"Moscow Necropolis", siv phau ntawv 1907-1908. (V. I. Saitov, B. L. Modzalevsky): keeb kwm ntawm creation, cov ntsiab lus, reprint

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Phau ntawv qhia tshwj xeeb "Moscow Necropolis" nthuav qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm keeb kwm keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm tseeb, sau tseg thiab sau dua tshiab. Cov no yog cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm muaj txiaj ntsig txog xyoo ntawm lub neej ntawm cov neeg faus hauv Moscow toj ntxas hauv 14th-20th centuries.

Cov ntawv sau zoo nkauj tau sau thiab ua haujlwm raws li kev piav qhia ntawm ob qho tib si uas twb muaj lawm thiab tshem tawm toj ntxas hauv Moscow, suav nrog Orthodox thiab tsis yog cov ntseeg.

Qhia txog phau ntawv

"Moscow Necropolis" - ib tsab ntawv siv ntawm 1907-1908. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim xws li ib phau ntawv siv tau koom nrog Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich - tus txiv ntxawm ntawm Nicholas II. Ua ib tug neeg kawm ntawv siab, keeb kwm thiab ethnographer, tus thawj coj thiab tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Historical Society thiab Society for the Protection and Preservation of Historical and Ancient Monuments, nws suav hais tias nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev los tsim lub Necropolis ntawm Moscow cemeteries - ib hom ntawm keeb kwm ntawm. churchyards.

Kev siv tswv yim hauvLub neej ntawm lub tswv yim ci ntsa iab no tau coj los ntawm ob tus neeg paub zoo. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog Vladimir Ivanovich Saitov. Nws yog ib tug zoo historian thiab bibliographer ntawm nws lub sij hawm. Lwm tus tsim ntawm phau ntawv siv yog Boris Lvovich Modzalevsky. Nws tau nto moo rau nws cov kev tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv.

Thaum tsim phau ntawv "Moscow Necropolis" siv, cov kws tshawb fawb tau kawm cov ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm lub qhov ntxa thiab luam tawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia ntawm cov tuam tsev thiab toj ntxas tau ob xyoos.

Hais txog cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsiab cai ntawm kev muab tso ua ke

Cov khoom tau sau los ntawm Saitov thiab Modzalevsky thaum lub caij ntuj sov, tsis pub dawb los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb, thaum xyoo 1904-1906. Thaum kawg, los ntawm 1907 txog 1908, thawj tsab tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev luam ntawv ntawm M. M. Stasyulevich, nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg.

Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias "Moscow Necropolis" suav nrog cov npe ntawm cov tib neeg ntawm ntau yam kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib raug zoo thiab nyiaj txiag, ob qho tib si paub zoo thiab tsis tshua paub. Yog tias cov ntaub ntawv raug muab los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm, qhov no yog cim nrog lub hnub qub, qhia tias qhov twg cov ntaub ntawv raug coj mus.

Cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm lub tsev imperial tau teev nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv teev npe nyob rau hauv nqe lus "Romanovs".

Cov cim tseem ceeb thiab cov cim

Cov hauv qab no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev nyeem ntawv thiab qee cov lus pom zoo rau kev nkag siab qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm phau ntawv siv "Moscow Necropolis" (cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm no txaus siab rau ntau tus):

• Feem ntau, qhov ntsuas tau nthuav tawm cov npe ntawm cov npe ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv hauv peb ntim.
• Ua ntej tshaj tawm, cov ntawv sau tau raug kho kom paub ntxivKev xa tawm raug tseeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob rau hauv lawv, qee qhov tau tshaj tawm verbatim.
• Slavonic tus lej rau tsab yog hloov los ntawm Arabic.
• Tag nrho cov ntawv sau tsis txaus ntseeg tau xa nrog lub cim, thiab cov ntaub ntawv puas los ntawm lub sijhawm tau raug cim tshwj xeeb.
• Yog tias muaj hnub los ntawm kev tsim lub ntiaj teb, tib lub sijhawm tau muab hnub los ntawm Tswv Yexus Khetos.
• Ntau daim ntawv hais txog kev faus lub npe lossis qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm tsev neeg ntawm cov neeg sib txawv.
• Kev siv ob npaug yog siv rau cov npe menyuam yaus lossis cov npe menyuam yaus, nrog rau cov npe ntawm cov tuam tsev teev ntuj.

