txiav ib lub ntsiab lus txawv me ntsis. Kev kos duab tsis muaj qhov zoo nkauj thiab siv tau, tab sis txhim kho raws li daim duab kos duab ywj pheej. Lub voj voog ntawm engravings nthuav tawm los ntawm ib tus neeg nplooj ntawv mus rau daim duab qhia chaw thiab daim ntawv qhia hnub ntawm kev noj ntau. Xyoo 1461, thawj phau ntawv hauv tebchaws Yelemes nrog ntoo txiav tau luam tawm.

Ancient prints from Japan

Cov lus nug ntawm seb cov ntawv sau hauv Nyij Pooj puas yog qiv lossis qhov tshwm sim ywj pheej tau raug daws los ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev rau hnub tim. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias kev kos duab ntawm kev txiav ntoo hauv Nyij Pooj tau tsim los ntawm kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm, thaum lwm tus sib cav tias nws tuaj rau Nyiv los ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov qub tshaj plaws ntoo txiav ntoo (darani) tau pom nyob rau hauv Nyiv, tsis nyob hauv Suav teb.

Japanese engravers nyob rau hauv lawv tej hauj lwm piav txog ntau yam scenes ntawm lub neej txhua hnub thiab dynamic poses los ntawm cov lam 'repertoire. Xws li cov ntawv luam tawm tau nthuav tawm hauv kev nthuav qhia thiab Kabuki luam tawm. Los ntawm thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, cov xim ntoo tau txais kev nyiam nyob hauv Nyiv. Nws yog tsim los ntawm ob peb lub rooj tsavxwm, pleev xim rau hauv cov xim sib txawv. Thaum Nyiv tau qhib nws txoj kev lag luam mus rau Tebchaws Europe xyoo 1868, cov kws ua yeeb yam nto moo xws li Toulouse-Lautrec, Degas, Whistler thiab Van Gogh tau los ua cov neeg sau npe nrov ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm no thiab feem ntau coj cov qauv ntoo rau hauv lawv tus kheej artwork.

theem ntawm tus engraver

Techniques rau kev ua woodcuts tau dhau los ua nyuaj txij li thaum nws pib, tab sis lub hauv paus rau nws qhov kev siv tau tseem zoo ib yam. Cov theem ntawm kev ua haujlwm rauntoo txiav zoo li no. Lub engraver cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb yog rab riam, chisels ntawm ntau qhov dav thiab ib lub chisel, uas nws tsim cov qauv ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm. Lub rooj tsavxwm ntoo uas kos duab yog "khoov tawm" yog ib qho saw txiav ntawm tsob ntoo nrog ntoo mos (pear los yog beech). Lub rooj tsavxwm yog primed ua ntej ua haujlwm. Nyob rau ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm npaj rau kev ua haujlwm, ib daim duab hauv daim iav tau muab pov tseg nrog cov cuab yeej saum toj no.

theem tom ntej ntawm kev ua haujlwm yuav dov ib tus cwj mem tshwj xeeb luam ntawv rau ntawm daim duab nrog cov menyuam. Ib daim ntawv los yog cov ntaub ntawv yog superimposed rau saum npoo ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm, uas yuav tsum tau luam tawm daim duab. Lub tswv yim tuaj yeem ua tau manually siv lub zog nias lossis siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob xovxwm. Daim duab mus rau cov khoom siv. Engraving tiav.

Tib txheej txheem tau siv los luam cov ntawv thiab cov duab kos ua ntej tsim kev luam ntawv. Cov masters muaj peev xwm nthuav tawm ntau yam kev xav ntxoov ntxoo hauv cov kab dub thiab dawb sib txawv ntawm lawv cov engravings. Qhov no tau pom meej hauv "Dance of Death" los ntawm G. Holbein thiab lub zog "Apocalypse" los ntawm A. Dürer.

Vim li cas kos thiab tsis kos?

Kev nkag siab txog txoj kev ua ntoo nyuaj npaum li cas, koj nug koj tus kheej cov lus nug: yog vim li cas tus kws kos duab yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm nyuaj thiab nyuaj, thiab tsis kos rau ntawm daim ntawv? Cov duab kos yog qhov tshwj xeeb. Txawm hais tias muaj pes tsawg daim ntawv luam ntawm daim duab no, lawv tseem rov ua dua. Thiab qhov no tsis yog kos duab. Tsis muaj qhov pom tsis pom ntawm tus sau hauv kev luam tawm. Muaj lwm tus kws sau ntawv hauv nws, uas xa nws lub zog, nws cov xim hauv cov ntawv luam. Yog li ntawd nws tsuas yog ceeb toomoriginal.

