Futurists - qhov no yog leej twg? Lavxias teb sab futurists. Futurists ntawm Silver Age

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Futurism (los ntawm lo lus Latin futurum, lub ntsiab lus "yav tom ntej") yog avant-garde qauv hauv kev kos duab ntawm Tebchaws Europe xyoo 1910-1920, feem ntau hauv Russia thiab Ltalis. Nws nrhiav los tsim lub npe hu ua "kev kos duab ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej", raws li cov neeg sawv cev ntawm qhov kev taw qhia no tau tshaj tawm hauv manifestos.

Hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm F. T. Marinetti, tus kws sau paj huam Italian, Lavxias teb sab Cubo-Futurists los ntawm Gilea zej zog, nrog rau cov tswv cuab ntawm Mezzanine of Poetry, Association of Ego-Futurists, thiab Centrifuge, kab lis kev cai raug tsis lees paub Raws li keeb kwm ntawm "yav dhau los", tau tsim kev zoo nkauj ntawm kev lag luam tshuab thiab nroog.

yam ntxwv

Cov duab ntawm qhov kev taw qhia no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev nkag mus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, hloov pauv, ntau qhov rov ua dua ntawm ntau yam motifs, zoo li kev suav cov kev xav tau txais los ntawm kev txav nrawm. Hauv tebchaws Ltalis, cov futurists yog G. Severini, U. Boccioni. Hauv cov ntaub ntawv, muaj kev sib xyaw ntawm cov ntawv tseeb thiab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj, hauv paj huam -kev sim nrog cov lus ("zaum" lossis "cov lus ntawm lub xoob"). Lavxias teb sab futurist poets yog V. V. Mayakovsky, V. V. Khlebnikov, I. Severyanin, A. E. Kruchenykh.

Group

Qhov kev taw qhia no tshwm sim xyoo 1910-1912, ib txhij nrog acmeism. Acmeists, futurists thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm yam tam sim no ntawm modernism nyob rau hauv lawv cov hauj lwm thiab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv contradictory. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov pab pawg Futurist, tom qab hu ua Cubo-Futurism, koom ua ke ntau tus kws sau paj huam ntawm Nyiaj Hnub nyoog. Nws nto moo tshaj plaws futurist poets yog V. V. Khlebnikov, D. D. Burliuk, V. V. Kamensky, A. Kruchenykh, V. V. Mayakovsky thiab lwm tus. Lub ego-futurism ntawm I. Severyanin (tus kws sau paj huam I. V. Lotarev, xyoo ntawm lub neej - 1887-1941) yog ib qho ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov qauv no. Cov kws sau paj huam Soviet nto moo B. L. Pasternak thiab N. N. Aseev tau pib ua haujlwm hauv pawg Centrifuge.

Kev ywj pheej ntawm kev hais lus paj huam

Lavxias teb sab futurists tshaj tawm txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm daim ntawv los ntawm cov ntsiab lus, nws kiv puag ncig, tsis muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev hais lus paj huam. Lawv tau tso tseg txoj kev sau ntawv tag nrho. Nyob rau hauv ib tug manifesto nrog ib tug heev daring title "Ib tug Slap nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm pej xeem saj", luam tawm los ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv lub collections ntawm tib lub npe nyob rau hauv 1912, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov qauv no tau hu rau pov xws li lees paub cov tub ceev xwm xws li Dostoevsky, Pushkin thiab Tolstoy los ntawm lub "Steamboat ntawm Modernity". A. Kruchenykh tiv thaiv tus kws sau paj huam txoj cai los tsim nws tus kheej, "abstruse" lus, uas tsis muaj ib qho tshwj xeeb.tus nqi. Hauv nws cov paj huam, kev hais lus tau hloov pauv los ntawm cov lus tsis nkag siab, tsis muaj qab hau. Tab sis V. V. Kamensky (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 1884-1961) thiab V. Khlebnikov (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 1885-1922) muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo heev thwmsim nrog lus nyob rau hauv lawv cov hauj lwm, uas muaj ib tug fruitful nyhuv ntawm Lavxias teb sab paj huam.

YVladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky

Tus kws sau paj huam nto moo Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky (1893-1930) kuj yog Futurist. Nws thawj cov paj huam tau luam tawm xyoo 1912. Vladimir Vladimirovich coj nws lub ntsiab lus mus rau qhov kev taw qhia, uas txij thaum pib nws txawv ntawm lwm tus neeg sawv cev. Mayakovsky tus futurist nquag tawm tswv yim txog kev tsim ib yam dab tsi tshiab hauv lub neej ntawm tib neeg, thiab tsis yog tawm tsam ntau yam "khib nyiab".

Thaum lub sijhawm ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig xyoo 1917, tus kws sau paj lug yog ib tug kiv puag ncig romantic uas tawm tsam lub tebchaws uas hu ua "roj", foresaw lub revolutionary cua daj cua dub. Tsis kam lees tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev lag luam, nws tshaj tawm txoj kev ntseeg ntawm tib neeg hauv cov paj huam xws li "Flute-Spine", "Huab hauv ris", "Txiv neej", "Kev Tsov Rog thiab Kev Thaj Yeeb". Lub ntsiab lus ntawm zaj paj huam "A Cloud in ris" luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1915 (tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ib tug truncated daim ntawv los ntawm censorship) tom qab ntawd txhais los ntawm tus kws sau paj lug nws tus kheej li 4 quaj ntawm "Down!": down nrog kev hlub, kos duab, system thiab kev ntseeg. Nws yog thawj tus kws sau paj huam Lavxias los qhia hauv nws cov paj huam txog qhov tseeb ntawm lub neej tshiab.

Nhiilism

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig, nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab paj huam muajci cwm pwm, uas yog ib qho nyuaj rau attribute rau ib tug tshwj xeeb literary zog. Cov no yog M. I. Tsvetaeva (1892-1941) thiab M. A. Voloshin (1877-1932). Tom qab xyoo 1910, lwm tus qauv tshiab tau tshwm sim - futurism, uas tawm tsam nws tus kheej rau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv, tsis yog yav dhau los, tab sis kuj ntawm tam sim no. Nws nkag mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nrog lub siab xav mus rhuav tshem txhua lub tswv yim. Nihilism kuj pom nyob rau hauv sab nrauv tsim ntawm collections ntawm poets, uas tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub rov qab sab ntawm lub wallpaper los yog nyob rau hauv lub wrapping ntawv, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lawv cov npe - "Lub hli tuag", "Mare's Mis" thiab lwm yam paj huam ntawm lub futurists.

Pab npuaj ntsej muag rau pej xeem noj

Ib daim ntawv tshaj tawm tau luam tawm hauv thawj phau ntawv "Ib Slap Hauv Lub ntsej muag ntawm Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv" luam tawm xyoo 1912. Nws tau kos npe los ntawm nto moo futurist poets. Lawv yog Andrei Kruchenykh, David Burliuk, Vladimir Mayakovsky thiab Velimir Khlebnikov. Hauv nws, lawv tau lees paub lawv txoj cai tshwj xeeb los ua tus hais lus ntawm lawv lub sijhawm. Cov kws sau paj huam tsis kam lees ua cov tswv yim Dostoevsky, Pushkin, Tolstoy, tab sis tib lub sijhawm Balmont, nws "kev ua nkauj ua nraug deev luag poj luag txiv", Andreev nrog nws " qias neeg slime", Maxim Gorky, Alexander Blok, Alexander Kuprin thiab lwm tus.

Tsis lees paub txhua yam, cov lus tshaj tawm ntawm cov futurists tau tsim "xov tooj cua" ntawm tus kheej cov lus muaj txiaj ntsig. Tsis txhob sim, tsis zoo li Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky, los rhuav tshem cov kev sib raug zoo uas twb muaj lawm, lawv tsuas xav rov qab nws cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab version, cov lus hais tias "Kev ua tsov ua rog yog tib neeg huv si ntawm lub ntiaj teb no", uas tau suav hais tias yog lub hauv paus ntawm Italian.futurism, tau qaug zog, txawm li cas los xij, raws li Valery Bryusov, qhov kev xav no tseem "tshem tawm ntawm kab".