Lub ntim thib peb kawg tau tshaj tawm cov npe loj ntawm kev hloov kho thiab ntxiv rau phau ntawv qhia, uas tuaj thoob plaws txheej txheem ntawm kev tshaj tawm los ntawm pej xeem nyeem thiab muaj cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm.

"Moscow Necropolis": keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim thiab teeb meem ntawm txoj kev

Raws li xav tau, thawj phau ntawv siv tau muab nrog ob lub ntsiab lus: los ntawm Grand Duke thiab los ntawm cov compilers.

Hais txog cov laj thawj uas ua rau lub tswv yim ntawm kev sau cov ntawv sau, Grand Duke tus thawj coj piav qhia hauv qab no:

Rov qab mus saib lub toj ntxas ntawm Moscow thiab St. Petersburg, nqis los rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj, damp qhov taub ntawm lub qhov ntxa ntawm Moscow monasteries (…), Kuv feem ntau nres ntawm kev xav ntawm kev tshaj tawm "Necropolis" ntawm Moscow thiab St. Petersburg dhau sij hawm, uas yog, sau, yog tias ua tau, tseem muaj sia nyob tombstone inscriptions, nrog rau cov tshiab, thiab luam lawv nrog rau cov.cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov faus, uas tuaj yeem muab rho tawm los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv cuam tshuam. …Kev tshaj tawm ntawm cov ntawv sau gravestone yuav cawm lawv mus ib txhis los ntawm kev ploj mus thiab muab cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau keeb kwm thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov noob caj noob ces, muab cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws hnub ntawm lub neej ntawm ntau tus lej, qhia meej txog lawv tsev neeg kev sib raug zoo, muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lawv txoj cai thiab kev coj noj coj ua (…)

Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj leej twg xav tias lub tswv yim ntawm kev npaj cov npe ntawm cov faus neeg hauv Moscow toj ntxas yuav ntsib nrog kev tawm tsam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm cov txiv plig dub, uas tawm tsam qhib kev nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj thiab lub cim nco txog ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj.

Tom qab ntawd tus kws lij choj ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv lub sijhawm ntawd, Pobedonostsev tau cuam tshuam rau qhov teeb meem, uas tau sau tsab ntawv qhib rau cov tub ceev xwm ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm Moscow. Hauv tsab ntawv, nws tau thov kev pab rau V. I. Saitov hauv nws cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg.

Thaum kev suav pej xeem mus txog cov poj niam lub tsev teev ntuj, qhov kev thov rov hais dua no tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm kev tso cai los ntawm sab ntsuj plig sib koom ntawm Moscow. Tus neeg nruab nrab hauv kev sib tham yog tus tshaj tawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Lavxias teb sab archive" P. I. Bartenev.

Tus nqi npaum li cas, lossis tus nqi sau ua lus qhia

Tus nqi npaum li cas los npaj cov ntaub ntawv rau yav tom ntej? Cov lus nug tsis nyob twj ywm, qhov ceev ntawm kev npaj rau luam ntawv, tus naj npawb ntawm nplooj ntawv thiab lwm yam nqi uas koj yuav tsum paub thaum luam tawm ib phau ntawv nyob ntawm nws.

B. I. Saitov thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1905 muab Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich nrog tus nqi kwv yees.

Thaum pib nws tau xav tias "Moscow Necropolis" yuav yogsuav nrog 60,000 inscriptions, thiab Petersburg - 40,000, feem ntau, kev suav yog rau 100,000 lub npe.

Raws li kev suav, nws tau pom tias tag nrho 3570 nplooj ntawv (56 kab ib leeg) lossis 225 nplooj ntawv yuav luam tawm, uas yog, 4 ntim ntawm 56 nplooj ntawv txhua.