Qhov zoo ntawm woodcuts yog lub peev xwm los rov ua dua daim duab. Siv cov stencil npaj rau ntawm ib lub rooj tsavxwm, ua los ntawm tus sau, koj tuaj yeem tau txais cov ntawv luam tawm raws li qhov xav tau. Tag nrho cov no yuav yog tus sau txoj haujlwm, nyob rau hauv uas nws tus tsim tuaj yeem tso nws kos npe.

Woodcut nyob rau hauv Russia

Thawj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm hom duab no suav nrog cov kos duab ntawm nruab nrab-19th caug xyoo E. Bernadsky thiab V. Mate. Lub tom kawg yog ib tug zoo tswv thiab ib tug zoo xib fwb. Cov tswv zoo tau tshwm sim los ntawm nws chav kawm engraving ntawm Tsev Kawm Ntawv Stieglitz: A. Ostroumova-Lebedeva, I. Fomin, V. Masyutin, P. Shilingovsky. Cov masters tsim lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Soviet woodcuts, txuas ntxiv ua haujlwm nrog cov ntsiab lus qub ntawm cov duab: toj roob hauv pes, portrait, phau ntawv illustration. A. P. Ostroumova-Lebedeva sawv ntawm lub hauv paus pib ntawm tus sau cov ntoo txiav.

Lub hauv paus ntawm kev txiav ntoo tom qab xyoo 1920 yog V. Favorsky. Qhov no yog ib tug ntau yam artist. Ib tug engraver, artist, decorator, muralist, designer tau ua ke nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg. Tab sis, raws li Favorsky nws tus kheej, nws tau nthuav tawm nws tus kheej ntau dua hauv thaj chaw xws li phau ntawv txiav ntoo. Nws lub tsev kawm ntawv tau tuav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txiav ntoo hauv Soviet, thiab ntau tus ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm tau los ua tus kws kos duab loj (D. Konstantinov, A. Goncharov, M. Pikov).

Exhibition ntawm prints nyob rau hauv Moscow

Lub Xeev Tretyakov Gallery nyob rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 2015 tau tuav lub rooj nthuav qhia "Cov Khoom Siv thiab Cov Txheej Txheem ntawm Kev Sau Ntawv. Woodcuts". Nws nthuav tawm cov engravings khaws cia hauv chav tsev. Ntawm lawv, txog200 thawj tej hauj lwm thiab engravings, raws li zoo raws li ntau tshaj ib lub kaum os duab albums. Lub sij hawm tso saib npog lub sij hawm txij thaum pib ntawm 17th mus rau 1930s. Thaum tsim qhov nthuav tawm, cov ntsiab lus chronological tau coj mus rau hauv tus account thiab lub siab xav, kom deb li deb tau, kom muaj kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov txiaj ntsig sau. Cov neeg tuaj saib tuaj yeem paub txog cov ntaub ntawv uas qhia txog cov txheej txheem xylography. Cov khoom pov thawj ntawm kev nthuav qhia yog cov piv txwv ntawm txhua hom thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov ntoo txiav, los ntawm cov luam tawm nrov rau linocuts.

Ib qho ntawm cov khoom pov thawj yog pear ncej uas tiv taus 87,000 luam tawm. Nws yog los ntawm nws tias cov nplooj ntawv ntawm lub thaj ntawm Txoj Moo Zoo ntawm qhov pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th tau luam tawm. Ua ntej qhov kev taw qhia ntawm kev yees duab yees, woodcuts tau nyob rau hauv kev thov raws li coj cwj mem kos duab thiab painting. Cov neeg kos duab tau ua cov duab kos duab zoo nkauj hauv daim iav kom khaws qhov tseeb ntawm daim ntaub.

Lub exhibition showcased txawv eras nyob rau hauv kos duab ntawm woodcuts. Cov no yog Japanese, European thiab Lavxias teb sab graphics. Boards thiab prints tau nthuav tawm. Lub rooj nthuav qhia nthuav tawm cov haujlwm ntawm cov kws sau ntawv niaj hnub no, lawv cov engravings, nrog rau ntau hom ntoo txiav.