Raws li Vadim Shershenevich, futurists ntawm lub hnub nyoog Silver thawj zaug tau tsa daim ntawv mus rau qhov siab kom zoo, muab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntsiab, tus kheej lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj haujlwm. Lawv categorically tsis lees paub cov paj huam uas sau tsuas yog rau lub hom phiaj ntawm lub tswv yim. Yog li ntawd, ntau lub ntsiab lus tshaj tawm tau tshwm sim.

lus tshiab

Velimir Khlebnikov, lwm tus kws tshawb fawb Futurist, tshaj tawm cov lus tshiab "abstruse" ua lus yav tom ntej ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv nws, lo lus poob nws lub ntsiab lus semantic, tau txais ib tug subjective connotation xwb. Yog li, vowels tau nkag siab tias qhov chaw thiab lub sijhawm (qhov kev xav ntawm lub siab), cov lus - suab, xim, tsw. Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev rau siab mus nthuav linguistic ciam teb, nws qhia tsim cov lus raws li lub hauv paus feature (cov hauv paus hniav: ntxim nyiam …, chur … - "peb enchant thiab shun").

Cov futurists tau tawm tsam qhov kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov cim thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov paj huam acmeistic nrog cov kab hauv qab de-aestheticization. Piv txwv li, "zaj paj huam yog ib tug ntxhais frayed" los ntawm David Burliuk. Valery Bryusov, nyob rau hauv nws tshuaj xyuas "Lub Xyoo ntawm Lavxias teb sab paj huam" (1914), tau sau tseg, tsis nco qab lub coarseness ntawm lub futurists 'zaj paj huam, hais tias nws tsis txaus los cem txhua yam uas nyob sab nraum ib lub voj voog nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav nrhiav tau ib yam dab tsi tshiab. Nws tau taw qhia tias txhua qhov kev iab liam tshiab ntawm cov kws sau paj huam no yog kev xav. Peb ntsib lawv nyob rau hauv cov paj huam ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, nyob rau hauv Virgil thiab Pushkin, thiab txoj kev xav ntawm lub suab-xim yog npaj los ntawm Theophile Gauthier.

Kev nyuaj siabkev sib raug zoo

Nws yog qhov nthuav tias, nrog txhua qhov tsis lees paub hauv kev kos duab, Futurists ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nyiaj tseem xav tias qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm cov cim. Yog li, Alexander Blok, uas saib Igor Severyanin txoj haujlwm, hais nrog kev txhawj xeeb tias nws tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus, thiab nyob rau hauv ib tsab xov xwm ntawm 1915 Valery Bryusov sau tseg tias tsis muaj peev xwm xav thiab tsis muaj kev paub saib xyuas nws cov paj huam. Nws cem Severyanin rau kev hais lus tsis zoo, saj tsis zoo, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thuam nws cov paj huam txog kev ua tsov ua rog.

Txawm rov qab los rau xyoo 1912, Alexander Blok tau hais tias nws ntshai tias cov neeg niaj hnub tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb. Tsis ntev los no cov ntsiab lus ntawm "futurist" thiab "hooligan" tau dhau los ua ib qho piv txwv rau cov pej xeem nruab nrab ntawm cov xyoo ntawd. Cov xovxwm eagerly ua raws li "exploits" ntawm cov creators ntawm cov tshiab kos duab. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, lawv tau paub rau cov pej xeem, nyiam cov xim zoo nkauj. Keeb kwm ntawm cov qauv no nyob rau hauv Russia yog ib tug complex kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm plaub lub ntsiab pab pawg neeg, txhua leej txhua tus ntseeg hais tias nws yog tus uas qhia lub "tseeb" futurism, thiab sib cav sib ceg nrog lwm tus neeg, nyuaj lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb. Qhov kev tawm tsam no tau tshwm sim hauv cov kwj deg ntawm kev thuam, uas ua rau lawv muaj kev sib cais thiab kev ua phem. Tab sis qee zaum cov tswv cuab ntawm cov pab pawg sib txawv txav ntawm ib qho mus rau lwm qhov lossis mus ze.