Tus nqi yog 65 rubles ib daim ntawv. Cov nyiaj no suav nrog cov nuj nqis rau kev mus rau Moscow, ntiav thiab them nyiaj rau cov neeg ua haujlwm, thiab lwm yam nuj nqis tsim nyog. Yog li, 225 nplooj ntawv raug nqi nyiaj txiag 14,625 rubles.

Saitov pom zoo faib cov nyiaj no rau hauv 6 xyoo, lub sijhawm no cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm cov lus qhia npaj ua kom tiav cov kev tsim ntawm Necropolises ntawm Moscow thiab St. Kev them nyiaj tau thov kom ua ntawm 609 rubles 75 kopecks ua ntej, txhua 3 lub hlis.

Qhov kev kwv yees no tau pom zoo nrog qee qhov kev hloov pauv: suav yuav tsum tau ua peb zaug hauv ib xyoos (uas yog, ib zaug hauv plaub lub hlis), thaum xub thawj lawv tau nce qib, thiab tom qab lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1905, them nyiaj rau lub quarter dhau los..

Vim li ntawd, cov pej xeem nyeem tau txais "Moscow Necropolis" hauv 3 phau ntawv, nrog rau cov ntawv tshaj tawm txog St. Petersburg thiab lub xeev necropolises.

Txoj cai thiab txoj hauv kev ntawm kev sau phau ntawv

Hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm necropolis, muaj ob txoj hauv kev los khaws cov ntaub ntawv thaum lub sijhawm sau cov ntawv siv.

Thawj txoj hauv kev, siv los ntawm Saitov thiab Modzalevsky, tau siv los sau cov necropolises ntawm "Moscow", "Petersburg", "Lavxias teb sab Province".

Nws yuav tsum muab cov ntawv sau raws li lawv, siv cov pob zeb uas muaj sia nyob thiabepitaphs.

Cov lus qhia los ntawm cov neeg sau hais tias

"Moscow Necropolis" yog ib qho piv txwv keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg uas nyob hauv XIV-XX centuries thiab raug faus rau hauv Moscow. Muab tso ua ke feem ntau raws li cov ntawv sau hauv qhov ntxa uas tseem muaj sia nyob, nws muab qhov qhuav, tab sis muaj txiaj ntsig hauv nws qhov tseeb, biography, chronological thiab genealogical cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog rau kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm.

Yog li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov tib neeg uas muaj kev sib raug zoo sib txawv tau suav nrog hauv phau ntawv siv: "Rau qhov laj thawj ntawm caj ces, ntau qhov chaw tau faib rau lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv Necropolis; txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis yog ib txwm ua tiav."

Txoj hauv kev no tiag tiag ua rau nws tuaj yeem tshaj tawm "Moscow Necropolis" hauv ob xyoos.

Lwm txoj hauv kev, txhawb nqa los ntawm keeb kwm A. V. Smirnov thiab genealogist V. E. Rudkov, yog tias cov ntawv sau yuav tsum tau piav qhia, kuaj xyuas thiab rov kuaj xyuas, thiab qee zaum txawm muab cov khoom siv ntxiv.

Nws zoo nkaus li tias txoj kev thib ob yuav tsis tso cai rau kev tsim cov necropolis. Los ntawm txoj kev, "Vladimir Necropolis" los ntawm A. V. Smirnov yeej tsis tau ua tiav vim lub sijhawm siv sijhawm ntau rau kev kawm keeb kwm thiab kev ntsuas ntawm cov neeg tuag.

Qhov ob txoj kev kawm toj ntxas (necropolis) hauv qhov no yuav raug nqi ntau dhau. Kev kawm tiav nrog kev hloov kho thiab ntxiv yuav raug ua sai duaCov neeg txais txiaj ntsig ntawm cov npe lossis cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum txhawj xeeb txog cov npe tshwj xeeb ntawm lub xeev lossis cov xeem nto moo tshaj plaws thiab tsev neeg.

Modzalewski wrote:

Tseem yog ib qho ua tau zoo tiag tiag - mus ua hauj lwm - nyuaj thiab, qhov tseeb, ungrateful, tab sis undoubtedly pab tau, raws li koj tus kheej yuav pom thaum koj pom phau ntawv, thiab koj tsuas yuav tau khuv xim tias ib puas Ntau xyoo dhau los tsis muaj qee tus Saitov thiab Modzalevsky uas yuav ua haujlwm ib yam: cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tau ploj mus los ntawm lub sijhawm thiab los ntawm qhov tsis paub ntawm peb cov txiv plig.

"Moscow Necropolis", lossis qhov chaw uas cov neeg nto moo tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm Moscow raug faus

Tau kawg, nws tsis tuaj yeem sau tag nrho cov neeg nto moo faus hauv toj ntxas ntawm Moscow. Tab sis peb yuav sim qhia txog cov necropolises nto moo tshaj plaws thiab cov neeg uas pom lawv qhov chaw zaum kawg ntawm lawv thaj av.

Novodevichy tojntxas - suav tias yog lub npe nrov tshaj plaws necropolis hauv Moscow. Thawj qhov kev faus neeg tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th; hnub qhib lub toj ntxas suav tias yog xyoo 1904. Novodevichy Convent tau suav nrog hauv cov npe ntawm cov chaw tiv thaiv los ntawm UNESCO, thiab necropolis yog ib qho ntawm kaum qhov chaw faus neeg zoo nkauj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.

Ntawm no yog lub ntxa ntawm suav Alexei Tolstoy, tus kws sau ntawv Lavxias zoo nkauj Mikhail Bulgakov, Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol tau rov faus rau ntawm no tom qab kaw lub toj ntxas ntawm St. Danilov Monastery.

Ntawm no yog monuments rau composer Dmitry Shostakovich, virtuoso violinist Leonid Kogan, Soviet thiab Lavxias teb sab composer Isaac Dunayevsky, aircraft designer Semyon Lavochkin, sau VasilyShukshin, tus kws sau paj huam ntawm tus ntsuj plig thiab kiv puag ncig Vladimir Mayakovsky, tus huab tais ntawm fighters Nikolai Polikarpov, tus zoo Lavxias teb sab composer Alexander Scriabin, tus naas ej cov me nyuam paj huam Agnia Barto, Andrey Voznesensky, tshwj xeeb opera singer Tatiana Shmyga, nrov favorites Lyudmila Gurchenko, Clara Luchenko., Andrey Mironov.

Cov duab nom tswv tau faus ntawm no: Nikita Khrushchev, Boris Yeltsin.

Muaj ntau qhov chaw txawv txawv ntawm thaj chaw, qhov twg lub sijhawm zoo li tau nres.

Qhov no yog qhov zoo nkauj npaum li cas lub monument rau tus neeg tuaj saib zoo nkauj Yuri Nikulin zoo li (sculptor A. Rukavishnikov).

Vagankovskoye tojntxas hauv Moscow muaj ntau dua 100 txhiab qhov ntxa, ntau yam uas cuam tshuam nrog cov xwm txheej txaus ntshai thiab kev tu siab hauv lub tebchaws.

Tsis tas li ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom thiab hwm lub ntxa ntawm cov neeg muaj npe nrov hauv peb lub tebchaws.

Piv txwv li, ntawm no yog monument rau tus kws sau paj huam Lavxias teb sab Sergei Yesenin los ntawm sculptor Anatoly Bichukov.

Lub ntxa ntawm tus kws sau paj huam-bard Bulat Okudzhava, tus kws sau ntawv zoo thiab tus kws sau nkauj Vasily Aksenov, tus neeg ncaws pob-lus dab neeg ntawm Lavxias football - Lev Yashin.

faus rau hauv tsev neeg nco txog ntawm tus kws kos duab ntawm cov duab keeb kwm loj ntawm Vasily Surikov. Lub monument ntawm lub ntxa ntawm Lavxias teb sab kws kes duab vajtse Pyotr Skomoroshenko tau raug xaiv los ua ib qho cuab yeej cuab tam.

NyobVagankovsky tojntxas faus neeg Lavxias teb sab kws kes duab vajtse, modernist architect Fyodor Shekhtel. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas tus kws kes duab vajtse ua tiav txoj haujlwm ntawm kev faus neeg thiab tsev neeg memorial thaum nws lub neej.

Tus hlub Andrei Mironov tau faus rau ntawm nws niam.

Nws yog ntawm Vagankovsky uas tus neeg hu nkauj ntawm pej xeem tus ntsuj plig, ua yeeb yam, kws sau paj huam Vladimir Vysotsky raug faus, lub monument tau tsim los ntawm sculptor A. Rukavishnikov.

Moscow Necropolises Troekurovskoe, Kuntsevskoe thiab Vostryakovskoe

Troekurovsky lub tsev teev ntuj yog ib ceg ntawm Novodevichy tojntxas. Raws li kev lig kev cai, nws tau dhau los ua qhov chaw ntawm kev faus neeg niaj hnub no ntawm cov neeg uas txawv ntawm lawv tus kheej los ntawm kev tsim txiaj tshwj xeeb. Xeev, pej xeem thiab kab lis kev cai raug faus rau ntawm no.

Troekurovskoye tojntxas tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xya caum ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Lub cheeb tsam muaj nws tus kheej mortuary, chapel. Ntawm no yog qhov ntxa ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam nto moo xws li Natalya Gundareva, Alexander Barykin, Semyon Farada, Vladislav Galkin, Lyubov Polishchuk, Nikolai Karachentsov.

Kuntsevo tojntxas tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th raws li nyob deb nroog Spasskoe-Manukhino. Ua ntej, nyob rau hauv lub nees nkaum xyoo, nws tau los ua ib feem ntawm lub nroog ntawm Kuntsevo thiab renamed, thiab ces, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1960, nws tau los ua ib feem ntawm Moscow. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem mus xyuas lub ntxa ntawm cov neeg nto moo xws li Evgeny Morgunov, Nonna Mordyukova, lub ntiaj teb nto moo clown cwj mem. Lawv feem ntau mus xyuas lub ntxa ntawm Soviet comedy thawj coj Leonid Gaidai, ua yeeb yam thiab zaj duab xis actor Boris Khmelnitsky, Nikolai Nosov thiab ntau lwm yam nto moo.tus kheej.

Vostryakovsky necropolis tau tsim nyob rau hauv 19-20th centuries thiab yog thawj lub tsev teev ntuj nyob deb nroog, nyob rau hauv lub thib peb caug ib tug tshiab Jewish tojntxas tau qhib nyob ib sab ntawm nws, thiab ntau yam seem tau reburied nyob rau hauv Vostryakovo. Ntawm no yog qhov ntxa ntawm tus neeg txawj ntse Wolf Messing, tus kws tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb thiab tus neeg tawm tsam tib neeg txoj cai Andrei Sakharov. Cov neeg ua yeeb yam nto moo ntawm kev ua yeeb yam thiab xinesmas raug faus: tus kws ua yeeb yam ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab Yan Arlazorov, tus kws yees duab Yuri Longo.

Nov yog ib daim ntawv teev npe me me ntawm cov neeg nto moo uas pom lawv qhov chaw zaum kawg hauv Moscow necropolises. Cov ntaub ntawv no qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb npaum li cas kom nco ntsoov peb cov thawj coj, cov thawj coj, uas tau qhuas tsis yog lawv lub npe, tab sis kuj yog peb lub teb chaws.

muab tshaj tawm

Raws li phau ntawv siv "Moscow Necropolis" tau tsim, cov hom phiaj hauv qab no tau ua tiav:

• npaj thiab coj los ua ke cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm yav dhau los, yav dhau los tau tawg thoob plaws hauv Moscow. Tsis tsuas yog lub nroog, tab sis kuj suburban thiab monastic graveyards raug them.
• Ntau cov ntawv sau tsis yog tsuas yog txhais los ntawm cov ntawv qub nrog kev piav qhia ntawm cov ntawv luv, tab sis kuj tau ntxuav, rov qab, ntxuav nrog kev tso cai tshwj xeeb.

Kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab ua tib zoo ua los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tshawb fawb Saitov thiab Modzalevsky yuav ua haujlwm khaws cia keeb kwm Lavxias yav tom ntej. Nov yog qhov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev tshaj tawm.

Lub sijhawm dhau mus, nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm ntau yam, cov neeg tsim cov monuments yuav ploj mus los ntawm lub ntiaj teb, tab sis cov ntawv sau yuav nyob twj ywm, vim nws tuaj yeem luam tawm, rov qab,add.

Qhov no coj peb lub ntim "Moscow Necropolis" rau hauv qeb ntawm cov haujlwm uas ua tim khawv rau lub sijhawm, cov xwm txheej thiab cov ntaub ntawv, hais txog ntau yam xwm txheej hauv Lavxias keeb kwm txij thaum ub los txog rau niaj hnub no.

Reissue dictated by the times

Nyob hauv zej zog, qhov tshwm sim ntawm "Moscow Necropolis" ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo, kev saib xyuas thiab kev khuv leej.

Ntawm no yog tus kws tshaj lij hauv keeb kwm ntawm Saratov Territory A. A. Gozdavo-Golombievskiy sau rau V. I. Saitov:

Tsuas rov qab los ntawm Moscow. Los ntawm "Necropolis" hauv kev zoo siab; lawv nrhiav kev hla - leej twg yog pog, leej twg yog yawg, I. E. Zabelin - tus poj niam.

Cov ntawv qhuas tau tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm "Bulletin of Europe", "Lavxias teb sab Starina", cov lus teb hauv cov ntawv xov xwm "Moskovskie Vedomosti" thiab "Lavxias teb sab Invalid".

Txawm li cas los xij, kev muag ntawm cov npe tsis yog kev lag luam ua tiav. Yog li, ntawm tus nqi tiag tiag ntawm 2.8 rubles, tus nqi muag ntawm kev tshaj tawm yog 2.5 rubles. Cov khw muag ntawv uas muag tsab ntawv tau muab peb caug feem pua qis. Cov neeg uas sau npe rau hauv phau ntawv sau npe raug zam los ntawm kev them nyiaj rau kev sau ntawv. Tab sis tseem, thaum pib ntawm 1913, tag nrho ntawm 400 daim ntawv raug muag.

Pom meej, tus nqi cuam tshuam. Thaum lub sij hawm xyoo no, 1 ruble tuaj yeem yuav ib lub hnab ntawm qos yaj ywm, nqaij qaib (1 daim) raug nqi 40-65 kopecks, goose nrog giblets 1 ruble 25 kopecks, ib phaus (me ntsis tsawg dua li ib nrab ib kilo) nqaij nyuj raug nqi 45 kopecks. Tag nrho ntawm 2.5 rubles, txawm tias suav nrog cov nyiaj pab, tsis tuaj yeem siv tag nrhorau ib tsab ntawv txawv txawv, uas yog phau ntawv siv.

Yog li ntawd, phau ntawv tau muag feem ntau hauv cov tsev qiv ntawv ntiag tug ntawm cov neeg muaj nyiaj lossis cov kws tshawb fawb-tshwj xeeb hauv cov ntaub ntawv, keeb kwm thiab cov ntaub ntawv.

Nyob hauv peb lub sijhawm, thaum qhov teeb meem ntawm kev txheeb xyuas tus kheej thiab tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm keeb kwm tshwj xeeb yog mob hnyav, qhov teeb meem ntawm kev rov muab phau ntawv siv tau tshwm sim nrog kev rov ua dua tshiab.

Peb-ntim "Moscow Necropolis", uas tau luam tawm dua xyoo 2006, tau luam tawm nrog kev pab los ntawm Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb. Cov ntawv tshaj tawm yog muab tso rau hauv ntau yam kev xaiv khi: mos thiab tawv, nrog rau hauv lub hau ua los ntawm cov tawv tiag tiag. Lub tsev tshaj tawm "Alfaret" tau koom nrog kev tso tawm phau ntawv siv.